Pediatric Caries Risk Assessment as a Predictor of Caries Outcomes.

PURPOSE: To determine cumulative dental treatment experience in a retrospective clinical cohort, according to baseline caries risk assessment (CRA) information. METHODS: Evaluated were electronic records from a university pediatric dental clinic (2009 to 2014) of new, six- to 72- month-old patients who were not treated under sedation or general anesthesia (N equals 750). The mean number of teeth restored or extracted (two-year total and omitting the first 190 days post-baseline to discount initial treatment needs) was compared by baseline CRA category and CRA items (caries risk indicators, protective items, and clinical disease indicators). RESULTS: The CRA category was associated with mean treated teeth over two years (low equals 0.53, moderate equals 1.02, high/extreme equals 4.47) and post 190 days (low equals 0.51, moderate equals 0.89, high/extreme equals 2.11). Any treatment probability was greatest for high/extreme-risk children but not statistically significantly different between low- and moderate-risk. Age-standardized means were greater for all individual baseline clinical indicators and most risk indicators, but lower for most protective items (not statistically significantly for all items). Clinical indicators were the strongest outcome correlates. CONCLUSIONS: In this population, baseline risk information was associated with clinical outcomes. CRA can help identify patients needing more intensive caries prevention.

Substituição dentária conservadora utilizando implantes e o dente pré-existente para provisórios estéticos / Conservative tooth replacement using implants and pre-existing tooth for aesthetic provisional restorations

Objetivo: apresentar, através de um caso clínico, a utilização de coroas de dentes extraídos como provisórios em próteses fixas unitárias maxilares anteriores, favorecendo aspectos como estética, conforto psicológico, perfil de emergência, biocompatibilidade com tecidos moles e durabilidade em relação a provisórios fixos convencionais. Características do paciente: alta demanda estética, apresentando incisivos centrais maxilares com indicação de substituição por implantes, mas com estética coronária satisfatória. Tratamento propriamente dito: através de desgaste seletivo da coroa original, cobertura do intermediário metálico com resina opaca e preenchimento com resina flow, foi possível a utilização das coroas originais da paciente como provisórios imediatos. Conclusão: a utilização de coroas fixas implantossuportadas construídas a partir de coroas naturais pode melhorar aspectos estéticos, biológicos e psicológicos do tratamento, quando corretamente indicadas e aplicadas.

Objective: to present a case report of the use of extracted teeth as provisional crowns in fixed maxillary prosthesis, favoring aesthetics, psychological comfort, emergency profile, soft tissue biocompatibility and durability in relation to conventional fixed prosthesis. Patient characteristics: patient with high aesthetic demand, presenting maxillary central incisors with indication for replacement with implants, but with satisfactory dental aesthetics. Proposed treatment: through selective wear of the original crown, coating of the metallic abutment with opaque resin and filling with flow resin, it was possible the use of the patient's original crowns as immediate prosthesis. Conclusion: the option to use implantsupported fi xed crowns constructed from natural crowns can help patients with aesthetic, biological and psychological aspects of the treatment, as long as correctly indicated and applied.

The Indian Health Service Early Childhood Caries Collaborative: A Five-year Summary.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess a national initiative's effect on prevalence of early childhood caries and untreated decay in zero- to five-year-old Indian/Alaska Native preschool children. METHODS: The Indian Health Service (IHS) conducted a five-year Early Childhood Caries Collaborative from October 1, 2009 to September 30, 2014. The program used educational materials and routine communication with the 322 IHS and United States tribal dental programs, with an emphasis on early access to care, dental sealanth, fluoride varnish, and interim therapeutic restorations (ITRs). Prevalence and untreated decay data were obtained through the nationwide oral health survey (2010 and 2014). Data were also collected on access to care, sealants, fluoride, and ITRs. RESULTS: The number of zero- to five-year-olds with a dental visit increased seven percent: dental sealants placed increased 65 percent; and fluoride varnish applications increased 161.2 percent. Between 2010 and 2014, the percentage of one- to two-year-olds with decay experience and untreated decay declined, but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Early childhood caries prevention strategies, such as early access to dental care, sealants, fluoride varnish, and interim therapeutic restorations, demonstrated some initial improvement in the oral health status of zero- to five-year-old Indian/Alaska Native children.

