ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Pathogenesis of seborrheic dermatitis involves lipid secretion by sebaceous glands, Malassezia colonization, and an inflammatory response with skin barrier disruption. Each of these pathways could be modulated by diet, obesity, and nutritional supplements. Current treatment options provide only temporary control of the condition; thus, it is essential to recognize modifiable lifestyle factors that may play a role in determining disease severity. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to summarize published evidence on diet, nutritional supplements, alcohol, obesity, and micronutrients in patients with seborrheic dermatitis and to provide useful insights into areas of further research. METHODS: A literature search of Scopus, PubMed, and MEDLINE (Ovid interface) for English language papers published between 1993 and 2023 was conducted on April 16, 2023. Case-control studies, cohort studies, and randomized controlled trials with 5 or more subjects conducted on adult participants (>14 years) were included, case reports, case series, and review papers were excluded due to insufficient level of evidence. RESULTS: A total of 13 studies, 8 case-control, 3 cross-sectional, and 2 randomized controlled trials, involving 13,906 patients were included. Seborrheic dermatitis was correlated with significantly increased copper, manganese, iron, calcium, and magnesium concentrations and significantly lower serum zinc and vitamin D and E concentrations. Adherence to the Western diet was associated with a higher risk for seborrheic dermatitis in female patients and an increased consumption of fruit was associated with a lower risk of seborrheic dermatitis in all patients. The prebiotic Triphala improved patient satisfaction and decreased scalp sebum levels over 8 weeks. Most studies find associations between regular alcohol use and seborrheic dermatitis, but the association between BMI and obesity on seborrheic dermatitis severity and prevalence is mixed. CONCLUSIONS: This review sheds light on specific promising areas of research that require further study, including the need for interventional studies evaluating serum zinc, vitamin D, and vitamin E supplementation for seborrheic dermatitis. The negative consequences of a Western diet, alcohol use, obesity, and the benefits of fruit consumption are well known; however, to fully understand their specific relationships to seborrheic dermatitis, further cohort or interventional studies are needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42023417768; https://tinyurl.com/bdcta893.
Subject(s)
Dermatitis, Seborrheic , Dietary Supplements , Obesity , Humans , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/epidemiology , Obesity/diet therapy , Nutritional Status , Diet , Micronutrients/blood , Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects , Alcohol Drinking/epidemiologySubject(s)
Dermatitis, Seborrheic , Humans , Cross-Sectional Studies , United States/epidemiology , Adult , Female , Male , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Aged , Prevalence , AdolescentABSTRACT
Osteoporosis is a systemic bone-resorbing disease that easily causes subsequent risk of fracture. Hence, the substantial physical burden of osteoporosis makes it an important public health issue. Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a chronic, recurrent, inflammatory skin disease. Despite the advances in medication for treating osteoporosis, identifying undiagnosed osteoporosis patients is still challenging. Since osteoporosis and SD share a similar pathobiology, e.g. inflammation and hormonal imbalance, we aimed to investigate whether the existence of SD increases osteoporosis risk by using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. A total of 7831 patients aged 18-50 years with SD and a control group of 31 324 patients without SD matched by age, gender, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and index date at a ratio of 1:4 during 1996-2010 were recruited in the study. To measure the cumulative incidence and compare the hazard ratios of osteoporosis between each group, the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard regression models were utilized. It was found that 0.98% of SD patients had osteoporosis. Compared to the non-SD group, the SD group had a 5.95-fold higher osteoporosis risk after adjustment for variables. The impact of SD on osteoporosis risk was largest in the female and young age groups. In addition, the presence of hyperlipidemia, hyperthyroidism, and epilepsy synergistically increased osteoporosis incidence in the SD group. This first large cohort study demonstrated an association between SD and osteoporosis. Since the effect on bone health in SD patients with concomitant diseases is largest in early life, diet or lifestyle recommendations as well as regular bone examinations are advised during follow-up of SD.
