O estado da arte sobre hipodermóclise na assistência à saúde da criança: revisão de escopo / The state of the art on hypodermoclysis in child health care: scoping review

RESUMO Objetivo mapear as evidências sobre hipodermóclise na assistência à saúde da criança. Métodos trata-se de uma revisão de escopo, com busca nas bases Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online , Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature , Scopus Elsevier, Web of Science e Embase. Incluíram-se estudos publicados em português, inglês e espanhol, sem recorte temporal. Resultados foram analisados 11 estudos com predomínio de revisões de literatura. Os principais temas foram: uso da hialuronidase humana recombinante como facilitadora da absorção subcutânea; comparação entre a reidratação subcutânea e intravenosa; vantagens da hipodermóclise; dor do paciente e as tentativas de punção. Conclusão este estudo permitiu mapear as evidências científicas sobre hipodermóclise, revelando ser uma alternativa viável e válida para administrar medicamentos em crianças. Contribuições para a prática o uso da técnica pode trazer benefícios e fornece evidências para indicá-la e aplicá-la na assistência à criança.

ABSTRACT Objective to mapping the evidence on hypodermoclysis in child health care. Methods this is a scope review, with a search in Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus Elsevier, Web of Science and Embase. Studies published in Portuguese, English and Spanish were included, with no time cut. Results a total of 11 studies were analyzed, with a predominance of literature reviews. The main themes were: use of recombinant human hyaluronidase as a facilitator of subcutaneous absorption; comparison between subcutaneous and intravenous rehydration; advantages of hypodermoclysis; patient pain and puncture attempts. Conclusion this study allowed mapping the scientific evidence on hypodermoclysis, revealing it to be a viable and valid alternative for administering medications in children. Contributions to practice the use of the technique can bring benefits and provides evidence to indicate and apply it in child care.

Understanding the issues experienced by older people undergoing emergency surgery.

The number of older people undergoing surgery in the UK is increasing, partly due to an ageing population and advances in surgical techniques. However, outcomes for older patients who have undergone surgery are suboptimal when compared with younger people, especially following emergency surgery. To minimise the risk of adverse events affecting older people following surgery, it is essential that nurses understand how to manage common challenges for this patient group such as delirium, pain, reduced mobility and inadequate hydration.

Hydration practices in residential and nursing care homes for older people.

AIM: To scope and explore hydration practices in care homes. BACKGROUND: Older residents do not regularly consume adequate fluids to support health. Achieving this is difficult with residents who have coexisting health, sensory and functional problems, as well as challenging hydration habits. DESIGN: This project used a sequential exploratory mixed method design to scope and explore existing hydration practices. METHODS: Data were collected via two stages. First was a survey of hydration practices. Twenty-nine responses were received from 81 care homes (response rate: 35.8%). Second was the exploration of practitioners' experiences and perceptions of hydration practice via semi-structured interviews (54 staff: 43 interviews). Descriptive statistics summarised the survey findings. Open coding and thematic analysis were applied to the qualitative data, and details of the methods are reported in adherence to COREQ criteria. RESULTS: It is important to provide hydration support in addition to regularly offering drinks to residents. Hydration practices include the following: use of social interaction to encourage drinking; verbal and nonverbal prompts to drink; giving fluids with routine practices and social activities; providing drinks-related activity, use of aids and equipment to support drinking; and creating a drink-friendly environment. Practices are implemented in care homes; however, no one care home implements all these hydration strategies at any one time. CONCLUSIONS: Older care home residents need support and encouragement to drink adequate fluids which can be difficult to achieve with residents who have complex needs and challenging drinking habits. In addition to the routine offer of drinks, hydration support should be used to facilitate residents to drink sufficient amounts of fluid. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Staff working in care homes have an important role in assessing the hydration needs of residents and using multiple hydration practices to support residents to achieve their hydration requirements.

Drinking vessel preferences in older nursing home residents: optimal design and potential for increasing fluid intake.