Patient-related and financial outcomes analysis of conventional full-arch rehabilitation versus the All-on-4 concept: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Patient-related variables such as cost of treatment, length of the treatment period, and comfort provided by the interim prosthesis when treatment planning for full-arch rehabilitation are often neglected in dental publications. METHODS: Two patient cohorts were followed up longitudinally in this study: the "All-on-4 treatment concept group" and the "historical group." The number of implants, total treatment time, number of surgical procedures, number of sinus grafts, necessity for immediate provisional implants, adjusted cost associated for treatment in each group, and the quality of interim prosthesis were compared. RESULTS: The total adjusted cost for patients receiving All-on-4 treatment concept averaged at $42,422 ± 3860 (&OV0556;31,392 ± 2856), whereas the mean total adjusted cost for the historical group was $57,944 ± 20,198 (&OV0556;42,879 ± 2113) (P = 0.01). The difference in cost had a mean value of $7307 (&OV0556;5407) per jaw. Factors associated with complexity of treatment and patient comfort, such as the quality of interim prosthesis, number of surgeries, and duration of treatment time, all significantly favored the All-on-4 treatment concept group in comparison with conventional treatment modalities. CONCLUSIONS: When implant rehabilitation of the total jaw is sought, the All-on-4 treatment concept should be considered the least costly and least time consuming treatment option.

A retrospective comparison of implants in the pterygomaxillary region: implant placement with two-stage, single-stage, and guided surgery protocols.

PURPOSE: Implants placed into the pterygomaxillary region allow for increased posterior support and a full complement of teeth without the need for distal cantilevers. With advancements in research and technology, implant delivery has evolved from the traditional two-stage procedure to immediate loading freehand and guided surgical template protocols. The purpose of this retrospective study is to determine if there is a significant difference in implant survival rates between these protocols. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All pterygomaxillary implants placed in a single private practice from September 1985 to July 2011 were categorized into three separate classifications (two-stage freehand, single-stage freehand, or single-stage guided) by retrospective chart review. Life tables were constructed to determine the cumulative survival rates (CSR), and ANOVA was used to identify statistical significance. RESULTS: A total of 981 patients comprising 371 males and 610 females were included in the study. Of all pterygomaxillary implants, 1,460 of 1,608 implants osseointegrated for a CSR of 90.80%. Seven hundred nine of the 825 two-stage, 624 of the 647 single-stage, and 127 of the 136 guided surgery implants osseointegrated for CSRs of 85.94%, 96.45%, and 93.38%, respectively. The comparison between two-stage and single-stage protocols was statistically significant, (P < .05) while the difference between single-stage guided versus freehand protocols was found to be statistically insignificant (P > .05). CONCLUSION: The results from this retrospective study reinforce that immediate loading of pterygomaxillary implants with a provisional prosthesis is beneficial to both doctor and patient. The lower CSR for the guided surgery protocol compared with the single-stage freehand procedure is statistically insignificant, suggesting guided surgery is still a viable and recommended option for qualified patients.

Caries experience in a child population in a deprived area of Brazil, using ICDAS II.

The aim of the present study was to assess the caries experience of children aged 6 to 7 years old in a socially deprived suburban area of Brazil's Federal District, using the ICDAS II system and to investigate determinants of dental caries. The survey was carried out in six public schools by three calibrated examiners, on a sample of 835 children. ICDAS II codes had to be converted into dmf/DMF components at surface and tooth levels, resulting in unfamiliar caries variables, to enable some meaningful reporting of the findings. The prevalence of dental caries, including enamel and dentinal carious lesions, in primary teeth was 95.6% and in permanent teeth it was 63.7%. Mean values of d(2)mf(2)-t (enamel and dentinal lesions), d(3)mf(3)-t (dentine lesions), D(2)MF(2)-T and D(3)MF(3)-T indices were 6.9 ± 3.8, 3.2 ± 3.4, 1.7 ± 1.6 and 0.2 ± 0.5, respectively. Enamel carious lesions predominated in the dmf-t/s and DMF-T/S indices. Seven-year-old children had statistically significantly more enamel and dentine carious lesions in permanent teeth than 6-year-old children had. Using ICDAS II, the prevalence of dental caries in both dentitions was very high. In both dentitions, the decay component predominated, with hardly any restorations or extractions observed. The new ICDAS II system leads to overvaluation of the seriousness of dental caries experience and made reporting of outcomes cumbersome. Guidelines on analysing data and reporting results should be agreed upon before this system can be used in epidemiological surveys globally.

Preventive aspects in children's caries treatments preceding dental care under general anaesthesia.

