Cornelia de Lange Syndrome Caused by an Intragenic Heterozygous Deletion in RAD21 Detected through Very-High-Resolution Chromosomal Microarray Analysis.

Cornelia de Lange syndrome is a genetic and clinically heterogeneous entity, caused by at least five genes. It is characterized by short stature, gestalt facies, microcephaly, neurodevelopmental disorders, and other anomalies. In this report, we present a 13-year-old female patient with microcephaly, cleft palate, polydactyly, short stature, triangular facies, frontal bossing, a bulbous nose, an overfolded helix, limited pronosupination, and an anomalous uterus. No neurodevelopmental disorders were reported. A chromosomal microarray analysis of 6.5 million markers was performed in the proband and her parents. The results showed a de novo heterozygous microdeletion of exons 9-14 within RAD21, which confirmed the diagnosis of Cornelia de Lange syndrome type 4. Our patient did not show any neurologic phenotype (until the time of diagnosis), although neurodevelopmental disorders are frequently present in patients with Cornelia de Lange syndrome type 4, and despite carrying a deletion that was larger than previously reported. Therefore, unknown genetic modifiers or intrinsic mechanisms of RAD21 variants may exist and should be studied.

Manejo odontológico en paciente con síndrome de Cornelia de Lange / Dental treatment of a patient with Cornelia de Lange syndrome

El síndrome de Cornelia de Lange (SCdL) es un trastorno genético poco frecuente y se atribuye principalmente a mutaciones en los genes NIPBL, SMC3 y SMC1A. Sus principales características clínicas son múltiples anomalías congénitas, dimorfismo facial, hirsutismo, hipertricosis, retraso psicomotor, discapacidad intelectual, restricción del crecimiento prenatal y postnatal, anomalías de manos y pies, así como malformaciones congénitas que afectan a distintos órganos. En pacientes con SCdL es necesario hacer hincapié en la higiene oral debido a la discapacidad intelectual que puede presentarse y asegurarse de que se realiza una adecuada valoración y saneamiento dental de forma periódica con el fin de prevenir enfermedades bucodentales. El objetivo de este reporte de caso es describir el manejo odontológico de un paciente de 10 años con SCdL y revisar las características clínicas y hallazgos radiológicos presentes en la cavidad oral (AU)

Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a rare genetic disorder and is principally attributed to mutations in the NIPBL, SMC3 and SMC1A genes. The main clinical characteristics are multiple congenital anomalies, facial dimorphism, hirsutism, hypertrichosis, psychomotor retardation, intellectual disability, prenatal and postnatal growth restriction, hand and foot anomalies, as well as congenital malformations affecting different organs. In patients with CDLS, it is necessary to focus on oral hygiene due to the intellectual disability that may be present and to ensure that adequate dental valuation and hygiene is routinely performed in order to prevent oral diseases. The aim of this case report is to describe the dental management of a 10-year-old patient with CDLS and review the clinical characteristics and radiological findings that are present in the oral cavity (AU)

Síndrome de Cornelia de Lange y su relación con la erupción dentaria: análisis caso clínico / Analisar o caso de um paciente com síndrome de Cornelia de Lange e sua relação com la erupção dentária / Dental eruption aspects of Cornelia de Lange syndrome: case report

El Síndrome de Cornelia de Lange (SCDL), es una anomalía genética cuya prevalencia es de 1:62.000- 1:45.000 de los nacimientos. Se atribuye principalmente a mutaciones en los genes NIPBL, SMC3 y SMC1A. Se caracteriza por presentar alteraciones físicas generales, alteración cognitiva y del lenguaje; y rasgos orofaciales como la sinofridia, hirsutismo, también existe maloclusión, retardo de la erupción, apiñamiento, anodoncia, malformación de las extremidades, retraso del desarrollo pre y postnatal y otras malformaciones congénitas. Objetivo: Analizar el caso de paciente con síndrome de Cornelia de Lange y su relación con algunos hallazgos reportados en la literatura especialmente la erupción dentaria. Se presenta paciente lactante femenina de 2 años y 5 meses, procedente de Valencia, con diagnóstico genético de Síndrome de Cornelia de Lange, plumbemia, y litiasis biliar, que acude a la consulta del Postgrado de Odontopediatría de la Universidad de Carabobo por presentar retardo en la erupción dentaria. Se realiza historia clínica, examen clínico general donde se observa retraso psicomotor, del lenguaje y características fenotípicas propias del síndrome. A la evaluación clínica intrabucal se observa rebordes gingivales con inserción normal de frenillos y ausencia de unidades dentarias (retardo de erupción). La erupción dentaria puede verse afectada en pacientes con diagnóstico de Síndrome de Cornelia de Lange, tanto en su cronología como en la secuencia de erupción.