Subject(s)
Dermatitis, Seborrheic , Osteoporosis , Humans , Female , Cohort Studies , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Retrospective Studies , Osteoporosis/epidemiology , Osteoporosis/complications , Osteoporosis/drug therapy , Incidence , Taiwan/epidemiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Wearing masks is an optimal preventive strategy during COVID-19 pandemic, but it may increase facial sebum production. However, few case reports have described seborrheic dermatitis (SeBD) and psoriasis (PsO) flares due to masks. Hence, we conducted a multicenter study to clarify the possibility of increased SeBD and PsO flares in association with mask wearing during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This multicenter study enrolled patients with a diagnosis of facial SeBD and PsO. All dermatological consultations were conducted in teledermatology at baseline (T0) and after 1 month (T1) Of >6 hours/day wearing mask. PsO patients were assessed using PsO Area and Severity Index (PASI) and self-administered PASI (SAPASI), whilst SeBD patients with symptom scale of seborrheic dermatitis' (SSSD) and seborrheic dermatitis area and severity index (SEDASI). RESULTS: A total of 33 (20 males, 13 females, average age 43.61±9.86) patients with PsO and 33 (20 males, 13 females, average age 44.00±8.58) with SeBD were enrolled. After 1 month, PsO patients displayed higher values of both PASI and SAPASI (P<0.0001), while SeBD patients experienced a flare, as testified by the increment of both SSSD and SEDASI (P<0.0001). Mask type did not seem to influence the flare severity. CONCLUSIONS: Masks remain an optimal preventive strategy during COVID-19 pandemic, but patients with PsO and SeBD may experience facial flares. Thus, therapeutic approach should be more aggressive in these groups of patients to counteract the triggering effect of masks.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Dermatitis, Seborrheic , Psoriasis , Adult , COVID-19/epidemiology , Case-Control Studies , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Male , Masks/adverse effects , Middle Aged , Pandemics/prevention & control , Psoriasis/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Seborrheic dermatitis is a common and chronic skin disease, which is particularly prevalent in older adults. While a specific cause of seborrheic dermatitis remains largely unelucidated, the currently understood pathogenesis of seborrheic dermatitis revolves around the presence of Malassezia yeast colonies and an inflammatory response in the affected individual. Keratinocyte proliferation resulting from inflammasome response in the host skin leads to the clinically relevant symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis. The increasing number of older adults as a percentage of the population in the USA will lead to an even higher prevalence of the disease in the ensuing decades. Fortunately, there are multiple treatment options based on individual patient situations and preferences. Topical treatment is the gold standard, but oral therapy may be required in certain cases. In order to maximize effectiveness and minimize adverse pharmacologic effects, effective treatment for older adults must take into account changes in lifestyle and metabolism that occur with aging.
Subject(s)
Dermatitis, Seborrheic , Malassezia , Administration, Topical , Aged , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/drug therapy , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/epidemiology , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/etiology , Humans , SkinABSTRACT
Background: Our knowledge of the systemic effects of seborrheic dermatitis (SD) as a chronic inflammatory skin disease remains limited. We aimed to evaluate metabolic syndrome (MS) and glucose metabolism disorders in patients with SD. Methods: The study includes 53 patients over the age of 18 diagnosed with SD and 50 age-, gender-, and body mass index-matched healthy controls. Demographic data, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure levels, family history of SD and metabolic disorder, smoking history, and severity of the disease in SD patients were obtained. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, hemoglobin A1c, lipid profile levels, and two-hour plasma glucose in the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT 2-h PG), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and presence of MS were determined. Results: Weight, waist circumference, family history of SD, family history of metabolic disorder, and smoking status were significantly higher in the SD group compared with the control group (P = 0.04, P = 0.007, P = 0.004, P = 0.004, and P = 0.048, respectively). The levels of fasting plasma insulin and triglyceride, HOMA-IR and OGTT 2-h PG were also significantly higher in the SD group than in the control group (P = 0.0001, P = 0.033, P = 0.0001, and P = 0.049, respectively). In addition, the number of those with insulin resistance was significantly higher in the group with SD (n = 31, 58.49%) than in the control group (n = 11, 22%) (P = 0.0001). Although the rate of MS was higher in patients with SD (n = 12, 22.64%) than the controls (n = 6, 12%), the difference was not significant (P = 0.155). Conclusion: Our findings suggest an association between SD and insulin resistance, which may be due to their common inflammatory pathogenesis. This may be an indicator of susceptibility to diabetes, and these patients can be followed up for conditions associated with insulin resistance and encouraged to adopt a healthy lifestyle.
