An Autopsy Case of Dextromethorphan Poisoning.

A woman in her 30s who was being treated for a mental illness with several psychotropic drugs was admitted to the hospital after being found in a state of unconsciousness and respiratory arrest at home. She was pronounced dead 12 hours after she was discovered. Her autopsy revealed symmetrical hemorrhagic necrosis in the putamen on both sides of her cerebrum. Although many drugs were detected in her blood, all of those other than dextromethorphan (DXM) were within or below the therapeutic range. Her blood DXM was 1.73 µg/ml at admission and 1.61 µg/ml at autopsy, which were within the toxic range or coma-to-death range. The cause of death was diagnosed as DXM poisoning. DXM can cause hallucinations and euphoria if taken in excess, but since it is available as an over-the-counter drug at general pharmacies, an increasing number of young people are overdosing on it, mistakenly believing it to be a safe drug with few side effects. We believe that further social measures against DXM are necessary in Japan, such as disseminating correct knowledge in society and regulating over-the-counter sales.

Fatal cold medication poisoning in an adolescent.

BACKGROUND: Toxicity from the intentional misuse of over-the-counter (OTC) combination cold products has been widely recognized. Adolescents are most frequently involved and dextromethorphan containing products are the most popular. Desired symptoms include stimulatory effects, euphoria, hallucinations, and dissociation. Potential adverse effects include tachycardia, agitation, hyperthermia, acidosis, and coma. However, mortality is rare [ 1-3]. Co-formulated ingredients such as acetaminophen, pseudoephedrine, and antihistamines may also be present and potentiate dangerous effects. We report a case of an adolescent decedent with markedly elevated postmortem chlorpheniramine (CPA) and dextromethorphan (DXM) blood concentrations and no other identifiable cause of death.

Pediatric Fatalities Associated With Over-the-Counter Cough and Cold Medications.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In 2008, over-the-counter cough and cold medications (CCMs) underwent labeling changes in response to safety concerns, including fatalities, reported in children exposed to CCMs. The objective of this study is to describe fatalities associated with exposures to CCMs in children <12 years old that were detected by a safety surveillance system from 2008 to 2016. METHODS: Fatalities in children <12 years old that occurred between 2008 and 2016 associated with oral exposure to one or more CCMs were identified by the Pediatric Cough and Cold Safety Surveillance System. An expert panel reviewed all cases to determine the causal relationship between the exposure and death, if the intent of exposure was therapeutic, and if the dose was supratherapeutic. Other contributing factors related to the child's death were also identified as part of a root cause analysis. RESULTS: Of the 180 eligible fatalities captured during the study period, 40 were judged by the expert panel to be either related or potentially related to the CCM. Of these, the majority (n = 24; 60.0%) occurred in children <2 years old and involved nontherapeutic intent (n = 22; 55.0%). The most frequently involved index ingredient was diphenhydramine (n = 28; 70.0%). In 6 cases (n = 6; 15.0%), the CCM was administered to murder the child. In another 7 cases (n = 7; 17.5%), death followed the intentional use of the CCM to sedate the child. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric fatalities associated with CCMs occurred primarily in young children after deliberate medication administration with nontherapeutic intent by a caregiver.

Ten Years of Robotripping: Evidence of Tolerance to Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide in a Long-Term User.

INTRODUCTION: Dextromethorphan hydrobromide is widely available as an over-the-counter cough suppressant. A semi-synthetic opioid displaying N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonism, it is commonly abused for recreational purposes. Spuriously elevated serum chloride concentrations are a well-described phenomenon in the setting of dextromethorphan hydrobromide toxicity, but evidence to suggest the development of tolerance is limited to case reports. CASE: A 32-year-old male known to chronically ingest dextromethorphan hydrobromide for recreational purposes presented to regional hospitals on 179 occasions over 110 months and was treated for dextromethorphan toxicity on 163/174 (93.7%) of these visits. He reported a subjective need to increase his dosing over time to achieve the same degree of intoxication. Measured serum chloride over this period (n = 217) ranged from 98 to 138 mEq/L (median 115 mEq/L, IQR 110-123 mEq/L). Measured concentrations over the 110-month period progressively rose, with a fitted plot of 111.15 + 0.00232x describing the rise in measured chloride. Though not formally assessed, anion gaps tended to become progressively more negative over the observed period. DISCUSSION: We report a patient with persistent dextromethorphan hydrobromide abuse at escalating doses whose mean serum chloride concentration increased, on average, by 0.00232 mEq/L every day over a 110-month period. This case demonstrates progressive spurious hyperchloremia secondary to bromide interference in hospital-based chloride assays, supporting the patient's reported need to dose escalate to the same desired effect. Although this artefactual laboratory finding is a well-documented result of bromide ingestion, it may be useful in identifying patterns of dextromethorphan hydrobromide use that suggest tolerance.

