Covid-19: Vacina boa é a aplicada de forma adequada / Covid-19: Vacina boa é a aplicada de forma adequada

Na atualidade, fotografar ou gravar o instante da imunização contra a Covid-19 se tornou rotina compartilhada nas redes sociais. Essa exposição instigou a observação de uma questão relevante: a técnica de aplicação está correta? Com a veiculação de imagens, é possível visualizar as vacinas sendo administradas em diferentes áreas do músculo deltoide, o que pode acarretar efeitos adversos. A otimização da qualificação técnica e pedagógica dos profissionais que elaboram e ministram as capacitações, bem como o envolvimento efetivo dos vacinadores nos treinamentos para injeção intramuscular é uma necessidade constante para evitar mais danos à saúde da população

Currently, photographing or recording the instant of immunization against Covid-19 has become a shared routine on social networks. This exposition prompted the observation of a relevant question: is the application technique correct? With the transmission of images, it is possible to visualize the vaccines being administered in different areas of the deltoid muscle, which can cause adverse effects. The optimization of the technical and pedagogical qualification of the professionals who design and deliver the training, as well as the effective involvement of vaccinators in training for intramuscular injection, is a constant need to avoid further damage to the health of the population

C6 and not C5 nerve fibers more commonly contribute most to deltoid muscle innervation: anatomical study with application to better diagnosing cervical nerve injuries.

Most anatomical textbooks list both the C5 and C6 spinal nerves as contributing to the deltoid muscle's innervation via the axillary nerve. To our knowledge, no previous study has detailed the exact spinal nerve components of the axillary nerve terminating in the deltoid via cadaveric dissection. Twenty formalin-fixed cadavers (40 sides) underwent dissection of the brachial plexus. The fascicles making up the axillary nerve branch that specifically terminated in the deltoid muscle were traced proximally. The axillary nerve branch to the deltoid muscle was most commonly (70%) made up of three spinal nerve segments and less commonly (30%) by two spinal nerve segments. For all axillary nerve branches to the deltoid muscle, C4 spinal nerves contributed 0-5%, C5 spinal nerves contributed 1-80%, C6 spinal nerve contributed 15-99%, C7 spinal nerves contributed 0-30%, and C8 and T1 spinal nerves were not found to contribute any fibers to any deltoid muscle branches. The nerve to the deltoid muscle was contributed to equally by C5 and C6 nerve fibers on 10% of sides. On 16% of sides, C5 contributed the most nerve fibers to this muscle. On 35% of sides, C6 contributed the majority fibers found in the axillary nerve branches to the deltoid. Based on our anatomical study, C6 is more often than not the main level of innervation. C5 was never the sole component of the axillary nerve branches to the deltoid muscle. Such anatomical data will now need to be reconciled with clinical studies.

Changes in electromyographic activity of deltoid muscles in women with shoulder pain during a functional task.

BACKGROUND: Shoulder pain is one of the most common complaints of patients with musculoskeletal disorders in the shoulder and is usually caused by the Subacromial Impact Syndrome. Muscle imbalances can contribute to this syndrome leading to disorders that cause changes in muscle activity. The aim of this study was to determine whether pain causes changes in the electromyographic activity of the shoulder girdle muscles during an isometric task of arm elevation in the scapular plane. METHOD: This is a comparative observational study using a simple convenience sampling method, composed of 22 women aged (44 ± 10) who were divided into two groups: 11 women with shoulder pain and 11 women without shoulder pain. The muscle activity evaluation was performed using surface electromyography of the muscles: anterior deltoid, middle deltoid, upper trapezius and middle trapezius, during an isometric task of arm elevation in the scapular plane. Independent Samples t-Test was used to analyze and compare the normalized electromyography data. RESULTS: Results revealed a significant increase in the activity of the anterior and middle deltoid muscles in women with shoulder pain compared to women without shoulder pain in the isometric task of arm elevation. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the shoulder pain of the women evaluated caused changes in the activity of the anterior and middle deltoid muscles.