A síndrome de Cornelia de Lange (SCDL) é uma anormalidade genética com prevalência de 1: 62.000-1: 45.000 de nascimentos. É atribuído principalmente a mutações nos genes NIPBL, SMC3 e SMC1A. Caracteriza-se por apresentar alterações físicas gerais, alteração cognitiva e de linguagem; e características orofaciais, como sinofrídios, hirsutismo, também há má oclusão, erupção retardada, aglomeração, anodontia, malformação de membros, atraso no desenvolvimento pré-natal e pós-natal e outras malformações congênitas. Objetivo: Analisar o caso de um paciente com síndrome de Cornelia de Lange e sua relação com alguns achados relatados na literatura, principalmente erupção dentária. Apresentamos uma paciente de enfermagem de Valência com 2 anos e 5 meses de idade, com diagnóstico genético da síndrome de Cornelia de Lange, plumbemia e litíase biliar, que compareceu à consulta de pós-graduação em Odontopediatria da Universidade de Carabobo por apresentar atraso erupção dentária. História clínica, exame clínico geral, onde são observados retardo psicomotor, linguagem e características fenotípicas da síndrome. Uma avaliação clínica intraoral mostra sulcos gengivais com inserção normal de aparelho e ausência de unidades dentárias (erupção tardia). A erupção dentária pode ser afetada em pacientes diagnosticados com Síndrome de Cornelia de Lange, tanto na cronologia quanto na sequência da erupção.

Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (SCDL) is a genetic abnormality with a prevalence of 1: 62,000- 1: 45,000 of births. It is mainly attributed to mutations in the NIPBL, SMC3 and SMC1A genes. It is characterized by presenting general physical alterations, cognitive and language alteration; and orofacial features such as sinofridia, hirsutism, there is also malocclusion, delayed eruption, crowding, anodontia, limb malformation, prenatal and postnatal developmental delay, and other congenital malformations. Objective: To analyze the case of a patient with Cornelia de Lange syndrome and its relationship with some findings reported in the literature, especially dental eruption. We present a 2-year-old and 5-month-old female nursing patient from Valencia with a genetic diagnosis of Cornelia de Lange Syndrome, plumbemia, and biliary lithiasis, who attended the Pediatric Dentistry Postgraduate consultation at the University of Carabobo for presenting delay in tooth eruption. Clinical history, general clinical examination where psychomotor retardation, language and phenotypic characteristics of the syndrome are observed. A clinical intraoral evaluation shows gingival ridges with normal insertion of braces and absence of dental units (delayed eruption). The dental eruption can be affected in patients diagnosed with Cornelia de Lange Syndrome, both in its chronology and in the eruption sequence.

Síndrome de Cornelia de Lange: análise de uma série de 33 pacientes em um centro de referência / Cornelia de Lange syndrome: analysis of a series of 33 patients in an excellence center

Introdução: A Síndrome de Cornelia de Lange (CdLS) (OMIM: 122470) é uma doença genética rara com quadro clínico e fenótipo variáveis, compreendendo um grupo de doenças denominado coesinopatias. Entre suas principais características: deficiência intelectual (DI), baixa estatura, doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE), hipertricose, dismorfismos faciais e anomalias em membros superiores. O diagnóstico pode ser dificultado nos quadros atenuados. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar os principais achados clínicos e moleculares em uma série de pacientes com o diagnóstico clínico de CdLS.Métodos: Foram avaliados 33 pacientes com diagnóstico clínico e/ou molecular de CdLS (18 sexo feminino e 15 masculino) com idades entre 1 mês e 43 anos. Aplicou-se um escore clínico visando a categorização dos pacientes baseado em Kline et al. (2018). Esta ferramenta utiliza sinais clínicos para determinar as formas clássicas (n: 23), não clássicas (n: 6) e os casos que, apesar de não se enquadrarem nestas categoriais, também deveriam ser testados molecularmente para a síndrome (n: 4).Resultados: Atraso do desenvolvimento/DI, distúrbios de comportamento, déficit de crescimento e DRGE foram as comorbidades mais prevalentes. Entre as dismorfias: sinofris, micrognatia, narinas antevertidas e comissura labial desviada para baixo. Os achados moleculares nos pacientes submetidos ao sequenciamento completo do exoma revelaram 6 variantes em NIPBL (46%), 2 variantes em SMC1A (15%), 1 variante em SMC3, 1 variante em HDAC8, 1 variante em AHDC1 e 2 resultados negativos.Conclusões: Os dados obtidos revelaram uma grande heterogeneidade de apresentação da síndrome. A utilização de escores clínicos podem auxiliar no diagnóstico de CdLS.