BACKGROUND:: residents in nursing and residential care homes are at risk of dehydration due to both resident and institutional factors. Previous studies have focused on improving fluid intakes by concentrating on types of fluids offered and assisting residents to drink. AIM:: to determine resident opinion of the optimal features of drinking vessels and evaluate the impact of improving vessel design on fluid consumption. METHODS:: residents from two units (25-bed and 21-bed) in one nursing home evaluated a range of drinking vessels. Vessels with preferred features were introduced on a 25-bed unit. The effect was tested by observing residents' fluid consumption during breakfast on three consecutive days and comparing with baseline intakes. FINDINGS:: vessels that received the highest ratings were lightweight, had large handles and held 200-300 ml of fluid. Following the introduction of the new drinking vessels, mean fluid intakes at breakfast increased from 139 ml (±84 ml) to 205 ml (±12 ml, n=65), p=0.003. CONCLUSION:: some drinking vessels used in nursing homes may be difficult for residents to handle. Making improvements to the design of drinking vessels has the potential to increase fluid intakes without increasing staff workload.

Prevention of dehydration in hospital patients.

Dehydration is widely linked to increased risk of mortality in patients who are acutely unwell, and it also increases the risk of further illness. Despite being recognised nationwide as a cause for concern, 45% of hospital patients will become dehydrated upon admission, suggesting that more needs to be done to prevent dehydration. The use of bedside water devices allows patients to drink freely without assistance. Access to these can reduce a patient's length of stay in hospital and minimise the risk of developing a urinary tract infection. However, further research is needed to fully assess the impact of having such devices at the bedside.

Staff awareness of food and fluid care needs for older people with dementia in residential care: A qualitative study.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To examine awareness of aged care home staff regarding daily food and fluid care needs of older people with dementia. BACKGROUND: Older people in residential care frequently are malnourished, and many have dementia. Staff knowledge of the food and fluid needs of people with dementia is limited. Qualitative research on this topic is scarce but can provide insight into how nutrition and hydration care may be improved. DESIGN: Qualitative, interview-based study. METHODS: Eleven staff in a range of positions at one care home were interviewed regarding their perceptions of current and potential food/fluid care practices. Transcripts were coded and analysed thematically. RESULTS: Key food and fluid issues reported by these staff members were weight loss and malnutrition, chewing and swallowing difficulties (dysphagia), and inadequate hydration. Staff identified a number of current care practices that they felt to be effective in facilitating older people's food and fluid intake, including responsiveness to their needs. Staff suggestions to facilitate food and fluid intake centred on improved composition and timing of meals, enhanced physical and social eating environment, and increased hydration opportunities. Staff commented on factors that may prevent changes to care practices, particularly the part-time workforce, and proposed changes to overcome such barriers. CONCLUSIONS: Staff were aware of key food and fluid issues experienced by the older people in their care and of a range of beneficial care practices, but lacked knowledge of many promising care practices and/or how to implement such practices. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Staff need to be supported to build on their existing knowledge around effective food and fluid care practices. The numerous ideas staff expressed for changing care practices can be leveraged by facilitating staff networking to work and learn together to implement evidence-based change.

Examining the links between hydration, nutrition and mouth health.

Hydration, nutrition and mouth health have historically been overlooked and considered in isolation when, in reality, they are interlinked and interdependent. Not only do these health factors greatly influence each other, but also they have a significant effect on general health and wellbeing. By viewing each of these areas in isolation, health professionals risk missing opportunities to maximise patients' health and quality of life. Collaboration between health professions will also maximise benefits to patients. This article aims to explain the health effects of hydration, nutrition and mouth health and the links between them so practitioners consider how they can make positive changes in these areas for their patients and how they can promote collaboration with other health professionals.

Food for thought: delivering effective nutritional care.

Janet Scammell, Associate Professor (Nursing), Bournemouth University, asks whether nurse education places enough emphasis on the importance of ensuring good nutrition and hydration for patients.

Implementation of clinical decision support in young children with acute gastroenteritis: a randomized controlled trial at the emergency department.