Análise da ativação muscular durante o movimento de alcance nas condições ativo, ativo-assistido e autoassistido em pacientes pós-AVE / Análisis de la activación muscular durante el movimiento de alcance en las condiciones activo, activo-asistido y auto-asistido en pacientes post-AVE / Analysis of muscle activation during reaching movement in active, active-assisted and self-assisted conditions in post-stroke patients

RESUMO O Acidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE) é uma patologia que frequentemente causa limitações motoras nos Membros Superiores (MMSS) gerando prejuízos funcionais nos movimentos de alcance. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o recrutamento muscular do membro superior parético durante três condições de alcance: ativo, ativo-assistido e autoassistido, através de dados eletromiográficos das fibras anteriores do Músculo Deltoide (MD), Bíceps Braquial (BB) e Tríceps Braquial (TB). Estudo do tipo transversal que utilizou como testes clínicos o miniexame do estado mental, escala de equilíbrio de Berg, medida de independência funcional, escala modificada de Ashworth e escala de Fugl-Meyer - seção MMSS. A coleta dos dados eletromiográficos de superfície foi realizada utilizando-se o eletromiógrafo e eletrodos de configuração bipolar da EMG System do Brasil com três canais posicionados nos pontos motores do MD (fibras anteriores), BB e TB de ambos os membros superiores. As variáveis clínicas apresentaram resultados de comprometimento motor, cognitivo e funcional leves. Os dados eletromiográficos mostraram que o MD e TB durante o alcance ativo-assistido contraíram mais que no alcance autoassistido (p<0.05). Os MD e TB apresentaram diferenças significativas durante os movimentos de alcance, enquanto que o músculo BB não mostrou alterações. Entre os diversos tipos de alcance, o ativo-assistido foi o que proporcionou maior ativação muscular. Sugere-se que sejam feitos ensaios clínicos para verificar a eficácia dos treinamentos.

RESUMEN El Accidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE) es una patología que frecuentemente causa limitaciones motoras en los Miembros Superiores (MMSS) generando perjuicios funcionales en los movimientos de alcance. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el reclutamiento muscular del miembro superior parético durante tres condiciones de alcance: activo, activo-asistido y auto-asistido, a través de datos electromiográficos de las fibras anteriores del Músculo Deltóide (MD), Bíceps Braquial (BB) y Tríceps Braquial (TB). Estudio del tipo transversal que utilizó como pruebas clínicas el mini-examen del estado mental, escala de equilibrio de Berg, medida de independencia funcional, escala modificada de Ashworth y escala de Fugl-Meyer - sección MMSS. La recolección de los datos electromiográficos de superficie fue realizada utilizando el electromiografo y electrodos de configuración bipolar de la EMG System de Brasil con tres canales colocados en los puntos motores del MD (fibras anteriores), BB y TB de ambos miembros superiores. Las variables clínicas presentaron resultados de compromiso motor, cognitivo y funcional leves. Los datos electromiográficos mostraron que el MD y el TB durante el alcance activo-asistido contrajeron más que en el alcance auto-asistido (p<0.05). Los MD y TB presentaron diferencias significativas durante los movimientos de alcance, mientras que el músculo BB no mostró alteraciones. Entre los diversos tipos de alcance, el activo asistido fue el que proporcionó mayor activación muscular. Se sugiere que se realicen ensayos clínicos para verificar la eficacia de los entrenamientos.

ABSTRACT A cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is a disease that often causes upper limb motor limitations and functional losses in reaching movements. The objective of this study was to analyze the muscle recruitment of the paretic upper limb during three reaching conditions: active, active-assisted and self-assisted, through electromyographic data of anterior fibers of Deltoid Muscle (DM), Biceps Brachii (BB) and Triceps Brachii (TB). Cross-sectional study that used as clinical trials the Mini-Mental State Examination, Berg balance scale, functional independence measure, the modified Ashworth scale, and the Fugl-Meyer assessment - upper limbs section. Surface electromyographic data were collected using the electromyograph and bipolar electrode configuration of the EMG System do Brasil with three channels positioned in the motor points of DM (anterior fibers), BB and TB of both upper limbs. Clinical variables showed mild motor, cognitive, and functional impairment. Electromyographic data showed that DM and TB contracted more during active-assisted than during self-assisted exercise (p<0.05). DM and TB presented significant differences during reaching movements, while the BB muscle showed no changes. Among the different reaching exercises, the active-assisted was the one that provided greater muscle activation. Clinical trials are suggested to verify the effectiveness of the training.

Acute effect of elastic bandage technique on middle deltoid muscle force and activation in healthy men / Efeito agudo da técnica de bandagem elástica sobre a força e ativação muscular do deltoide médio em homens saudáveis / Efecto agudo de la técnica de bandaje elástica sobre la fuerza y activación muscular del deltóide medio en hombres sanos