Subject(s)
Dermatitis, Seborrheic , Insulin Resistance , Metabolic Syndrome , Adult , Blood Glucose , Body Mass Index , Case-Control Studies , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/diagnosis , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/epidemiology , Humans , Insulin , Metabolic Syndrome/complications , Metabolic Syndrome/diagnosis , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Middle AgedSubject(s)
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact , Dermatitis, Seborrheic , Allergens/adverse effects , Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/diagnosis , Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/epidemiology , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/diagnosis , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/epidemiology , Humans , North America , Patch Tests , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
A questionnaire survey on dermal symptoms and home environment was performed in eight Chinese cities (40 279 participants). Data on city level temperature, precipitation, PM10 , NO2, and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita were collected. In total, 2.2% had eczema, 2.4% facial erythema (FE) and 2.6% seborrheic dermatitis symptoms (SD). Higher temperature was associated with eczema (OR = 1.09). Higher GDP per capita was related to less SD. Higher PM10 was related to SD. Suburban living was protective for eczema (OR = 0.77) (vs. urban). Living in old buildings (built before 1991) was related to eczema (OR = 1.42). Living near heavily trafficked roads was related to FE (OR = 1.33) and SD (OR = 1.35). Having new furniture was related to all symptoms (OR = 1.26-1.47). Burning mosquito coils (OR = 1.37-1.57) and incense (OR = 1.33-1.37) were associated with eczema, FE, or SD. Presence of cockroaches and rats/mice was associated with FE or SD (OR = 1.31-1.40). Using air conditioner, daily cleaning and frequently exposing bedding to sunshine were protective (OR = 0.60-0.83). In conclusion, higher temperature, higher PM10 , urban living, living near heavily trafficked roads, old buildings, new furniture, burning mosquito coils and incense, and presence of cockroaches/rats/mice increased the risk of eczema, FE, or SD. Higher GDP, air conditioner, daily cleaning, and exposing bedding to sunshine were protective.
Subject(s)
Air Pollution , Dermatitis, Seborrheic , Eczema , Erythema , Air Pollutants/analysis , Air Pollutants/toxicity , Air Pollution/analysis , Air Pollution/statistics & numerical data , Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis , Air Pollution, Indoor/statistics & numerical data , Animals , China/epidemiology , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/epidemiology , Eczema/epidemiology , Erythema/epidemiology , Erythema/etiology , Home Environment , Humans , Mice , Particulate Matter/analysis , Particulate Matter/toxicity , Rats , Risk Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
THE COMPARISONA Seborrheic dermatitis in a woman with brown-gray greasy scale, as well as petaloid papules and plaques that are especially prominent in the nasolabial folds.B Seborrheic dermatitis in a man with erythema, scale, and mild postinflammatory hypopigmentation that are especially prominent in the nasolabial folds.C Seborrheic dermatitis in a man with erythema, faint scale, and postinflammatory hypopigmentation that are especially prominent in the nasolabial folds.D Seborrheic dermatitis in a man with erythema and scale of the eyebrows and glabellar region.