Introduction: Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) (OMIM: 122470) is a rare genetic disease with variable clinical presentation and phenotype, part of a group of disorders termed cohesinopathies. Intellectual disability, growth retardation, gastroesophageal reflux disease, hypertrichosis, facial dysmorphisms, and anomalies of the upper limbs are the most common clinical characteristics. Diagnosis may be difficult, especially in attenuated presentations. The aim of this study was to determine the main clinical and molecular findings in a series of patients with clinical diagnosis of CdLS.Methods: Thirty-three patients with typical clinical and/or molecular diagnosis of CdLS (18 female and 15 male) aged between 1 month and 43 years were evaluated. A clinical score was applied to categorize patients. This tool uses clinical signs to determine the classic (n: 23) and nonclassic (n: 6) forms, in addition to a category to suggest which cases should be molecularly tested for the syndrome (n: 4).Results: Developmental delay/intellectual disability, behavioral disorders, growth retardation, and gastroesophageal reflux disease were the most prevalent comorbidities. Dysmorphic features included synophrys micrognathia, anteverted nostrils, and labial commissure turning downwards. Molecular findings in those who underwent whole exome sequencing revealed 6 variants in NIPBL (46%), 2 variants in SMC1A (15%), 1 variant in SMC3, 1 variant in HDAC8, 1 variant in AHDC1, and 2 negative results.Conclusions: The data revealed a great heterogeneity in the presentation of the syndrome. The use of clinical scores can help in the diagnosis of CdLS.

Disfagia orofaríngea em crianças com síndrome Cornélia De Lange: série de casos / Orofarineal dysfunction in children with the Cornélia De Lange Syndrome: series of cases / Disfagia orofaríngea en niños con síndrome de Cornelia De Lange: serie de casos

Introdução: A síndrome Cornélia De Lange (CdLS) é caracterizada por ser polimalformativa que envolve anomalias faciais, atraso de crescimento e desenvolvimento psicomotor, alterações comportamentais e malformações associadas. Sabe-se que as crianças acometidas por essa síndrome apresentam alterações de deglutição, mas são poucos os estudos apresentados na literatura devido à raridade da doença, sendo encontrado relato de um caso, e na maioria das vezes, com descrição dos achados. Objetivo: Identificar as alterações de deglutição em crianças com a Síndrome Cornélia de Lange, por meio da videofluoroscopia. Metodologia: Série de Casos, retrospectiva. Trata-se de uma amostra de conveniência com crianças, diagnosticadas com Síndrome Cornélia de Lange, que apresentassem videofluoroscopia da deglutição. Foram excluídos prontuários de pacientes que não estivessem completos. Os dados de caracterização da amostra foram obtidos através de prontuários físicos e os dados de desfecho do estudo através de laudos clínicos de videofluoroscopias da deglutição dos pacientes. Resultados: Dos 6 indivíduos, 5 do sexo masculino, em que 3 (50%) apresentaram aspiração laringotraqueal, de forma silente. A mediana de idade foi de 5,50 meses. Conforme os achados nas videofluoroscopias da deglutição, identificou-se dificuldades de deglutição como escape posterior prematuro de alimento, ejeção ineficiente e dificuldades de formação do bolo alimentar, como atraso no acionamento da reação faríngea, refluxo para nasofaringe, estase em valéculas e seios periformes e aspiração traqueal. Conclusão: Todas as crianças com Síndrome Cornélia de Lange deste estudo apresentaram disfagia em algum grau, e metade delas apresentou aspiração laringotraqueal de forma silente.

Introduction: Cornélia De Lange Syndrome (CdLS) is characterized by being polymalformative that involves facial anomalies, growth and psychomotor development retardation, behavioral changes and associated malformations. It is known that children affected by this syndrome have swallowing disorders, but there are few studies presented in the literature due to the rarity of the disease, with a case report being found and mostly with description of the findings. Objective: To identify swallowing disorders in children with Cornelia de Lange Syndrome, through videofluoroscopy. Methodology: Case series, retrospective. This is a convenience sample with children, diagnosed with Cornelia de Lange Syndrome, who had swallowing videofluoroscopy. Medical records of patients who were not complete were excluded. The sample characterization data were obtained from physical records and the study outcome data through clinical reports of patients' swallowing videofluoroscopies. Results: Of the 6 individuals, 5 were male, in which 3 (50%) had laryngotracheal aspiration, silently. The median age was 5.50 months. According to the findings in the swallowing videofluoroscopies, swallowing difficulties were identified, such as premature posterior escape of food, inefficient ejection and difficulties in the formation of the bolus, such as delay in triggering the pharyngeal reaction, reflux to the nasopharynx, stasis in the valleys and peripheral sinuses and tracheal aspiration. Conclusion: All children with Cornelia de Lange Syndrome in this study had dysphagia to some degree, and half of them had silent laryngotracheal aspiration.;Introducción: El síndrome de Cornélia De Lange (CdLS) se caracteriza por ser polimalformativo que involucra anomalías faciales, retraso del crecimiento y desarrollo psicomotor, cambios de comportamiento y malformaciones asociadas. Se sabe que los niños afectados por este síndrome presentan trastornos de la deglución, pero existen pocos estudios presentados en la literatura debido a la rareza de la enfermedad, encontrándose un reporte de caso y la mayoría de las veces con descripción de los hallazgos.