Abstract Introduction: Elastic bandages (EB), such as Kinesio taping, have been widely used in sports or daily life activities with the aim of preventing or reducing musculoskeletal injuries. It has been suggested that Kinesio Taping is capable of altering muscle activation through neurophysiological mechanisms, but the evidences about this are controversial. Objective: To verify the acute effect of EB on maximum voluntary isometric force (MVIF) and muscle activation of the middle deltoid muscle during muscle contraction. Method: Twenty-four healthy male (24 ± 4 years, 73.2 ± 13.9kg, 1.80 ± 0.10m) were randomly assigned to a group with elastic bandage activated at 100% (AEB n = 8); with tensionless elastic bandage (NEB n = 8), and the control group (CG n = 9). The volunteers were instructed to perform 5s of maximal isometric contraction at 90° of shoulder abduction while the MIVF and EMGrms records were registered. Results: One-way ANOVA was unable to identify significant difference (α = 0.05) in MIVF and EMGrms of the middle deltoid at 90° of shoulder abduction. Conclusion: The application of elastic bandage was not able to alter the production of maximal isometric voluntary contraction and activation of the middle deltoid muscle of healthy individuals and, therefore, its use is not justified for these purposes.

Resumo Introdução: Bandagens elásticas (BE), como a Kinesio taping, têm sido amplamente utilizadas em atividades esportivas ou da vida cotidiana com o objetivo de prevenir ou reduzir as lesões musculoesqueléticas. Tem sido sugerido que a Kinesio Taping é capaz de alterar a ativação muscular por meio de mecanismos neurofisiológicos, mas as evidências são controversas. Objetivo: verificar o efeito agudo da BE sobre a força isométrica voluntária máxima (FIVM) e ativação muscular do músculo deltoide médio durante a contração muscular. Método: Vinte e quatro participantes saudáveis, do sexo masculino (24 ± 4 anos; 73,2 ± 13,9kg; 1,80 ± 0,1m) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupo com a bandagem elástica ativada a 100% (BEA n = 8) e com bandagem elástica sem tensão (BEN n = 8), ambas posicionadas no ombro; além do grupo controle (GC = 9). Os voluntários foram orientados a realizar 5s de contração isométrica máxima a 90° de abdução da articulação do ombro enquanto os registros de FIVM e EMGrms eram captados. Resultados: A ANOVA de uma entrada não foi capaz de identificar diferença significativa (α = 0,05) na FIVM e na EMGrms do deltoide médio a 90° de abdução da articulação do ombro. Conclusão: A aplicação da bandagem elástica não foi capaz de alterar a produção da força isométrica voluntária máxima e a ativação do músculo deltoide médio de indivíduos saudáveis e, portanto, seu uso não se justifica para esses fins.

Resumen Introducción: Vendaje elásticos (VE), como la Kinesio taping, han sido ampliamente utilizadas en actividades deportivas o de la vida cotidiana con el objetivo de prevenir o reducir las lesiones musculoesqueléticas. Se ha sugerido que la Kinesio Taping es capaz de alterar la activación muscular por medio de mecanismos neurofisiológicos, pero las evidencias son controvertidas. Objetivo: verificar el efecto agudo de los VE sobre la fuerza isométrica voluntaria máxima (FIVM) y activación muscular del músculo deltoide medio durante la contracción muscular. Método: Veinticuatro participantes sanos, del sexo masculino (24 ± 4 años, 73,2 ± 13,9kg, 1,80 ± 0,1m) fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en grupo con el vendage elástico activado al 100% (VEA n = 8); con el vendaje elástico sin tensión (VEN n = 8; y el grupo de control (GC = 9). Los voluntarios fueron orientados a realizar 5s de contracción isométrica máxima a 90° de abducción de la articulación del hombro mientras los registros de FIVM y EMGrms eran captados. Resultados: La ANOVA de una entrada no fue capaz de identificar diferencia significativa (α = 0,05) en la FIVM y en la EMGrms del deltoide medio a 90° de abducción de la articulación del hombro. Conclusión: La aplicación de el vendaje elástico no fue capaz de alterar la producción de fuerza isométrica voluntaria máxima y la activación del músculo deltoide medio de individuos sanos y, por lo tanto, su uso no está justificado para esos propósitos.

Effects of Exergaming in Cancer Related Fatigue in the Quality of Life and Electromyography of the Middle Deltoid of People with Cancer in Treatment: A Controlled Trial

Objective: In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effects an exergaming protocol for cancer patients who undergo or have already undergone cancer treatment. We sought to evaluate changes in cancer-related fatigue, function, and ability to perform daily activities, in addition to changes in the electromyographic pattern of the middle deltoid muscle. Methods: We conducted a controlled trial. Nineteen volunteers in the cancer group (aged 61 ± 9 years; body mass index28 ± 5) and 19 in the control group (aged 58 ± 8 years); body mass index 28 ± 4) participated in the study. They were evaluated by means of a sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire, the Functional Assessment of Chronic Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F) questionnaire, and surface electromyography in the deltoid muscle at three moments: before the beginning of the exergaming protocol, after 10 training sessions, and after 20 sessions. The protocol consisted of practicing exergaming using Xbox 360® (Microsoft, Redmond, USA) with Kinect®. The game "Your Shape Fitness Evolved" (Ubisoft, Rennes, France) was used. Results: Total FACIT-F scores, fatigue subscale scores, and median frequency values observed in the cancer group were lower than those in the control group. These values improved in relation to the initial evaluation in the cancer group after the practice of the exergaming protocol. Conclusion: The exergaming protocol used in this study was effective for reducing reported symptoms of fatigue, increasing perceived quality of life, and improving the pattern of deltoid muscle contraction in cancer patients.