Identifying and treating patients with synthetic psychoactive drug intoxication.

Tens of thousands of ED visits each year are related to synthetic psychoactive drug intoxication. Signs, symptoms, and treatment of toxicity with synthetic cathinones, synthetic cannabinoids, or dextromethorphan overlap greatly and can be challenging. This article describes signs and symptoms of psychoactive drug abuse and how to properly manage these symptoms.

Adverse events associated with pediatric exposures to dextromethorphan.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Dextromethorphan is the most common over-the-counter (OTC) antitussive medication. We sought to characterize adverse events associated with dextromethorphan in children <12 years old from a surveillance program of OTC cough/cold medication exposures. METHODS: This is a retrospective case series of oral exposures to dextromethorphan with ≥1 adverse event from multiple U.S. sources (National Poison Data System, FDA Adverse Event Reporting System, manufacturer safety reports, news/media, medical literature) reported between 2008 and 2014. An expert panel determined the relationship between exposure and adverse events, estimated dose ingested, intent of exposure, and identified contributing factors to exposure. RESULTS: 1716 cases contained ≥1 adverse event deemed at least potentially related to dextromethorphan; 1417 were single product exposures. 773/1417 (55%) involved only one single-ingredient dextromethorphan product (dextromethorphan-only). Among dextromethorphan-only cases, 3% followed ingestion of a therapeutic dose; 78% followed an overdose. 69% involved unsupervised self-administration and 60% occurred in children <4 years old. No deaths or pathologic dysrhythmias occurred. Central nervous system [e.g., ataxia (N = 420)] and autonomic symptoms [e.g., tachycardia (N = 224)] were the most common adverse events. Flushing and/or urticarial rash occurred in 18.1% of patients. Dystonia occurred in 5.4%. CONCLUSIONS: No fatalities were identified in this multifaceted surveillance program following a dextromethorphan-only ingestion. Adverse events were predominantly associated with overdose, most commonly affecting the central nervous and autonomic systems.

Inhalant Abuse and Dextromethorphan.

Inhalant abuse is the intentional inhalation of a volatile substance for the purpose of achieving an altered mental state. As an important, yet underrecognized form of substance abuse, inhalant abuse crosses all demographic, ethnic, and socioeconomic boundaries, causing significant morbidity and mortality in school-aged and older children. This review presents current perspectives on epidemiology, detection, and clinical challenges of inhalant abuse and offers advice regarding the medical and mental health providers' roles in the prevention and management of this substance abuse problem. Also discussed is the misuse of a specific "over-the-counter" dissociative, dextromethorphan.

[Morphine (obtained from poppy seeds) and dextrometorfan poisoning­ a case report].

Morphine is one of the many, and pharmacologically most important, opium poppy alkaloid (Papaver somniferum). A poppy plant consists of a lot of alkaloids. Most of them are morphine, codeine, narcotine, papaverine, thebaine, narceine and narcotoline. Most of the alkaloid is in the poppy milk - opium..It is a dried and properly processed juice with precut immature poppy-heads. It induces euphoria, somnolence, has an analgesic effect. In the study was presented a 24-yearold patient who was admitted to the Department of Toxicology and Cardiology because of suspicion of poisoning with unknown drugs. In retrospect, it turned out that he was poisoned brew with 5 kg of poppy and dextromethorphan. In the past, he drank alcohol heavily, used legal highs, amphetamine, methamphetamine, opiates, diazepam, cannabinoids. At the time of admission to the department, his general condition was severe, he was unconscious, with periodic breathing disorders, pinpoint pupils. In the laboratory: opiates>2000 ng/ml, other toxicological tests were negative. On the subsequent days of his stay he remained in a generally very severe condition; he was unconscious. Some electrolyte disorders were observed, as well as characteristics of developing rhabdomyolysis. With the applied intensive medical therapy, a gradual improvement of his general condition was achieved. Due to quadriplegia on the 30th day of the hospitalization, the patient was transferred to the Department of Neurology for further treatment.