Objetivo: identificar los trastornos de la deglución en niños con síndrome de Cornelia de Lange, mediante videofluoroscopia. Metodología: Serie de casos, retrospectiva. Se trata de una muestra de conveniencia con niños, diagnosticados de Síndrome de Cornelia de Lange, que habían ingerido videofluoroscopia. Se excluyeron los registros médicos de los pacientes que no estaban completos. Los datos de caracterización de la muestra se obtuvieron de los registros médicos físicos y los datos de los resultados del estudio a través de informes clínicos de videofluoroscopias de deglución de los pacientes. Resultados: De los 6 individuos, 5 eran varones, de los cuales 3 (50%) tenían aspiración laringotraqueal, en silencio. La mediana de edad fue de 5,50 meses. De acuerdo con los hallazgos en las videofluoroscopias de deglución, se identificaron dificultades de deglución, como escape posterior prematuro de alimentos, eyección ineficiente y dificultades en la formación del bolo, como retraso en el desencadenamiento de la reacción faríngea, reflujo a la nasofaringe, estasis en los valles y senos periféricos y aspiración traqueal. Conclusión: Todos los niños con síndrome de Cornelia de Lange en este estudio tenían disfagia en algún grado y la mitad de ellos tenían aspiración laringotraqueal en silencio.

Application of exome sequencing to diagnose a novel presentation of the Cornelia de Lange syndrome in an Afro-Caribbean family.

BACKGROUND: Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) comprises a recognizable pattern of multiple congenital anomalies caused by variants of the DNA cohesion complex. Affected individuals may display a wide range of phenotypic severity, even within the same family. METHODS: Exome sequencing and confirmatory Sanger sequencing showed the same previously described p.Arg629Ter NIPBL variant in two half-brothers affected with CdLS. Clinical evaluations were obtained in a pro bono genetics clinic. RESULTS: One brother had relatively mild proportionate limb shortening; the other had complete bilateral hypogenesis of the upper arm with absence of lower arm structures, terminal transverse defects, and no digit remnants. His complex lower limb presentation included long bone deficiency and a deviated left foot. The mother had intellectual disability and microcephaly but lacked facial features diagnostic of the CdLS. CONCLUSION: We describe a collaboration between a pediatrics team from a resource-limited nation and USA-based medical geneticists. Reports describing individuals of West Indian ancestry are rarely found in the medical literature. Here, we present a family of Afro-Caribbean ancestry with CdLS presenting with phenotypic variability, including unusual lower limb abnormalities. The observation of this novel family adds to our knowledge of the phenotypic and molecular aspects of CdLS.

Branding of subjects affected with genetic syndromes of severe short stature in developing countries.

In Ecuador, a developing South American country, subjects affected with genetic syndromes of severe short stature are commonly referred to as dwarfs or midgets. Furthermore, and because in earlier studies some patients had evidenced mental retardation, such abnormality is assumed to exist in all affected subjects. Herein, we present two discrete instances in which this type of branding occurs. The first is that of individuals with Laron syndrome who are still called 'dwarfs' and considered as having a degree of mental retardation despite evidence showing otherwise. A similar problem, that of a girl affected with a genetic syndrome of short stature, which might include mental retardation, is also discussed. Considering that stigmatising is a form of discrimination, it concerns us all. Hence, the use of derogatory terms such as midget, dwarf or cretin, that might unintentionally occur even when delivering the best and most devoted medical care, must be eliminated.

Síndrome Cornelia de Lange: una aproximación a las limitaciones psicomotoras que provoca / Cornelia de Lange syndrome: an approach to the psychomotor limitations it causes

La presentación del caso que se refiere pertenece a un lactante, cuyo desarrollo durante su primer año de vida estuvo condicionado por el síndrome Cornelia de Lange, diagnosticado desde los 6 meses de edad. Se delimitan los rasgos característicos que permiten el diagnóstico de este síndrome genético, así como los elementos que indican el retardo en el desarrollo psicomotor. Para la obtención de esta información se utilizó la entrevista a los familiares y la observación al niño. Entre los principales resultados que se obtuvieron se destacan las características clínicas que se verifican y demuestran la veracidad del diagnóstico realizado, así como la descripción de las principales limitaciones presentes relacionadas con la socialización, comunicación, manipulación de objetos y desarrollo motor(AU)

The presentation of the case referred to belongs to an infant, whose development during his first year of life was conditioned by the Cornelia de Lange syndrome, diagnosed from 6 months of age. The characteristic features that allow the diagnosis of this genetic syndrome are delimited, as well as the elements that indicate the delay in psychomotor development. To obtain this information, the interview with the family members and the observation of the child were used. Among the main results that were obtained, the clinical characteristics that are verified and demonstrate the veracity of the diagnosis made as well as the description of the main present limitations related to socialization, communication, manipulation of objects and motor development are highlighted(EU)

A successful dental management in a child with Cornelia de Lange Syndrome: rare case of Cornelia de Lange Syndrome in child / O sucesso do manejo odontológico em criança com Síndrome Cornelia de Lange: um caso raro da Síndrome Cornelia de Lange em criança