Swimming Practice and Scapular Kinematics, Scapulothoracic Muscle Activity, and the Pressure-Pain Threshold in Young Swimmers.

CONTEXT: Whereas alterations in scapular kinematics, scapulothoracic muscle activity, and pain sensitivity have been described in adult swimmers, no researchers have examined these outcomes in young swimmers. OBJECTIVES: To compare scapular kinematics, scapulothoracic muscle activation, and the pressure-pain threshold (PPT) of the shoulder muscles among young nonpractitioners (those who were not involved in sports involving the upper limbs), amateur swimmers, and competitive swimmers. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A total of 90 individuals (age = 11.63 ± 0.61 years) in 3 groups: nonpractitioners, amateur swimmers, and competitive swimmers. INTERVENTION(S): Scapular kinematics and activity of the upper trapezius, lower trapezius, and serratus anterior (SA) were measured during upper extremity elevation in the scapular plane. The PPT was assessed in the upper trapezius, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, middle deltoid, and tibialis anterior. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Scapular kinematics, scapulothoracic muscle activation, and PPT. We conducted a 2-way mixed-model analysis of variance and a 1-way analysis of variance for scapular rotation and PPT, respectively. A Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess muscle activity. The α level was set at .05. RESULTS: Competitive swimmers presented more internal rotation at 90° ( P = .03) and 120° ( P = .047) and more anterior tilt at 90° ( P = .03) than nonpractitioners. Amateur swimmers demonstrated more anterior tilt at 90° ( P = .004) and 120° ( P = .005) than nonpractitioners. Competitive swimmers had greater SA activation in the intervals from 60° to 90° ( P = .02) and 90° to 120° ( P = .01) than amateur swimmers. They also displayed more SA activation in the interval from 90° to 120° than nonpractitioners ( P = .04). No differences were found in any of the muscles for the PPT ( P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Young competitive swimmers presented alterations in scapular kinematics and scapulothoracic muscle activation during upper extremity elevation that may be due to sport practice. Mechanical pain sensitivity was not altered in young swimmers.

Inter- and Intraexaminer Reliability in Identifying and Classifying Myofascial Trigger Points in Shoulder Muscles.

OBJECTIVE: To determine inter- and intraexaminer reliability of examiners without clinical experience in identifying and classifying myofascial trigger points (MTPs) in the shoulder muscles of subjects asymptomatic and symptomatic for unilateral subacromial impact syndrome (SIS). DESIGN: Within-day inter- and intraexaminer reliability study. SETTING: Physical therapy department of a university. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-two subjects participated in the study, 26 symptomatic and 26 asymptomatic for unilateral SIS. INTERVENTIONS: Two examiners, without experience for assessing MTPs, independent and blind to the clinical conditions of the subjects, assessed bilaterally the presence of MTPs (present or absent) in 6 shoulder muscles and classified them (latent or active) on the affected side of the symptomatic group. Each examiner performed the same assessment twice in the same day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Reliability was calculated through percentage agreement, prevalence- and bias-adjusted kappa (PABAK) statistics, and weighted kappa. RESULTS: Intraexaminer reliability in identifying MTPs for the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups was moderate to perfect (PABAK, .46-1 and .60-1, respectively). Interexaminer reliability was between moderate and almost perfect in the 2 groups (PABAK, .46-.92), except for the muscles of the symptomatic group, which were below these values. With respect to MTP classification, intraexaminer reliability was moderate to high for most muscles, but interexaminer reliability was moderate for only 1 muscle (weighted κ=.45), and between weak and reasonable for the rest (weighted κ=.06-.31). CONCLUSIONS: Intraexaminer reliability is acceptable in clinical practice to identify and classify MTPs. However, interexaminer reliability proved to be reliable only to identify MTPs, with the symptomatic side exhibiting lower values of reliability.