[Poisonings with paracetamol, salicylates and dextromethorphan ­ problem evaluation based on data from Toxicological Laboratory and Poison Information Center in Krakow in 2010-2015].

The aim of the paper was to study frequency of laboratory determinations and toxicological information related to over-the-counter drugs (OTC): paracetamol (acetaminophen), salicylates and dextromethorphan. The research was based on data from Toxicological Laboratory and Poison Information Center UJ CM in Krakow in years 2010-2015. Paracetamol was determined averagely 102 times a year, more than 50% (57 cases) were positive with confirmation of poisoning. The least number of paracetamol poisoning was noted in 2011 (35 cases), the most were in 2015 (98 cases). In the time span there were averagely 40 salicylates check measurements a year, less than 50% (15 cases) were positive. Dextromethorphane was confirmed averagely in 31 patients a year, decrease of the drug intoxications was noted in 2013-2015. Paracetamol and dextromethorphan were the most often the cause of poisoning in group of patients 13-18 years old, salicylates ­ more than 30 years. In the group of small children there were only a few poisonings with paracetamol. Toxicological information data related to paracetamol, salicylates and dextromethorphan were similar to data from toxicological laboratory. Mean year numbers of drug poisoning information were: 90 (paracetamol), 14 (salicylates), 30 (dextromethorphan). The differences were in patients age distribution. Acute poisonings with OTC were related mainly to paracetamol, young patients (13- 18 years) and young adults (19-29 years). Salicylates poisoning information were related mainly to the group of adult patients (> 30 years), dextromethorphan was abused mainly by oung patients (13-18 years). There were no observed poisonings with salicylates and dextromethorphan in children, but there were toxicological information about paracetamol and salicylates poisoning and overdose in group of children (1-6 years).

[Drug poisonings in children hospitalized in The Regional Hospital No. 2 in Rzeszow in the years 2010-2014]. / Zatrucia lekami u dzieci hospitalizowanych w Szpitalu Wojewódzkim Nr 2 w Rzeszowie w latach 2010-2014.

INTRODUCTION: Drug poisoning is a frequent cause of hospitalization in children and youth. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of drug poisoning in children in the region of Rzeszów city. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Medical records of paediatric patients hospitalized in The Regional Hospital No. 2 in Rzeszow between 2010 and 2014 was reviewed and data were collected using scientific protocol. The following factors were analyzed: type of medication causing intoxication, the causality of the event, duration and seasonality of hospitalization as well as demographic data, such as the patient's age and sex. RESULTS: Within the analyzed period 295 children (194 girls and 101 boys) aged between 6 months and 18 years were hospitalized due to acute drug poisoning. Nonopioid painkillers, antiepileptic drugs and sedatives, affecting the cardiovascular system were the main classes of ingested medications. A growing phenomenon of recreational use of drugs which induce euphoria, especially dextromethorphan, was observed among young people. CONCLUSIONS: Due to rising incidence of drug poisoning in childhood physicians and pharmacists should extend their efforts to instruct and educate parents and caregivers about correct drag dosing, safe storage conditions and principles of poisoning prevention.

Common ocular effects reported to a poison control center after systemic absorption of drugs in therapeutic and toxic doses.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Ocular effects resulting from medications assist toxicologists in determining substances involved when treating a poisoned patient. The intention of this review is to discuss the most common ocular effects, the medications that cause them, and the mechanisms by which they occur. RECENT FINDINGS: According to National Poison Data System, the most common reported ocular effects following a drug ingestion/injection/inhalation are mydriasis, miosis, and nystagmus. The most common drug/drug classes reported to a regional poison control center causing these ocular effects include the following: first, mydriasis - amphetamines and diphenhydramine; second, miosis - clonidine and opioids; third, nystagmus - dextromethorphan. However, many other drugs/substances can cause these effects along with other systemic effects. SUMMARY: Ocular findings are a pertinent component of any patient assessment involving therapeutic and/or toxic exposure to medications and other substances.

[Age and gender trends of inpatient recreational acute dextromethorphan intoxication hospitalized in Pomeranian Center of Toxicology between 2009-2011]. / Struktura wieku i plci pacjentów hospitalizowanych w Pomorskim Centrum Toksykologii, w latach 2009 - 2011, z powodu rekreacyjnych zatruc dekstrometorfanem.