Subject(s)
Dermatitis, Seborrheic/diagnosis , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/epidemiology , Female , Health Status Disparities , Humans , Male , Skin Pigmentation , United States/epidemiologySubject(s)
Alopecia Areata/epidemiology , Alopecia Areata/psychology , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use , Adult , Age Distribution , Alopecia Areata/drug therapy , Anxiety/epidemiology , Comorbidity , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depression/epidemiology , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Male , Prevalence , Stress, Psychological/epidemiology , United States/epidemiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Scalp conditions are often multifactorial. OBJECTIVE: To characterize patients with scalp involvement and patch-testing outcomes. METHODS: Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of North American Contact Dermatitis Group data (1996-2016). Study groups included patients with scalp involvement (≤3 anatomic sites coded) with or without additional sites. RESULTS: A total of 4.8% of patients (2331/48,753) had scalp identified as 1 of up to 3 affected anatomic sites. Approximately one-third of "scalp-only" individuals had a specific primary diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis (38.6%), followed by seborrheic dermatitis (17.2%) and irritant contact dermatitis (9.3%). When adjacent anatomic sites were affected, allergic contact dermatitis was more frequently identified as the primary diagnosis (>50%). The top 5 currently clinically relevant allergens in scalp-only patients were p-phenylenediamine, fragrance mix I, nickel sulfate, balsam of Peru, and cinnamic aldehyde. Methylisothiazolinone sensitivity was notable when adjacent anatomic sites were involved. The top 3 specifically identified sources for scalp-only allergens were hair dyes, shampoo/conditioners, and consumer items (eg, hair appliances, glasses). LIMITATIONS: Tertiary referral population. CONCLUSION: Isolated scalp involvement was less likely to be associated with allergic contact dermatitis than when adjacent anatomic sites were involved. Overlap with multiple diagnoses was frequent, including seborrheic dermatitis, irritant dermatitis, other dermatoses, or all 3. p-Phenylenediamine was the most common allergen.
Subject(s)
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/pathology , Dermatitis, Irritant/pathology , Patch Tests , Scalp Dermatoses/pathology , Adult , Aged , Allergens/adverse effects , Canada/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/epidemiology , Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/etiology , Dermatitis, Atopic/epidemiology , Dermatitis, Atopic/etiology , Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology , Dermatitis, Irritant/epidemiology , Dermatitis, Irritant/etiology , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/epidemiology , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/etiology , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/pathology , Eyeglasses , Female , Hair Dyes/adverse effects , Hair Preparations/adverse effects , Humans , Irritants/adverse effects , Male , Middle Aged , Organ Specificity , Retrospective Studies , Scalp Dermatoses/epidemiology , Scalp Dermatoses/etiology , United States/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The association of hidradenitis suppurativa with other skin diseases has not yet been investigated in larger studies based on dermatological exams. The objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence and cutaneous comorbidities of hidradenitis suppurativa in the German working population. Between 2014 and 2017, 20,112 people in 343 German companies were examined for the presence of clinical features of hidradenitis suppurativa within the framework of a cross-sectional epidemiological study based on whole-body examinations. In addition, all cutaneous comorbidities were recorded. Point prevalence was calculated and the differences between individuals with and without hidradenitis suppurativa were determined by bivariate analysis. All statistical procedures were performed using SPSS 23.0 for Windows. Of 20,112 people examined, mean age was 43.6 ± 10.5 years; 52.3% were male. In total, n = 57 people (0.3%) with hidradenitis suppurativa were identified; 61.4% (n = 35) being male. In addition, non-inflammatory hidradenitis suppurativa-related lesions were found in 674 other individuals. In a bivariate comparison, patients with hidradenitis suppurativa showed significantly more frequently the following cutaneous comorbidities: acne vulgaris, psoriasis, seborrhoeic dermatitis, excoriations, and folliculitis. We determined a point prevalence of hidradenitis suppurativa of 0.3%. Since we have examined the working population, the healthy worker effect, which could have led to underestimation of prevalence, cannot be ruled out. The point prevalence of 0.3% for employed people in Germany and a prevalence of 3.0% for inflammatory and non-inflammatory hidradenitis suppurativa-related lesions show that hidradenitis suppurativa is an important disease for the whole health system.