Transferencia del deltoides posterior al tríceps braquial en pacientes con lesiones medulares cervicales / Transfer of Posterior Deltoid to the Brachial Triceps in Patients with Cervical Spinal Cord Injuries

Introducción: durante mucho tiempo, casi 50 siglos, se pensó que la tetraplejía no tenía tratamiento. El mayor por ciento de lesiones medulares cervicales ocurre por accidentes de tránsito en pacientes jóvenes donde la pérdida de la extensión activa del codo limita sus habilidades de realizar actividades cotidianas tan sutiles como peinarse o cepillarse los dientes, por lo que se convierten en individuos totalmente dependientes.Objetivo: describir los resultados de la transferencia del deltoides posterior al tríceps braquial en pacientes tetrapléjicos.Mètodo: se realizó un estudio longitudinal prospectivo en el que fueron intervenidos 9 pacientes (14 transferencias) a los que se les aplicó la técnica de Castro Sierra (transferencia del deltoides posterior al tríceps braquial), para restablecer la extensión activa del codo.Resultados: el 100 por ciento de los pacientes intervenidos lograron la extensión activa del codo. El 57 por ciento (8 codos) con fuerza grado III y 43 por ciento (6 codos) con fuerza grado IV. Los 9 pacientes (100 por ciento) quedaron satisfechos con los resultados de su operación. No se reportaron complicaciones.Conclusiones: La transferencia del deltoides posterior al tríceps braquial permite realizar la extensión activa del codo en pacientes tetrapléjicos(AU)

Introduction: for a long, almost 50 centuries, tetraplegia was thought to be untreated. The highest percentage of cervical spinal cord injury occurs due to traffic accidents in young patients whose loss of active elbow extension limits their ability to perform daily activities as subtle as combing their hair or brushing their teeth, so that they become totally individuals dependent.Objective: describe the results of transferring the posterior deltoid to the triceps in quadriplegic patients.Method: a prospective longitudinal study was carried out in nine patients (14 transfers) who were operated on and Castro Sierra technique was applied (transfer of posterior deltoid to the triceps brachii) to restore active elbow extension.Results: 100 percent of the patients underwent active elbow extension. 57 percent (8 elbows) with grade III strength and 43 percent (6 elbows) with grade IV strength. All the nine patients (100 percent) were satisfied with the results of their operation. No complications were reported.Conclusions: transfer of posterior deltoid to the brachial triceps allows the active extension of the elbow in quadriplegic patients(AU)

Transferencia del deltoides posterior al tríceps braquial en pacientes con lesiones medulares cervicales / Transposition du deltoïde postérieur sur le triceps brachial chez un patient atteint des lésions médullaires au niveau cervical / Transfer of Posterior Deltoid to the Brachial Triceps in Patients with Cervical Spinal Cord Injuries

Introducción: durante mucho tiempo, casi 50 siglos, se pensó que la tetraplejía no tenía tratamiento. El mayor por ciento de lesiones medulares cervicales ocurre por accidentes de tránsito en pacientes jóvenes donde la pérdida de la extensión activa del codo limita sus habilidades de realizar actividades cotidianas tan sutiles como peinarse o cepillarse los dientes, por lo que se convierten en individuos totalmente dependientes. Objetivo: describir los resultados de la transferencia del deltoides posterior al tríceps braquial en pacientes tetrapléjicos. Mètodo: se realizó un estudio longitudinal prospectivo en el que fueron intervenidos 9 pacientes (14 transferencias) a los que se les aplicó la técnica de Castro Sierra (transferencia del deltoides posterior al tríceps braquial), para restablecer la extensión activa del codo. Resultados: el 100 por ciento de los pacientes intervenidos lograron la extensión activa del codo. El 57 por ciento (8 codos) con fuerza grado III y 43 por ciento (6 codos) con fuerza grado IV. Los 9 pacientes (100 por ciento) quedaron satisfechos con los resultados de su operación. No se reportaron complicaciones. Conclusiones: La transferencia del deltoides posterior al tríceps braquial permite realizar la extensión activa del codo en pacientes tetrapléjicos(AU)

Introduction: for a long, almost 50 centuries, tetraplegia was thought to be untreated. The highest percentage of cervical spinal cord injury occurs due to traffic accidents in young patients whose loss of active elbow extension limits their ability to perform daily activities as subtle as combing their hair or brushing their teeth, so that they become totally individuals dependent. Objective: describe the results of transferring the posterior deltoid to the triceps in quadriplegic patients. Method: a prospective longitudinal study was carried out in nine patients (14 transfers) who were operated on and Castro Sierra technique was applied (transfer of posterior deltoid to the triceps brachii) to restore active elbow extension. Results: 100 percent of the patients underwent active elbow extension. 57 pencert (8 elbows) with grade III strength and 43 percent (6 elbows) with grade IV strength. All the nine patients (100 percent) were satisfied with the results of their operation. No complications were reported. Conclusions: transfer of posterior deltoid to the brachial triceps allows the active extension of the elbow in quadriplegic patients(AU)