Dextromethorphan (DXM) is a derivative of codeine with an antitussive properties. Acute poisonings with this drug are related to serious, often life-threatening clinical symptoms. In the last decade the number of DXM poisonings increased and the problem was particularly noticeable among adolescents. The aim of this study was to analyze selected demographic and clinical parameters of patients who were hospitalized due to DXM poisoning in Pomeranian Centre of Toxicology between 2009-2011. The study included 170 individuals which was 2.7% of all admissions in this period. In 2009 and 2010, the proportion of patients poisoned with DXM did not exceed 1.5%, while in the years 2011- 2013 it tripled and reached up to 3.5%. The age of patients ranged from 12 to 42 (mean 18) years. Women were more frequently hospitalized. The dose of ingested DXM ranged from 150 to 2700 (mean 588.7) mg. The analysis revealed that the dose of ingested DXM was increasing with the age of patients.

Fatalities involving acetaminophen combination products reported to United States poison centers.

CONTEXT: Deaths from overdose of acetaminophen (APAP) combination medications are reported, yet the individual ingredients are not well examined as individual putative causes of death. OBJECTIVE: To examine the individual contribution of APAP or other ingredient(s) to fatalities resulting from ingestion of APAP combination products reported to poison centers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search in the United States (US) National Poison Data System between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2009 (10 years) was conducted. Only fatal cases determined by American Association of Poison Control Centers Fatality Review team to be caused by ingestion of one or more APAP combination products were included. The fatality abstract narrative for each case was obtained. Each narrative abstract was rated independently by four reviewers and putative cause of death was determined to be APAP, 'other ingredient' or 'unable to determine'. Fleiss' Kappa test was utilized to assess interrater agreement. RESULTS: Three hundred and thirty-seven deaths met inclusion criteria: 204 were due to suicides, 96 were the result of nonmedical use, 3 were from a therapeutic error, 1 resulted from an unsupervised pediatric ingestion, and 33 were due to unknown reason for exposure. The overall putative cause of death was APAP in 60.8%, other ingredients in 29.7%, and unable to determine in 9.5% of fatalities. APAP was responsible for the fatality in 79.2% of deaths resulting from nonmedical use of APAP combination products. Fleiss Kappa was 0.74, indicating substantial interrater agreement. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The most common putative cause of death in fatal overdoses involving APAP combination products reported to US poison centers is the APAP component.

Dextromethorphan abuse leading to assault, suicide, or homicide.

Dextromethorphan is a commonly encountered antitussive medication which has found additional therapeutic use in the treatment of pseudobulbar disorder and as an adjunct to opiate use in pain management. Dextromethorphan at high doses has phencyclidine-like effects on the NMDA receptor system; recreational use of high doses has been found to cause mania and hallucinations. The toxicology and pharmacology of the drug in abuse are reviewed, and the historical literature of adverse psychiatric outcomes is assessed. Five new cases of dextromethorphan intoxication that resulted in assault, suicide, and homicide are reported, together with the corresponding toxicology results. Blood concentrations ranged from 300 to 19,000 µg/L. These results are compared with typical concentrations reported in therapeutic use and impaired driving cases. Based on these findings, dextromethorphan should be considered as a potential causative agent in subjects presenting with mania, psychosis, or hallucinations, and abusers are at risk for violent and self-destructive acts.

[Dextromethorphan (DXM): new methods of intoxications among teenagers--a case description]. / Dekstrometorfan (DXM): nowe metody odurzania sie nastolatków--opis przypadku.

The study highlighted the problem of intoxication using substances and/or preparations, to which nowadays young people have unrestricted access. Based on the case developed in the Department of Forensic Medicine of the Medical University of Gdansk, our team members were able to gather information showing "ingenuity" of today's teenagers, which was reflected in the types of preparations used to induce a state of euphoria and intoxication. The study was based on the case of a 17-year-old woman, who took Acodin in combination with compressed air used to clean computer keyboards in order to induce psychoactive effects. The study used qualitative and quantitative methods: GC-FID and GC-MS. The results were compared with data from the literature.

[Clinical practice guidelines in dextromethorphan poisoning pre-hospital management]. / Wytyczne postepowania w przypadku zatrucia dekstrometorfanem - postepowanie przedszpitalne.

Guideline for out - of Hospital triage and initial management of patients with suspected ingestion of dextromethorphan is presented in the study. The guideline was created by the American Association of Control Centers to assist poison center personnel while dealing with poison information service.