Subject(s)
Acne Vulgaris/epidemiology , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/epidemiology , Folliculitis/epidemiology , Hidradenitis Suppurativa/epidemiology , Psoriasis/epidemiology , Acne Vulgaris/diagnosis , Adult , Comorbidity , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/diagnosis , Female , Folliculitis/diagnosis , Germany/epidemiology , Hidradenitis Suppurativa/diagnosis , Humans , Male , Mass Screening/statistics & numerical data , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Psoriasis/diagnosisSubject(s)
Dermatitis, Seborrheic/epidemiology , Dermatomyositis/complications , Lung Diseases, Interstitial/epidemiology , Adult , Autoantibodies/immunology , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/immunology , Dermatomyositis/immunology , Disease Progression , Female , Humans , Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/immunology , Lung Diseases, Interstitial/diagnosis , Lung Diseases, Interstitial/immunology , Male , Middle Aged , Risk Assessment/statistics & numerical data , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Hand eczema (HE) is a heterogeneous and burdensome disorder. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the clinical characteristics, etiologies and allergen relevance in adults with HE referred for patch testing. METHODS: Retrospective analysis (2000-2016) of North American Contact Dermatitis Group data (n = 37,113). RESULTS: Overall, 10,034 patients had HE, with differences of overlap between allergic contact, irritant contact, and atopic dermatitis. Allergic contact HE fluctuated, whereas atopic HE steadily increased, and irritant HE decreased over time. HE was associated with higher proportions of positive patch tests (67.5% vs 63.8%; χ2, P < .0001). The five most common clinically relevant allergens were methylisothiazolinone, nickel, formaldehyde, quaternium-15, and fragrance mix I. HE was associated with significantly higher odds of positive patch test reactions and clinical relevance in 13 and 16 of the 25 most common allergens, respectively, including preservatives, metals, topical medications, and rubber accelerators. LIMITATIONS: No data on HE phenotype. CONCLUSION: HE in adults was associated with higher proportions of positive patch tests, with a heterogeneous profile of allergens. Patch testing remains an important tool in the evaluation of patients with HE.
Subject(s)
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/diagnosis , Hand Dermatoses/diagnosis , Patch Tests , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Allergens/adverse effects , Canada/epidemiology , Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/epidemiology , Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/etiology , Dermatitis, Atopic/diagnosis , Dermatitis, Atopic/epidemiology , Dermatitis, Atopic/etiology , Dermatitis, Irritant/diagnosis , Dermatitis, Irritant/epidemiology , Dermatitis, Irritant/etiology , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/diagnosis , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/epidemiology , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/etiology , Eczema/diagnosis , Eczema/epidemiology , Female , Hand Dermatoses/epidemiology , Hand Dermatoses/etiology , Humans , Irritants/adverse effects , Male , Metals/adverse effects , Middle Aged , Preservatives, Pharmaceutical/adverse effects , United States/epidemiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
Patients with flares of seborrhoeic dermatitis were compared with control outpatients seen during the same time-period in a case-control study, and with themselves while in remission in a case-crossover study. All patients consulted the same office-based dermatologist. During the study period, 189 cases and 189 controls were included in the case-control study, and 81 cases in the case-crossover study. Multivariate analysis was performed. Case-control study results were the following: past history of tobacco consumption (odds ratio (OR) 2.2 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-4.6)), conflict as a dispute during the past month (OR 10.6 (95% CI 1.0-114.3)), alcohol consumption on a regular basis (OR 10.2 (95% CI 2.0-52.6)), and higher level of stress during the past month (OR 8.2 (95% CI 3.4-19.9)). Case-crossover study results were the following: higher level of stress during the past month (OR 4.5 (1.7-12.2)), association borderline significant for higher level of alcohol consumption (OR 5.4 (0.8-34.9)). These risk factors for flares of seborrhoeic dermatitis should be taken into account carefully in the daily management of seborrhoeic dermatitis.