Introduction: pendant de nombreuses années, presque 50 siècles, on a pensé que la tétraplégie n'avait pas de traitement. La plupart des lésions médullaires d'atteinte cervicale sont produites à cause des accidents de la route chez de jeunes patients dont la perte de l'extension active du coude empêche leur capacité de réaliser quelques activités de la vie quotidienne, telles que se peigner ou se brosser les dents, devenant ainsi des handicapés. Objectif: l'objectif de cette étude est de décrire les résultats de la transposition du deltoïde postérieur sur le triceps chez des patients tétraplégiques. Méthodes: une étude longitudinale et prospective, suivant 9 patients traités chirurgicalement (14 transpositions) par la technique de Castro Sierra (transposition du deltoïde postérieur sur le triceps brachial) afin de rétablir l'extension active du coude, a été réalisée. Résultats: dans 100 pourcent des cas (dont 57 pourcent à force grade III (8 coudes), et 43 pourcent à force grade IV (6 coudes)), les patients opérés ont récupéré l'extension active du coude. Les 9 patients (100 pourcent) ont été satisfaits des résultats. Aucune complication n'a été trouvée. Conclusions: la transposition du deltoïde postérieur sur le triceps brachial permet de réaliser l'extension active du coude chez des patients tétraplégiques(AU)

Kinesio taping of the deltoid does not reduce fatigue induced deficits in shoulder joint position sense.

BACKGROUND: Muscle fatigue is known to decrease shoulder proprioceptive acuity, potentially contributing to injuries. It has been suggested that Kinesio taping can improve proprioception. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Kinesio taping on shoulder joint position sense after muscle fatigue. METHODS: Twenty-four healthy subjects were evaluated in a randomized, crossover, single-blind study design. Shoulder joint position sense was assessed during active repositioning tests at the target angles of 50°, 70° and 90° of arm elevation in scapular plane, in three sessions: control (no taping), Kinesio taping (Kinesio taping applied over the deltoid muscle with tension) and sham (Kinesio taping applied over deltoid without tension). Joint position sense was assessed three times: before taping; following taping application or rest, in the control session; and following a fatigue protocol. The constant error (repositioned angle-target angle) was considered for statistical analysis, using a 3-way repeated-measure ANOVA (within subject factors: taping, time and target angle). FINDINGS: There was no interaction or main effect involving taping. An interaction between time and angle was found and the simple effect showed that the constant error increased following fatigue at 70° and 90°, but not at 50°. INTERPRETATION: The results of this study does not support the use of Kinesio taping applied over the deltoid muscle for compensating or preventing shoulder joint position sense deficits caused by muscle fatigue of shoulder abductors.

Nerve transfers for elbow and finger extension reconstruction in midcervical spinal cord injuries.

OBJECT: The objective of this study was to report the results of elbow, thumb, and finger extension reconstruction via nerve transfer in midcervical spinal cord injuries. METHODS: Thirteen upper limbs from 7 patients with tetraplegia, with an average age of 26 years, were operated on an average of 7 months after a spinal cord injury. The posterior division of the axillary nerve was used to reinnervate the triceps long and upper medial head motor branches in 9 upper limbs. Both the posterior division and the branch to the middle deltoid were used in 2 upper limbs, and the anterior division of the axillary nerve in the final 2 limbs. For thumb and finger extension reconstruction, the nerve to the supinator was transferred to the posterior interosseous nerve. RESULTS: In 22 of the 27 recipient nerves, a peripheral type of palsy with muscle denervation was identified. At an average of 19 months follow-up, elbow strength scored M4 in 11 upper limbs and M3 in 2, according to the British Medical Research Council scale. Thumb extension scored M4 in 8 upper limbs and scored M3 in 4. Finger extension scored M4 in 12 hands. No donor-site deficits were reported or observed. CONCLUSIONS: Nerve transfers are effective at restoring elbow, thumb, and finger extension in patients with a midcervical spinal cord injury, which occurs in the majority of patients with a peripheral type of palsy with muscle denervation in their upper limbs. Efforts should be made to perform operations in these patients within 12 months of injury.

[Inflammatory myopathy with initial respiratory muscles involvement and rheumatoid arthritis]. / Miopatía inflamatoria con compromiso inicial de músculos respiratorios y artritis reumatoidea.