Background: the Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CDLs) is a rare and complex syndrome characterized, basically, by psychomotor retardation associated with a number of congenital malformations. Aims: this paper reports the case of an 11-year-old female child diagnosed with Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) and her successful dental management. Case report: the patient had severe mental retardation, definite negative behavior and the clinical findings included oral and physical changes. The patient's oral hygiene was deficient with the presence of calculus and gingivitis, besides several active caries lesions in permanent and deciduous dental elements. The treatment consisted in guidance for caregivers about oral hygiene and diet, and the dental procedures were performed under general anesthesia. Currently, the patient is accompanied by monthly follow-ups. Conclusions: the lack of knowledge about oral hygiene and cariogenic diets was identified as a one of the reasons for the oral diseases present. Due to the need to care for the other more serious and complex health problems, the oral diseases had evolved faster than usual and thus were difficult to treat and maintain thereafter. Under such conditions, the dentist plays a key role within a multidisciplinary team. From the guidance and knowledge provided in the dental clinic, there was a significant improvement in the life quality of the child and her family

Síndrome de Cornélia de Lange e Doença de Graves: uma associação rara / Cornelia de Lange Syndrom and Graves disease: a rare association

Introdução: A síndrome de Cornelia de Lange (SCdL) corresponde a uma condição rara caracterizada por mutações nos genes responsáveis pelas proteínas estruturais e reguladoras do complexo da coesina, levando o paciente à distrofia facial e aos atrasos no crescimento e desenvolvimento. Seu diagnóstico é baseado nos achados clínicos e/ou a identificação da heterozigose patogênica variante em N1PBL, RAD21, ou SMC3 ou homozigose patogênica variante em HDAC8 ou SMC1A. Essa síndrome possui um amplo espectro de manifestações que incluem anormalidades neurológicas, endocrinológicas, musculoesqueléticas e cutâneas. A Doença de Graves, por sua vez, representa o expoente mais comum de hipertireodismo, possui origem autoimune e resulta de uma complexa interação entre fatores genéticos e ambientais. Relato de caso: Este artigo tem por objetivo relatar um caso de uma paciente de 22 anos com diagnóstico de SCdL, a qual abriu o quadro de hipertireoidismo por Doença de Graves, apresentando insônia, irritabilidade e agitação, com melhora após tratamento medicamentoso.

Introduction: The Cornelia de Lange syndrome is a rare condition characterized by mutations in genes responsible for structural and regulatory proteins of the coesin complex, causing facial dystrophy, delays in development and growth. Your Diagnosis is based on clinical findings and/or the identification of a heterozygous pathogenic variant in NIPBL, RAD21 and SMC3 or a hemizyous pathogenic variant in HDAC8 or SMC1A. This syndrome has a wide spectrum of manifestations that includes neurological, endocrinological, muscle-skeletal and cutaneous abnormalities. Graves' disease, in turn, represents the most common etiology of hyperthyroidism; it has an autoimmune origin and results from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Case report: Therefore, the current study aims to report a case of a 22-year-old female with diagnosis of Graves' disease, presenting insomnia, irritability and restlessness with improvement after drug treatment.

Diagnostico prenatal en Sindrome de Cornelia de Lange a propósito de 2 casos / Prenatal diagnosis in Cornelia de Lange syndrome in 2 cases

RESUMEN El Síndrome de Cornelia de Lange (SCdL) es un trastorno hereditario del desarrollo con transmisión dominante, aunque la mayoría de los casos son esporádicos. La prevalencia es variable oscilando entre 1/10.000-1/100.000 nacimientos. Se caracteriza por un fenotipo facial distintivo, anomalías en las extremidades superiores y retraso del crecimiento y psicomotor. El diagnóstico prenatal de este síndrome está limitado a la detección de anomalías mayores, ya que los rasgos fenotípicos distintivos del mismo no son fácilmente detectables. Suele cursar con aumento de la translucencia nucal, higroma quístico y valores de PAPP-A bajos en el primer trimestre de la gestación; retraso del crecimiento intrauterino, retromicrognatia, anomalías con grado variable de severidad de las extremidades superiores y otras anomalías cardiovasculares, gastrointestinales o genitourinarias que condicionan el pronóstico fetal. Se presentan los hallazgos ecográficos de dos casos con sospecha de afectación por el SCdL, y la correlación entre los mismos y los hallazgos en la necropsia. Al establecer la sospecha diagnóstica de forma retrospectiva, en los casos presentados no fue posible estudiar la presencia de mutaciones genéticas asociadas con el SCdL. A pesar de los avances en el diagnóstico genético de este síndrome, la base genética del mismo es todavía desconocida en alrededor del 30% de los pacientes, lo que sugiere la contribución de otros genes y/o factores ambientales en su etiología.

