ABSTRACT
The year 2016 marks the centenary of the birth of Francis Crick (1916-2004), who made outstanding contributions to genetics and neuroscience. In 1953, in a collaborative study, Francis Crick and James Watson discovered the DNA double helix, and in 1962 they and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the Noble Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Crick subsequently became very interested in neuroscience, particularly consciousness and its relationship to the claustrum, a small gray matter structure between the insula and putamen.
Subject(s)
Genetics/history , Neurosciences/history , Basal Ganglia/physiology , DNA/history , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Nobel PrizeSubject(s)
History, 20th Century , DNA/history , DNA/chemistry , Models, Molecular , Nucleic Acid Conformation , EnglandABSTRACT
El dinamismo vital ha tenido diversas interpretaciones a lo largo del tiempo. El maestro Samuel Hahnemann ha sido pionero al dar una primera concepción a la fuerza y al sistema que controlan el equilibrio en el organismo. Visionario para su tiempo y sin las herramientas que ahora acompañan a la biología molecular, élsupo conjeturar que existía un procesamiento complejo en cada una de las células que nos conforman como seres vivos y que, gracias al avance tecnológico, hoy recibe el nombre de dogma central de la biología molecular, mismo que se encuentra compuesto por la replicación del ADN, la transcripción del ARN y la traducciónde las proteínas, asegurando así la ejecución de la vida mediante un mecanismo siempre dinámico. (AU)
The vital dynamism has undergone various interpretations over time. The teacher Samuel Hahnemann pioneered the first notion about both the strength and the system that control the body balance. Visionary for his time and without the tools now accompanying the molecular biology, he envisioned that there existed a complex processing in every cell making us up as living beings, and that thanks to technological breakthroughs, today it is called the central dogma of molecular biology, which is composed of the replication of DNA, RNA transcription and protein translation, thus ensuring the realization of life through an ever dynamic mechanism. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Vitalism , Transcription, Genetic , RNA/history , DNA/historyABSTRACT
The identity and history of the indigenous groups who occupied the Lesser Antilles during the ceramic periods remain highly controversial. Although recent archaeological evidence has challenged hypotheses concerning the organization of human groups in this region, more biological data are needed to fully inform the discussion. Our study provides, to our knowledge, the first palaeogenetic data for Late Ceramic groups of the Guadeloupe archipelago, yielding crucial information concerning the identities of these groups. Despite the generally poor DNA preservation in the tested remains, we were able to retrieve Hypervariable Region 1 sequences from 11 individuals and mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms from 13 individuals. These novel data provide interesting preliminary results in favour of a common origin for all Saladoid Caribbean communities, i.e. the first ceramic groups of the region, as well as for a local continuity between the Saladoid and post-Saladoid groups. A combination of the genetic data obtained and several pieces of cultural evidence allows us to propose that two different groups inhabited the Guadeloupe archipelago during the Late Ceramic period, with the possible occupation of the La Désirade and Marie-Galante islands by groups affiliated with the Taíno communities. The working hypotheses proposed here appear consistent with recent archaeological evidence.
Subject(s)
DNA/genetics , Ethnicity/genetics , Fossils , Base Sequence , Cloning, Molecular , Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics , DNA/history , DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics , Haplotypes/genetics , History, Ancient , Humans , Molecular Sequence Data , Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/methods , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics , Principal Component Analysis , Sequence Analysis, DNA , West IndiesSubject(s)
DNA/genetics , Genetic Code , Genome, Human/genetics , RNA Probes/chemistry , RNA/chemistry , Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods , Animals , DNA/chemistry , DNA/history , History, Ancient , Humans , Mummies , Peru , RNA/chemical synthesis , RNA/genetics , RNA Probes/chemical synthesis , RNA Probes/geneticsSubject(s)
Biological Science Disciplines/history , Life , Animals , DNA/genetics , DNA/history , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Humans , RNA/genetics , RNA/historySubject(s)
DNA/history , Molecular Biology/history , Anthropology/trends , Art , Clinical Medicine/trends , Genome, Human , History, 20th Century , Humans , Mexico , Periodicals as Topic , PhilosophyABSTRACT
The spreading of knowledge depends on the access to the information and its immediate use. Models are useful to explain specific phenomena. The scientific community accepts some models in Biology after a period of time, once it has evidence to support it. The model of the structure and function of the DNA proposed by Watson & Crick (1953) was not the exception, since a few years later the DNA model was finally accepted. In Costa Rica, DNA function was first mentioned in 1970, in the magazine Biologia Tropical (Tropical Biology Magazine), more than 15 years after its first publication in a scientific journal. An opposite situation occurs with technical innovations. If the efficiency of a new scientific technique is proved in a compelling way, then the acceptance by the community comes swiftly. This was the case of the polymerase chain reaction, or PCR. The first PCR machine in Costa Rica arrived in 1991, only three years after its publication.
Subject(s)
Bibliometrics , DNA/history , Polymerase Chain Reaction/history , Costa Rica , DNA/chemistry , DNA/physiology , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Models, Molecular , Nucleic Acid Conformation , Structure-Activity RelationshipSubject(s)
DNA/history , Nucleic Acid Conformation , DNA/chemistry , History, 20th Century , Models, MolecularSubject(s)
DNA/history , Genetics/history , Molecular Biology/history , Nucleic Acid Conformation , Animals , DNA/chemistry , History, 20th Century , Humans , Models, Genetic , Nobel PrizeABSTRACT
In this report, methodical bases for the molecular genetic analysis of the three common apolipoprotein E alleles APOE*2, APOE*3 and APOE*4 in DNA isolated from ancient human skeletal remains are described. Considering that ancient DNA target regions for amplification are generally quite small, the detection method is based on short amplification products in the range from 71 bp to 75 bp. The applicability of the modified method for APOE genotyping was examined in modern human DNA samples.