BACKGROUND: In Helsinki Public Dental Service (PDS) the Special Oral Health Care Unit (SOHCU) provides comprehensive dental treatments under general anaesthesia (GA). For the present study, all dental treatment given under GA for generally healthy children (n = 102) below 16 years of age (range 2.3-15.8) during a 1-year period and dental treatment and visits of these children in the preceding 2 years in Helsinki PDS was recorded in detail. These children were referred to the SOHCU because of serious difficulties in dental care due to large treatment needs or failures in psychological and chemical management, including sedation. AIM: To describe treatments given to generally healthy children under GA and to evaluate preventive aspects of their dental care in the preceding 2 years. DESIGN: The study was cross-sectional and retrospective. Data came from the patients' individual records. RESULTS: Treatments under GA included an average of 6.0 restorations (SD = 2.7, range 0-12) and 1.7 extractions (SD = 2.1, range 0-10). In the 2 preceding years, these children had visited dentist an average of 5.1 times (SD = 2.7, range 1-14) with an average of 2.4 restorations (SD = 1.9, range 0-12) and 0.5 extractions (SD = 1.4, range 0-10). Of the restorations made, 36% were temporary. Of all visits, those with an operative approach accounted for 35%, preventive for 37%, operative and preventive for 5%, and visits with total uncooperation for 23%. Of the children, 90% had at least one preventive visit. Children treated under conscious sedation in the preceding 2 years received less prevention (P = 0.02). Remaining without preventive measures was most likely for those children exhibiting visits with total uncooperation (odds ratio = 4.6; P = 0.004) and for those receiving numerous temporary fillings (odds ratio = 4.1; P = 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: The uncooperative high-caries children pose a demanding challenge to PDS. The early identification of high-caries risk and efforts of intensive preventive care are in key position to reduce the number of children receiving treatment under GA due to high levels of dentinal decay.

Treatment outcome in endodontics: the Toronto study--phases 3 and 4: orthograde retreatment.

Outcome 4-6 years after retreatment was assessed for Phases 3 and 4 of the Toronto Study. Of 477 teeth retreated, 333 were lost to follow-up, 18 were extracted, and 126 (41% recall, excluding 124 discontinuers) were examined for outcome of healed (periapical index score, < or = 2; no signs or symptoms) or diseased. When pooled with Phases 1 and 2, 187 of 229 teeth (82%) were healed. Logistic regression identified significant (P < or = .05) preoperative outcome predictors: root filling quality (odds ratio [OR], 4.18; confidence interval [CI], 1.72-10.12; healed: inadequate, 88%; adequate, 66%), perforation (OR, 4.01; CI, 1.28-12.62; healed: absent, 87%; present, 56%), and radiolucency (OR, 3.33; CI, 1.19-9.36; healed: absent, 93%; present, 80%). In teeth with radiolucency, outcome predictors were number of treatment sessions (OR, 12.08; CI, 1.84-infinity; healed: one, 100%; > or = 2, 77%) and previous root filling quality (OR, 7.68; CI, 2.36-26.89; healed: inadequate, 86%; adequate, 50%). Outcome was better in teeth with inadequate previous root filling, without perforation and radiolucency. Suggested significance of number of treatment sessions in teeth with radiolucency requires validation from randomized controlled trials.

Debt and practice profiles of beginning dental practitioners.

Escalating student debt for dental education has led some to speculate that beginning practitioners may undertake procedures that are beyond their competence in an effort to augment practice income. This hypothesis was tested directLy using a data set containing self-reports of practice profiles across a wide range of procedures and debt for education, practice, and personal purposes. Respondents were 113 individuals who had graduated from a private dental school from 1986 to 1997. Conservative dental practice was measured by comparing frequency of commonly and uncommonly performed procedures in the group as a whole against the profile for each respondent. There was no association between educationaL debt and propensity to engage in unconventional procedures. Older dentists and those who felt more competent at the time of graduation were less conservative. Amount of practice debt was a better predictor of unconventional practice than was educational debt.

Socio-economic correlates of traumatic injuries to the permanent incisors in schoolchildren aged 12 years in Blumenau, Brazil.

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of injuries to the permanent incisors in Blumenau, Brazil. In addition, the relationship between dental injuries and socio-economic indicators was examined. A cross-sectional survey was carried out. It included a random sample of 652 children aged 12 years, from both sexes, attending public and private primary schools in Blumenau, Brazil. Multi-stage sampling technique and proportional representation were adopted. A trained and calibrated dentist collected the data through clinical examinations and interviews. Clinical examination included type of damage, treatment provided and needed, size of incisal overjet and type of lip coverage. The response rate was 82.5%. The prevalence of dental injuries was 58.6%. Boys experienced more injuries than girls, 67.2% and 50.2% (P=0.001), respectively. Children from mothers with higher schooling experienced more dental injuries than those from of mothers with lower schooling, 68.2% and 56.6% (P=0.03). Father's level of education, parents' employment status and family income were not statistically significantly associated with dental injuries (P>0.05). There was a tendency for children with incisal overjet greater than 5 mm (P=0.2) and inadequate lip coverage (P=0.1) to have more dental injuries, but differences were not statistically significant. Nearly all (97.3%) children who had dental injuries needed treatment. In conclusion, the prevalence of dental injuries in Blumenau, Brazil, was very high, treatment of dental injuries was severely neglected, and boys and children from mothers with high schooling were more likely to have experienced dental injuries.