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is one of the most frequent reasons for young children to visit emergency departments (EDs). We aimed to evaluate (1) feasibility of a nurse-guided clinical decision support system for rehydration treatment in children with AGE and (2) the impact on diagnostics, treatment, and costs compared with usual care by attending physician. A randomized controlled trial was performed in 222 children, aged 1 month to 5 years at the ED of the Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's hospital in The Netherlands ( 2010-2012). Outcome included (1) feasibility, measured by compliance of the nurses, and (2) length of stay (LOS) at the ED, the number of diagnostic tests, treatment, follow-up, and costs. Due to failure of post-ED weight measurement, we could not evaluate weight difference as measure for dehydration. Patient characteristics were comparable between the intervention (N = 113) and the usual care group (N = 109). Implementation of the clinical decision support system proved a high compliance rate. The standardized use of oral ORS (oral rehydration solution) significantly increased from 52 to 65%(RR2.2, 95%CI 1.09-4.31 p < 0.05). We observed no differences in other outcome measures. CONCLUSION: Implementation of nurse-guided clinical decision support system on rehydration treatment in children with AGE showed high compliance and increase standardized use of ORS, without differences in other outcome measures. What is Known: • Acute gastroenteritis is one of the most frequently encountered problems in pediatric emergency departments. • Guidelines advocate standardized oral treatment in children with mild to moderate dehydration, but appear to be applied infrequently in clinical practice. What is New: • Implementation of a nurse-guided clinical decision support system on treatment of AGE in young children showed good feasibility, resulting in a more standardized ORS use in children with mild to moderate dehydration, compared to usual care. • Given the challenges to perform research in emergency care setting, the ED should be experienced and adequately equipped, especially during peak times.

Supporting care home residents with hydration.

My staff are more engaged and motivated in supporting our care home residents with hydration. Urinary tract infections and unplanned hospital admissions have been reduced.'

Innovations to support hydration care across health and social care.

It is known that the primary cause of dehydration in elderly care is caused by a person not regularly drinking enough. Dehydration is a much-publicised national concern, associated with poor outcomes of care and acute hospital admissions. However, in November last year, NHS England stated that the scale of dehydration is not known; in comparison, it confirmed at least three million people are at risk of malnutrition. The stark comparison in information occurs because there is no nationally recognised screening tool to identify who is at risk of dehydration. An innovative nursing role, focused on finding solutions to reduce the risk of dehydration in the care of older and vulnerable persons, has led to the development of a simple dehydration screening tool called 'ROC to drink' (ROC stands for 'reliance on a carer'), which focuses on the level of support needed to drink. An innovative tea cup has been designed to help raise standards for monitoring drinks and raise awareness about intake.

Patient safety and hydration in the care of older people.

Ensuring patients are adequately hydrated is a fundamental part of nursing care, however, it is clear from the literature that dehydration remains a significant problem in the NHS with implications for patient safety. The development of dehydration is often multifactorial and older age is an independent risk factor for the condition. However, the media often blame nursing staff for simply not giving patients enough to drink. This article discusses the scale of the problem in acute care settings and aims to raise awareness of the importance of hydration management and accurate documentation in nursing practice. It suggests that intentional hourly rounding may provide an opportunity for nurses to ensure older patients are prompted or assisted to take a drink.

Diagnosis, treatment and management of epidermolysis bullosa.

Epidermis bullosa is a genetically inherited disease in which painful blistering of the skin or mucous membranes occurs after minor trauma. It is a lifelong problem. The diagnosis should be confirmed by a specialist, preferably at a specialist unit where a treatment plan and follow-up arrangements for professionals and families can be put in place. Nurses will be involved in frequent dressings of wounds, after extra analgesia, and may need to be alert to any need for further specialist referral, especially in the case of complications such as infection, deformities, gastrointestinal strictures and possible skin cancers. Genetic counselling should also be offered to families, especially when considering the possible risks to future pregnancies.

Food and drink message has to work down from the top.

FRESH GUIDANCE aimed at reducing poor nutrition and hydration in patients places more responsibility on senior nurses and clinical commissioners to ensure that messages trickle down to staff at all levels.

Reducing dehydration in residents of care homes.

Dehydration can have serious consequences for older people and is a particular problem for residents of nursing and care homes. This article, the second in a two-part series, describes how a specialist care home for people with dementia in Great Yarmouth introduced high-quality hydration care to frail residents. By involving all staff and ensuring residents take a litre of fluid by the end of a relaxed and extended breakfast, staff have reduced anxiety and aggression and created a calmer and more sociable atmosphere. This has benefitted residents, visitors and staff, and is reflected in low levels of unplanned hospital admissions and paramedic call-outs.