Inflammatory myopathies comprise a heterogeneous group of subacute, chronic and sometimes acute acquired muscle diseases. The most common inflammatory myopathies seen in practice can be separated into four distinct subsets: polymyositis, dermatomyositis, necrotizing autoimmune myositis and inclusion body myositis. These disorders present as proximal and symmetric muscle weakness but rarely respiratory muscles may also be affected. We report the case of a 39 year-old female with inflammatory myopathy with acute respiratory failure due to alveolar hypoventilation secondary to respiratory muscle dysfunction that required mechanical ventilation. The treatment with steroids, methotrexate and intravenous immune globulin was successful as well as the implementation of non-invasive ventilation as an alternative to endotracheal intubation.

Miopatía inflamatoria con compromiso inicial de músculos respiratorios y artritis reumatoidea

Las miopatías inflamatorias constituyen un grupo heterogéneo de enfermedades musculares adquiridas de presentación subaguda, crónica y a veces aguda. Las entidades clínicas más frecuentes son la dermatomiositis, la polimiositis, la miositis necrotizante autoinmune y la miositis por cuerpos de inclusión. Suelen presentarse con debilidad muscular con predominio proximal y simétrica, pero rara vez comprometen los músculos respiratorios. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 39 años con miopatía inflamatoria inespecífica que presentó insuficiencia respiratoria secundaria a hipoventilación alveolar por debilidad muscular y requirió asistencia respiratoria mecánica. Respondió favorablemente y de forma rápida tras el tratamiento instaurado con inmunosupresores (corticoides y metotrexato) e inmunoglobulina humana endovenosa. Se utilizó ventilación no invasiva como alternativa a la intubación orotraqueal con adecuada tolerancia.

Inflammatory myopathies comprise a heterogeneous group of subacute, chronic and sometimes acute acquired muscle diseases. The most common inflammatory myopathies seen in practice can be separated into four distinct subsets: polymyositis, dermatomyositis, necrotizing autoimmune myositis and inclusion body myositis. These disorders present as proximal and symmetric muscle weakness but rarely respiratory muscles may also be affected. We report the case of a 39 year-old female with inflammatory myopathy with acute respiratory failure due to alveolar hypoventilation secondary to respiratory muscle dysfunction that required mechanical ventilation. The treatment with steroids, methotrexate and intravenous immune globulin was successful as well as the implementation of non-invasive ventilation as an alternative to endotracheal intubation.

Lipoma subdeltoídeo como causa de síndrome do impacto no ombro – um relato de caso / Subdeltoid lipoma causing shoulder impingement syndrome – a case report

A síndrome do impacto é definida pela colisão dos tendões dos músculos que formam o manguito rotador contra o arco coracoacromial. Vários fatores concorrem para essa doença e são classificados como estruturais ou funcionais. Os primeiros são alterações do arco coracoacromial, úmero, bursa e manguito rotador; os fatores funcionais estão relacionados com o mecanismo de elevação do membro superior, por meio da atividade sincronizada e equilibrada entre o manguito rotador e os músculos da cintura escapular. Os autores relatam aqui, o caso de um lipoma parosteal do úmero proximal, situado entre os ventres musculares do deltoide, redondo menor e infraespinhal ocasionando os sinais clínicos da síndrome do impacto. Trata-se de uma ocorrência rara, caracterizada como uma causa estrutural para o desencadeamento dessa sintomatologia.

The impingement syndrome is defined by the compression of the rotator cuff tendons against the coracoacromial arch. Several factors contribute to this condition and they are classified as structural or functional factors. The former are changes in the coracoacromial arch, proximal humerus, bursa and rotator cuff, and the latter are related to the mechanism of the upper limb by means of synchronized activity and balanced between the rotator cuff and scapular girdle muscles. The authors report here a case of parosteal lipoma of the proximal humerus, located between the muscles deltoid, teres minor and infraspinatus causing clinical signs of impingement. It is a rare occurrence, characterized as a structural cause for the onset of this symptom.

Subdeltoid lipoma causing shoulder impingement syndrome - a case report.

The impingement syndrome is defined by the compression of the rotator cuff tendons against the coracoacromial arch. Several factors contribute to this condition and they are classified as structural or functional factors. The former are changes in the coracoacromial arch, proximal humerus, bursa and rotator cuff, and the latter are related to the mechanism of the upper limb by means of synchronized activity and balanced between the rotator cuff and scapular girdle muscles. The authors report here a case of parosteal lipoma of the proximal humerus, located between the muscles deltoid, teres minor and infraspinatus causing clinical signs of impingement. It is a rare occurrence, characterized as a structural cause for the onset of this symptom.