Patterns of attendance and treatment at an emergency dental clinic: a three year follow-up.

OBJECTIVES: Patterns of attendance at the Dublin Dental Hospital's Accident and Emergency Clinic in 1996 were compared with figures from 1993 to look for changes, especially in the light of changing provision of public funding for dental treatment for medical card holders and dependants. METHODS: An audit of patient clinical records for one month in 1996 was compared to previously published data relating to 1993. RESULTS: While patient numbers were similar in the two time periods (718 in 1993 versus 708 in 1996), the proportion of attendances by medical card holders or their dependants dropped from 48 per cent to 36 per cent. The proportion of non urgent treatments had also dropped over the three years. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in the provision of publicly funded dental treatment for medical card holders and dependants has reduced the proportion of such patients attending the clinic. However, their places have been taken by other patients.

Microhardness of provisional fixed prosthodontic materials.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Provisional restorations play a critical role in the success of restorative treatment. Thus, the provisional restoration must maintain its surface integrity throughout the restorative process. PURPOSE: This study evaluated the microhardness of 5 prosthodontic provisional materials. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cylindrical samples of 3 bis-acryl resin composites (Integrity, Protemp Garant, Temphase) and 2 methyl methacrylate acrylic resins (Jet, Temporary Bridge) were fabricated (n = 5 per material). Specimens were wet-sanded through 600 grit abrasive and stored in artificial saliva at 37 degrees C for a total of 14 days. Baseline Knoop hardness (KHN) was measured 24 hours after specimen fabrication. Three microhardness measurements were obtained from each specimen. Knoop hardness was again recorded after 14 days of storage. RESULTS: ANOVA and Duncan's tests (P<.05) indicated a significant difference between the methyl methacrylate type resins and the bis-acryl resin composites at both time intervals. CONCLUSION: The hardness of most materials (Integrity, Protemp Garant, Jet) decreased over time. All of the bis-acryl resin composite materials exhibited superior microhardness over traditional methyl methacrylate (Jet, Temporary Bridge) resins.

Surface quality achieved by polishing and by varnishing of temporary crown and fixed partial denture resins.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Studies have suggested that coating a temporary restoration with varnish material could replace time-consuming polishing procedures needed for achieving an optimally smooth surface. PURPOSE: This study examined the surface roughness of acrylic resins after having been polished or coated with different varnish materials. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 360 cylindrical specimens were fabricated from 9 brands of resin. One surface on each specimen was machined flat and subsequently either polished with rubber polishers or coated with 1 of 9 varnishes. Selected specimens were subjected to thermal cycling (5 degrees C to 55 degrees C, 2000 cycles). Surface quality was assessed by means of a profilometer and by SEM examination. RESULTS: Polished specimens had average surface roughness values (Ra) of 0.8 microm; differences in roughness between materials were small, but statistically significant. Type of coating had a significant influence on surface quality. Depending on the combination of materials used, the coating produced both smoother and rougher surfaces than polishing (0.4 microm < Ra < 4.6 microm). Five coatings were deemed not to be clinically applicable because of poor wetting properties. Thermal cycling did not significantly influence surface quality, but caused minute cracks in the cyanoacrylate coating. CONCLUSION: In regard to surface quality and applicability, the use of varnishes on temporary restorations is not advisable.

To place provisionals or not--that is the question.

Porcelain labial veneers are quite possibly the most esthetic restorations that can be provided today. Their esthetic qualities are derived not only from the accurate replication of tooth structure, but also from the superior tissue response they elicit. Many of the procedures surrounding this restoration have become almost standardized in terms of preparation and the manner in which the restoration is made to become part of the tooth. But why experts who lecture about this procedure remain at odds about whether provisional restorations are necessary is baffling. As more tooth preparation became increasingly necessary to achieve the ultimate in esthetics and health, use of the provisional restoration was not incorporated, simply as a matter of established routine.