ABSTRACT Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) is an hereditary developmental disorder with dominant condition, although most cases are sporadic. The prevalence is variable ranging from 1/10,000 to 1/100,000 live births. It is characterized by a distinct facial phenotype, upper limb abnormalities, growth retardation and severe mental retardation. Prenatal diagnosis of this syndrome is limited to detecting major abnormalities, since characteristic facial features aren't easily detectable. Is usually associated with increased nuchal translucency, cystic hygroma and low PAPP- A levels in first trimester of pregnancy; intrauterine growth retardation, retromicrognathia, anomalies with varying degrees of severity of upper limbs and other cardiovascular, gastrointestinal or genitourinary abnormalities that affect fetal prognosis. The sonographic findings of two cases with suspected involvement by CdLS, and the correlation between them and necropsy findings are presented. Since the suspected diagnosis was established retrospectively in the presented cases, it wasn't possible to study the association with CdLS gene mutations. Despite advances in genetic diagnosis of this syndrome, the genetic basis of it still unknown in about 30% of patients, suggesting the contribution of other genes and/or environmental factors in its etiology.

Síndrome de cornelia de lange a propósito de un caso / Cornelia de lange syndrome on the basis of a case

El Síndrome de Cornelia de Lange (SCdL) es un trastorno del desarrollo hereditario con transmisión dominante que se caracteriza por un fenotipo facial distintivo, anomalías en extremidades superiores y retraso del crecimiento y psicomotor. Fue descrito por primera vez en el año 1933 por la Dra. Cornelia de Lange en dos niñas. Clínicamente se distinguen tres fenotipos el grave, el moderado, y el leve. La prevalencia es variable según los estudios publicados, oscilando entre 1:62.000- 1:45.000 nacimientos. Aunque la mayoría de los casos son esporádicos existen casos familiares con un patrón de herencia dominante, incluyendo casos con mosaicismo germinal. En el año 2004 se describió el primer gen asociado al SCdL, denominado NIPBL, y posteriormente se identificaron dos genes más, el SMC1A y el SMC3. Todos ellos tienen en común el codificar proteínas implicadas en el Complejo de Cohesinas, y han dado lugar a un nuevo tipo de enfermedades denominadas "Cohesinopatías" que por el momento incluyen al SCdL y al Síndrome de Roberts/SC focomelia. El objetivo de este estudio es informar las características clínicas y el estudio genético de 1 caso de CdLS en Hospital General Docente de Calderón.

Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (SCdL) is an hereditary development disorder with dominant transmission characterized by a distinctive facial phenotype, anomalies in upper limbs and growth retardation and psychomotor. It was first described in 1933 by Dr. Cornelia de Lange in two girls. Clinically, three phenotypes are distinguished: severe, moderate, and mild. The prevalence is variable according to published studies, ranging from 1: 62,000- 1: 45,000 births. Although most cases are sporadic, there are familial cases with a dominant inheritance pattern, including cases with germinal mosaicism. In 2004, the first gene associated with SCdL was described, called NIPBL, and subsequently two genes were identified, SMC1A and SMC3. All of them have in common the coding of proteins involved in the Cohesin Complex, and have given rise to a new type of diseases called "Cohesinopathies" that for the moment include the SCdL and the Roberts Syndrome / SC phocomelia The objective of this study is to report the clinical characteristics and genetic study of 1 CdLS case from Hospital General Docente de Calderón

Síndrome de Cornelia de Lange y deficiencias hormonales pituitáricas múltiples, una asociación inusual: Caso clínico / Cornelia de Lange Syndrome and multiple hormonal deficiency, an unusual association: Clinical case

El síndrome de Cornelia de Lange es una enfermedad genética caracterizada por rasgos faciales distintivos, falla de medro, microcefalia y varias malformaciones asociadas. Sus principales alteraciones endocrinológicas son las anomalías genitales. Se presenta un adolescente de 13 años, tratado por neumonía aspirativa complicada y que presentaba el fenotipo del síndrome de Cornelia de Lange, que incluía retraso global del desarrollo, trastorno de succión-deglución, talla baja y alteración del desarrollo sexual. Su edad ósea era muy retrasada, por lo que se realizó un estudio endocrinológico completo. Se le diagnosticaron hipotiroidismo central, deficiencia de la hormona de crecimiento y deficiencia de hormona luteotrópica y folículoestimulante, compatibles con el diagnóstico de deficiencias hormonales pituitáricas múltiples. Tuvo cortisol basal, hormona adrenocorticotrópica y prolactina normales. Recibió suplencia hormonal tiroidea. Es inusual la asociación de este síndrome con deficiencias hormonales pituitáricas múltiples. Se sugiere la evaluación de los distintos ejes endócrinos en estos pacientes.