Subject(s)
Dermatitis, Seborrheic , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Over Studies , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/diagnosis , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/epidemiology , Humans , Odds Ratio , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
AIM: Current quarantine conditions are a difficult process for individuals and can worsen the psychological state. Increased psychosocial stress can affect the course of many common "stress-sensitive" skin conditions. This study examined the possible effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on hair and scalp diseases such as telogen effluvium (TE), alopecia areata (AA), and seborrheic dermatitis (SD) in individuals who had to stay at home for a long time and the patients' methods of dealing with these diseases. METHODS: The study was conducted using an online questionnaire. All the individuals were asked questions about pre- and post-pandemic TE, AA, and SD. Participants with complaints were asked what they did for treatment. RESULTS: During the pandemic, TE was seen in 27.9% of the participants, AA on the scalp was seen in 2.8%, AA on the face was seen in 2.5%, and SD was seen in 19.9%. Applying to a dermatologist for complaints during the pandemic was lower than before pandemic. TE was higher in women before and during the pandemic. CONCLUSION: It was found that the rates of referring to a dermatologist for the complaints before the pandemic varied between 15% and 28% and that these rates decreased significantly during the pandemic (2.5%-12.5%).
Subject(s)
Alopecia Areata/therapy , COVID-19/prevention & control , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/therapy , Dermatologists/trends , Patient Isolation , Physical Distancing , Quarantine , Referral and Consultation/trends , Scalp Dermatoses/therapy , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Alopecia Areata/diagnosis , Alopecia Areata/epidemiology , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/transmission , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/diagnosis , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/epidemiology , Female , Health Care Surveys , Humans , Incidence , Internet , Male , Middle Aged , Remote Consultation/trends , Scalp Dermatoses/diagnosis , Scalp Dermatoses/epidemiology , Turkey/epidemiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
The underlying mechanism of seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is poorly understood but major scientific progress has been made in recent years related to microbiology, immunology and genetics. In light of this, the major goal of this article was to summarize the most recent articles on SD, specifically related to underlying pathophysiology. SD results from Malassezia hydrolysation of free fatty acids with activation of the immune system by the way of pattern recognition receptors, inflammasome, IL-1ß and NF-kB. M. restricta and M. globosa are likely the most virulent subspecies, producing large quantities of irritating oleic acids, leading to IL-8 and IL-17 activation. IL-17 and IL-4 might play a big role in pathogenesis, but this needs to be further studied using novel biologics. No clear genetic predisposition has been established; however, recent studies implicated certain increased-risk human leucocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, such as A*32, DQB1*05 and DRB1*01 as well as possible associations with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD) through the LCE3 gene cluster while SD, and SD-like syndromes, shares genetic mutations that appear to impair the ability of the immune system to restrict Malassezia growth, partially due to complement system dysfunction. A paucity of studies exists looking at the relationship between SD and systemic disease. In HIV, SD is thought to be secondary to a combination of immune dysregulation and disruption in skin microbiota with unhindered Malassezia proliferation. In Parkinson's disease, SD is most likely secondary to parasympathetic hyperactivity with increased sebum production as well as facial immobility which leads to sebum accumulation.
Subject(s)
Dermatitis, Seborrheic/genetics , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/immunology , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/microbiology , Animals , Dermatitis, Atopic/complications , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/epidemiology , Fatty Acids, Nonesterified , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Humans , Immune System , Immunity, Innate , Inflammasomes/metabolism , Interleukin-1beta/metabolism , Lipids/chemistry , Malassezia , Mice , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Receptors, Pattern Recognition/metabolism , Scalp Dermatoses , Sebaceous Glands/metabolism , SkinABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Since the first description of adult blaschkitis (AB), the existence of this entity has been a matter of great debate. OBJECTIVES: To compare clinicopathological features of lichen striatus (LS) and AB cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the clinicopathological features of patients who clinically showed linear inflammatory dermatosis along Blaschko's lines based on a skin biopsy registry. RESULTS: Through a process of clinicopathological differential diagnosis, 27 cases of LS, three of AB, eight of linear lichen planus, and two of linear psoriasis were identified. Clinicopathological differences between LS and AB were mostly insignificant except for age at onset and multiple site involvement. In these cases, females were affected more frequently than males. The mean age at onset was 31.6 years, and the most common involved site was the leg. The lesions lasted approximately 8.3 months with few relapses. The most common histopathological finding was perivascular infiltration followed by peri-appendageal infiltration. CONCLUSION: Distinction between LS and AB appears to be unnecessary given their overlapping features.