Color stability of provisional resin restorative materials.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Use of temporary crowns and fixed partial dentures is especially relevant when the treatment plan requires restorations for long interim periods, and the in-service discoloration of provisional restorative materials is a major drawback. PURPOSE: This study evaluated the discoloration effect of coffee and tea on some materials that are commonly used in the fabrication of provisional restorations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Six commercially available provisional resins (Jet, Caulk TBR, Protemp Garant, Luxatemp Solar, Provipont DC and SR-Ivocron-PE) were evaluated after 1 day, 7 days, and 30 days of immersion in various staining solutions. Color measurements were obtained by using a Dr Lange Micro Color tristimulus colorimeter and color differences (delta E*) were estimated. RESULTS: The 2 chemically activated resins (Jet and Caulk TBR) and the heat-cured resin (SR-Ivocron PE) exhibited the least color changes, whereas the Provipont-DC resin was the least color stable. After immersion for 30 days, the combination with the coffee solution resulted in unacceptable discoloration for all the tested materials. CONCLUSIONS: Provisional restorative materials, staining solutions, and immersion time were significant factors that affected color stability. After immersion for 7 days, all materials showed observable color changes. The composite-based materials, especially light-curing composites, were the least color stable. The coffee solution exhibited more staining capacity than the tea solution.

A practice-based study on stepwise excavation of deep carious lesions in permanent teeth: a 1-year follow-up study.

This study reports results from a practice-based study in which deep carious lesions were treated by general dental practitioners using stepwise excavation. The material comprised 94 teeth with deep carious lesions which the clinicians considered would result in pulp perforation if treated by a single and terminal excavation. At the first visit excavation of the peripheral dentine was completed. The outermost part of the central and necrotic dentine was gently removed with a sharp excavator. Standardized assessments of the dentine colour and consistency were made before application of a calcium hydroxide-containing base material and temporary filling. The final excavation was completed after a treatment interval ranging from 2 to 19 months, with a median of 6 months. Reassessments of the dentine colour and consistency were made before complete removal of demineralized dentine. The central dentine was significantly browner and less softened after the sealing period. After removal of the dark-brownish dentine during the final excavation, the colour and consistency of the exposed central dentine was found to resemble that of the completely excavated peripheral dentine. Only five cases resulted in pulp perforation during the final excavation. The high success rate of teeth surviving the final treatment without pulp exposure after 1 year of observation shows that it was possible for dentists in general practice to administer and manage the treatment of deep carious lesions, a process which may prolong tooth survival compared with conventional endodontic techniques.

Prevalence and distribution of dental restorative materials in US Air Force veterans.

OBJECTIVES: Millions of restorative procedures are performed annually in the United States, yet very little is known about their distribution in the general population. With increasing concern about potential adverse health effects of some restorative materials, a better understanding of the extent of exposure to these materials in the population is important. The purpose of this study is to report the prevalence, patterns, and distribution of dental restorative materials in a population of male veterans. METHODS: This collaborative study with the US Air Force examined 1,166 male veterans to assess exposure to dental amalgam and other restorative materials. An inventory of dental materials in the study population was obtained through oral examinations. Dental materials were classified into five categories: (1) amalgam; (2) resin; (3) porcelain, cement, or temporary, including ionomer (PCT); (4) cast gold alloys/direct filling gold; and (5) other metals (OM). The mean age of the study participants was 52.9 years. Over 94 percent of the study participants were dentate. RESULTS: The study participants averaged 45.8 restored/replaced surfaces. Restored/replaced surfaces increased with age while the number of teeth decreased with age. The most frequently used restorative material was amalgam, averaging 19.89 surfaces per subject, followed by PCT (9.38), resins (8.99), OM (5.52), and gold (4.91). The distributions of restorative materials varied by age, arch type, and location in the mouth. CONCLUSION: The study population experienced substantial exposure to dental materials.

Bacterial penetration through temporary restorative materials in root-canal-treated teeth in vitro.

Seventy extracted single-rooted mandibular premolars were used in this study to determine the length of time needed for bacteria present in natural human saliva to penetrate through three commonly used temporary restorative materials and through the entire root canal system obturated with the lateral condensation technique. Five intact teeth with no decay were used in the negative control group and five teeth with extensive decay in communication with the canal, in the positive control group. The 60 teeth used in the experimental group were divided into three groups. In Group 1, the access cavities of 20 teeth were temporarily restored with gutta percha, in Group 2 with IRM and in Group 3 with Cavit-G. All 70 teeth were mounted individually where the crown was placed in contact with human saliva. All five teeth in the positive control group caused broth turbidity within 24 h. In contrast, broth in the negative control group remained clear throughout the entire experimental period. In the experimental group, the average time for broth contamination of access cavities closed with gutta percha, IRM and Cavit-G was 7.85, 12.95 and 9.80 days, respectively. The Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test showed significant differences among the groups, while the multiple comparison test showed that the IRM group was statistically better than the gutta percha group when the average lengths of time for contamination were compared (P < 0.05).