Cornelia de Lange syndrome is a genetic disease characterized by distinctive facial features, failure to thrive, microcephaly and several malformations associated. Its main endocrinological features are anomalies of the genitalia. We present a 13-year-old boy, who suffered from complicated aspiration pneumonia and showed Cornelia de Lange syndrome phenotype, with global developmental delay, suction-swallowing abnormalities, short stature and abnormal genitalia associated. His bone age was delayed, so he underwent full endocrinological panel. Central hypothyroidism, growth hormone deficiency and low luteinizing hormone-follicle-stimulating hormone levels were observed and multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies diagnosis was made. Basal cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone and prolactin levels were normal. He received thyroid hormonal substitution. Multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies are an unusual feature of De Lange syndrome. We suggest evaluating all different endocrine axes in these patients.

[Cornelia de Lange Syndrome and multiple hormonal deficiency, an unusual association. Clinical case]. / Síndrome de Cornelia de Lange y deficiencias hormonales pituitáricas múltiples, una asociación inusual. Caso clínico.

Cornelia de Lange syndrome is a genetic disease characterized by distinctive facial features, failure to thrive, microcephaly and several malformations associated. Its main endocrinological features are anomalies of the genitalia. We present a 13-year-old boy, who suffered from complicated aspiration pneumonia and showed Cornelia de Lange syndrome phenotype, with global developmental delay, suction-swallowing abnormalities, short stature and abnormal genitalia associated. His bone age was delayed, so he underwent full endocrinological panel. Central hypothyroidism, growth hormone deficiency and low luteinizing hormone-follicle-stimulating hormone levels were observed and multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies diagnosis was made. Basal cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone and prolactin levels were normal. He received thyroid hormonal substitution. Multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies are an unusual feature of De Lange syndrome. We suggest evaluating all different endocrine axes in these patients.

El síndrome de Cornelia de Lange es una enfermedad genética caracterizada por rasgos faciales distintivos, falla de medro, microcefalia y varias malformaciones asociadas. Sus principales alteraciones endocrinológicas son las anomalías genitales. Se presenta un adolescente de 13 años, tratado por neumonía aspirativa complicada y que presentaba el fenotipo del síndrome de Cornelia de Lange, que incluía retraso global del desarrollo, trastorno de succión-deglución, talla baja y alteración del desarrollo sexual. Su edad ósea era muy retrasada, por lo que se realizó un estudio endocrinológico completo. Se le diagnosticaron hipotiroidismo central, deficiencia de la hormona de crecimiento y deficiencia de hormona luteotrópica y folículoestimulante, compatibles con el diagnóstico de deficiencias hormonales pituitáricas múltiples. Tuvo cortisol basal, hormona adrenocorticotrópica y prolactina normales. Recibió suplencia hormonal tiroidea. Es inusual la asociación de este síndrome con deficiencias hormonales pituitáricas múltiples. Se sugiere la evaluación de los distintos ejes endócrinos en estos pacientes.

Tratamiento rehabilitador a un paciente con síndrome de Cornelia de Lange / Rehabilitation Treatment to a Patient with Cornelia de Lange Syndrome

Se presentó un paciente de un año de edad con síndrome Cornelia de Lange, único recibido en el Servicio de Rehabilitación del Policlínico Docente René Vallejo Ortiz del municipio Manzanillo, provincia Granma, con signos evidentes de retraso del desarrollo psicomotor, remitido al servicio por su médico de familia cuando tenía seis meses de nacido. Para su tratamiento se emplearon técnicas específicas de la estimulación temprana, se lograron pequeños avances en su desarrollo motor y cognitivo, aunque no solo depende de la rehabilitación, sino también del entorno familiar en el cual se va desarrollando el niño. Se lograron pequeños avances motores en el paciente como: sostén cefálico, abertura de las manos y seguimiento de los objetos con la mirada, el paciente continúa rehabilitándose en el servicio de fisiatría.(AU)

A one –year-old patient with Cornelia de Lange syndrome (SCdL) was presented in this article, who was the only one attended in the service of rehabilitation of the René Vallejo Ortiz teaching polyclinic of Manzanillo municipality, Granma province. The patient had evident signs of late psychomotor development, so he was referred to this service by the family doctor when he was six months of age. For the treatment, specific techniques of early stimulation were used; small advances have been achieved regarding motor and cognitive development, although it not only depends on the rehabilitation, but also depends on the family environment, in which the infant is developing. Not many motors progresses were achieved in the patient such as: cephalic support, opening of the hands and objects pursuit followed by the eyes. The patient continues rehabilitating in the physiotherapy service.(AU)

Síndrome de Cornelia: presentación de caso de enfermería vinculado a la teoría de Ida Orlando / Cornelia de Lange syndrome: Presentation of a case of nursery related with Ida Orlando theory