Anatomy of deltoid flap based on posterior subcutaneous deltoid artery: a cadaveric investigation / Anatomía del colgajo deltoideo basado en la arteria subcutánea deltoidea posterior: una investigación en cadáver

The purpose of the study is to evaluate neurovascular anatomy of the deltoid flap based on the posterior subcutaneous deltoid artery (PSDA). Bilateral axillary artery dissections of the thirty-four shoulders of 17 formalin-fixed cadavers were performed (15 male, 2 female; age range 40 to 82 years) under the 4x loupe magnification. During the dissection of each region, the PSDA was evaluated with respect to the origin, the branches, course and anatomical relations with neighbouring structures. The PSDA was present in all cases. The PSDA was single in 26 (76.5%) cases, double in 2 (5.9%) cases and had early bifurcation in 6 (17.6%) cases. The mean length of the lateral cutaneous brachial nerve was 6.0 mm range from 49.0 mm to 83.9 mm. The mean distance between the piercing point of the PSDA and the acromion was 74.2 mm range from 51.0 mm to 96.3 mm. The pedicle bifurcated before reaching the superficial fascia in 6 cases (17.6%). An anatomic study of the posterior subcutaneous deltoid artery achieves reliable quantitative anatomic data and would be very helpful for utilizing deltoid flap. The quantitative and detailed anatomic information provided from the study may be of guidance to surgeons for safe operating period.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la anatomía neurovascular del colgajo deltoideo basado en la arteria subcutánea deltoidea posterior (ASDP). Se realizaron disecciones axilares bilaterales de 34 hombros de 17 cadáveres (15 hombres y 2 mujeres con un rango etareo entre 40-82 años) fijados en formalina con ampliación mediante una lupa 4X. Durante la disección de cada región, la ASDP fue evaluada en relación con su origen, ramas, curso y relaciones anatómicas con estructuras vecinas. La ASDP estuvo presente en todos los casos. Observamos una ASDP en 26 casos (76,5%), dos en 2 casos (5,9%) y la bifurcación temprana en 6 casos (17,6%). La longitud media del nervio cutáneo braquial lateral fue de 6,0 mm (intervalo de 49,0-83,9 mm). La distancia media entre el punto de entrada y el acromion de la ASDP fue 74,2 mm (rango de 51,0-96,3 mm). La bifurcación del pedículo se presentó antes de llegar a la fascia superficial en 6 de los casos (17,6 %). El estudio anatómico de la parte posterior de la arteria deltoidea subcutánea entrega datos anatómicos, cuantitativos, fiables para la utilización del colgajo deltoideo. La información detallada y cuantitativa proporcionada en este estudio puede servir de orientación a los cirujanos para un abordaje y período quirúrgico seguro.

Role of sonography and magnetic resonance imaging in detecting deltoideal acromial enthesopathy: an early finding in the diagnosis of spondyloarthritis and an under-recognized cause of posterior shoulder pain.

The acromial origin of the deltoid is a target structure of ankylosing spondylitis and related spondyloarthritis, which are often overlooked and underdiagnosed as causes of posterior shoulder pain. The objective of this article is to review the roles of sonography and magnetic resonance imaging in detecting deltoideal acromial enthesopathy and their importance for optimizing management in individuals with posterior shoulder pain. Adequate awareness of such enthesopathy as a potential manifestation of inflammatory rheumatic disorders is critical for early diagnosis of spondyloarthritis.

Upper and lower limb muscles in patients with COPD: similarities in muscle efficiency but differences in fatigue resistance.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral muscle dysfunction is a common finding in patients with COPD; however, the structural adaptation and functional impairment of the upper and lower limb muscles do not seem to be homogenous. We compared muscle fatigue and recovery time between 2 representative muscles: the middle deltoid and the quadriceps femoris. METHODS: Twenty-one subjects with COPD (FEV1 46.1 ± 10.3% of predicted) underwent maximal voluntary isometric contraction and an endurance test (60% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction, to the limit of tolerance). The maximal voluntary isometric contraction test was repeated after 10 min, 30 min, 60 min, and 24 hours for both the quadriceps femoris and middle deltoid. Surface electromyography was recorded throughout the endurance test. RESULTS: Maximal voluntary isometric contraction significantly decreased only for the middle deltoid between 10 and 60 min after the endurance test. A significant increase of the root mean square and a greater decline in median frequency throughout the endurance test occurred for the middle deltoid, compared with the quadriceps femoris. When dyspnea and fatigue scores were corrected by endurance time, higher values were observed for the middle deltoid (0.07 and 0.08, respectively) in relation to the quadriceps femoris (0.02 and 0.03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Subjects with COPD had a higher fatigability of a representative upper limb muscle (middle deltoid) than a lower limb muscle (quadriceps femoris).