En 1933, una pediatra holandesa, la Dra. Cornelia de Lange, describía dos niños con rasgos similares, hoy en día es ella a quien se le reconoce el haber descrito los síntomas que abarcan el síndrome que lleva su nombre. Es un trastorno malformativo múltiple congénito, se determina por sus características faciales en asociación con retraso del crecimiento pre y postnatal, retraso mental de nivel variable, en algunos casos, anomalías de las partes superiores, muchos de los síntomas se pueden mostrar en el nacimiento y a muy temprana edad.El proceso de atención de enfermería, es el método científico de actuación de los profesionales de Enfermería, vinculado a una base teórica que desarrollan habilidades analíticas que aplicadas en la práctica, repercuten en la mejoría de los pacientes. Se realizó este trabajo con el objetivo de presentar un caso poco frecuente del síndrome de Cornelia de Lange, ejecutando el proceso de atención de Enfermería vinculado al modelo teórico de Ida Orlando. Se trató de una paciente de 10 meses de edad, sexo femenino, raza blanca, que ingresó a los dos meses de nacida en la sala de terapia intensiva del Hospital Pediátrico Provincial Eliseo Noel Caamaño, de Matanzas. La vinculación de la teoría de Ida Orlando a este proceso de atención de Enfermería permitió una atención integral al individuo enfermo, y desarrolló las habilidades prácticas de la asistencia de Enfermería, además de fomentar el razonamiento critico en aras de brindar cuidados con calidad y enfoque científico(AU)

In 1933, a Dutch pediatrician, PhD Cornelia de Lange described two children with similar characteristics. Nowadays she is recognized as the one who described the symptoms encompassing the syndrome named after her. It is a congenital multiple malformative disorder, determined by its facial characteristics associated to pre and postnatal grow retardation, mental retardation of variable level, and, in some cases, anomalies of the upper parts. Many of the symptoms appear at birth and at early ages.The process of nursery care is the scientific method ruling Nursery professionals performance, related to a theoretical basis and developing analytical skills that, practically applied, strike on patients improvement. This work was carried out with the aim of presenting a few frequent case of Cornelia de Lange Syndrome, performing the Nursery care process according to Ida Orlando theoretical model. It deals with female, white, 10-months patient who entered the Intensive Care Service of the Provincial Pediatric Hospital Eliseo Noel Caamaño, of Matanzas when she was two months. Relating Ida Rolandos theory to this Nursery care process allowed the patients integral care, and developed the practical skills of Nursery care, besides promoting the critical reasoning for the sake giving a quality and scientifically focused care(AU)

Síndrome cornelia de lange, fenotipo III / Cornelia de lange syndrome, phenotype III

El Síndrome de Cornelia de Lange es un trastorno del desarrollo poco frecuente, heterogéneo genéticamente, que se define en su forma clásica por hipocrecimiento antenatal y postnatal, microcefalia, rasgos faciales distintivos, sinofridia e hirsutismo, retraso mental y micromelia. Objetivo: dar a conocer las características clínicas de los pacientes con este síndrome para realizar diagnósticos oportunos, estudios pertinentes y manejos multidisciplinarios en los pacientes afectados. Caso Clínico, lactante femenina, 19 meses de edad, con antecedentes maternos: 17 años, embarazo de 34 semanas de gestación, con un control prenatal, atendida en Hospital Santa Bárbara Integrado, ingresada para uteroinhibición sin lograr respuesta y desencadena trabajo de parto. Recién nacida, femenina, cefálica, peso de 1,625 g, perímetro cefálico 29.5 cm, malformaciones en miembros superiores, ingresada a sala de neonatos por distrés respiratorio y prematurez. Evaluada por pediatra, quien describe características dismórficas. Al examen físico: focomelia, micromelia, pestañas largas y abundantes, sinofridia e hirsutismo. En la radiografía se observó: agenesia de ambos cubitos, todos los hallazgos clínicos y laboratoriales compatibles con Síndrome de Cornelia de Lange. No se realizó ecocardiograma ni estudios genéticos, el diagnóstico de este síndrome fue clínico. A los 19 meses fue reevaluada y se encontró: peso 3,600 g, perímetro cefálico 34.5 cm y talla 55 cm, evidente retraso del crecimiento, mental y psicomotor. Conclusión: los pacientes con este síndrome deben ser diagnosticados fundamentalmente por clínica, luego realizar estudios imagenológicos para descartar otras anomalías. Además, el tratamiento debe ser integral...(AU)

Functional Brain Imaging in Cornelia de Lange Syndrome: Case Report and Literature review.

Functional brain imaging with brain single photon emission computer tomography (Brain SPECT) has been used for many years in the evaluation of multiple neuro-degenerative and neuro-developmental disorders. Brain SPECT is a nuclear medicine tomographic study performed with a lipophilic radiopharmaceutical labeled with 99mTc-pertechnetate. It is a cerebral perfusion agent that depicts the global and regional perfusion patterns in the cortical gray matter and subcortical structures. Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a rare neuro-developmental and genetic condition, associated to several malformations. There are a limited number of cases reported in the medical literature and few of them report neuro-radiological and/or neuro-pathologic abnormalities. We report a case of a 15 year old patient, clinically diagnosed at birth with CdLS, who presents limited anatomical findings on Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the Brain SPECT findings in this syndrome.