Dry-eye syndrome in Shih Tzu dog: Ocular surface clinical and morphological aspects in the different stages of keratoconjunctivitis sicca / Síndrome do olho seco em Shih Tzu: aspectos clínicos e morfológicos da superfície ocular nas diferentes fases da ceratoconjuntivite seca

This study analyzed clinical and cyto-histomorphological parameters of the ocular surface of Shih Tzu dogs, non-carriers and carriers of quantitative keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) at different stages. Thirty-five eyes from 23 male and female Shih Tzu dogs between two and eight years were evaluated in four groups: control group (CG - without KCS), mild KCS group (KCS1), moderate KCS group (KCS2), and severe KCS group (KCS3). Most clinical variables among KCS carrier groups worsened at the more advanced stages of the disease, with a negative correlation between the Schirmer tear test (STT-1) and tear film break-up time (TBUT). Squamous metaplasia, lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltrate, and decrease in conjunctival goblet cells on histopathological examination comprised disease severity parameters. Quantitative KCS non-carried Shih Tzu dogs have qualitative and tear film distribution changes. The cytomorphological exam is limited to evaluating the inflammatory infiltrate and quantifying conjunctival goblet cells. However, intermediate epithelial cells were higher in healthy eyes compared to eyes with KCS in Shih Tzu dogs. Also, moderate and severe KCS carrier Shih Tzu dogs have qualitative dysfunction of the tear film. KCS in Shih Tzu dogs is common and chronic and may be responsible for the loss of vision of these animals. Early identification of the disease and routine evaluation can improve these dogs' quality of life and ocular health.

Este estudo analizou os parâmetros clinicos e cito-histomorfológicos da superfície ocular de cães da raça Shih Tzu, portadores e não portadores de ceratoconjuntivite seca quantitative (CCS) em diferentes estágios. Trinta e cinco olhos de 23 cães da raça Shih Tzu, machos e fêmeas, entre as idades de dois e oito anos foram avaliados em quatro grupos: grupo controle (GC - sem CCS), grupo CCS inicial (CCS1), grupo CCS moderada (CCS2) e grupo CCS severa (CCS3). A maioria das variáveis clínicas dentro os grupos portadores de CCS pioraram a medida que os estágios da doença avançam, com correlações negativas entre o teste lacrimal de Schirmer (TLS) e o tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal (TRFL). Metaplasia escamosa, infiltrado inflamatório linfoplasmocítico e diminuição das células caliciformes no exame histopatológico compreenderam parâmetros de severidade da doença. Cães Shih Tzu não portadores de CCS quantitativa tem alterações qualitativas e na distribuição do filme lacrimal. O exame citomorfológico é limitado para a avaliação do infiltrado inflamatório e quantificação de células caliciformes. Entretanto, células inermediárias epiteliais são mais presents nos olhos saudáveis quando comparados aos olhos portadores de CCS em Shih Tzus. Também, Shih Tzus portadores de CCS nos estágios moderados e severos possuem disfunções qualitativas da lágrima. A CCS em Shih Tzu é comum, crônica e pode ser responsável pela perda de visão dos animais. A identificação precoce da doença e avaliações rotineiras podem aumentar a qualidade de vida e a saúde ocular nesses cães.

The crested caracara (Caracara plancus) eye: Morphologic observations and results of selected diagnostic tests.

PURPOSE: To provide a descriptive investigation about relevant features of the crested caracara's eye (Caracara plancus) and bony orbit, as well as provide data for ophthalmic tests. METHODS: Morphological observations and the following diagnostic tests were performed: Schirmer tear test (STT), conjunctival flora evaluation, corneal touch threshold (CTT), intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal thickness (CCT), B-mode ocular biometry, palpebral fissure length (PFL), and corneal diameter (CD) in 19 healthy birds, plus two macerated skulls. Not all birds were used for each test. RESULTS: STT: 7.84 ± 3.05 mm/min; CTT: 2.46 ± 1.10 cm; IOP: 19.18 ± 3.07 mmHg; CCT: 0.31 ± 0.02 mm; PFL: 13.32 ± 1.06 mm; CD: 10.26 ± 2.43 mm; Axial globe length: 1.89 ± 0.06 cm; Anterior chamber depth: 0.27 ± 0.06 cm; Lens axial length: 4.55 ± 0.06 cm; Vitreous chamber depth: 1.2 ± 0.07 cm. The most frequent conjunctival bacterial isolates were Corynebacterium sp. (10/23.8%), Staphylococcus sp. (9/21.42%), Streptococcus sp. (7/16.6%), and E. coli (7/16.66%). The large lateral part of the palatine bone likely plays a role in the ventral protection of the globe against the impact of prey. Observed results are generally reflective of increased body mass compared to other Falconiformes, with values approaching those of similar sized Accipitriformes. CONCLUSIONS: These data may help veterinarians recognize peculiar morphologic features and perform a more accurate diagnosis of eye diseases of this avian species.

Biometria ocular e sua relação com tamanho corporal e da cabeça em cães da raça buldogue francês / Ocular biometry and its relationship with body size and head in French Bulldog dogs

Background: Ocular biometrics is an easy to perform, safe, non-invasive and low-cost exam that provides immediate resultswith excellent definition. Brachycephalic dogs have a high risk of developing eye problems, and the early appearance isfrequent due to factors linked to anatomical conformation. The aim of the present study was to perform eye biometrics inFrench Bulldog dogs through ultrasound, correlating with body and head size.Materials, Methods & Results: Clinical examination, ophthalmic examination and ocular biometrics were performed usingB-mode ultrasonography, using a 10 megahertz frequency transducer in 30 French Bulldog dogs, aged 1-6 years old, maleand females from the Br Lords Staff kennel and the Radiovet - Rio de Janeiro veterinary clinic. A drop of anesthetic eyedrops containing 1% tetracaine hydrochloride and 0.1% phenylephrine hydrochloride was instilled and the direct contacttechnique was performed with the cornea with the help of sterile water-soluble lubricating acoustic gel between the transducerand the examined eye. These measurements were correlated with cephalic measurements (frontal-occipital distance, skullcircumference, distance between the zygomatic arches and frontal-nasal distance) and with body measurements (lengthof the dog from the cranial end of the sternum to the ischial tuberosity and height of the withers from the cranial angleof the scapula to the ground). No chemical restraint was necessary. Dogs were positioned seated or in sternal decubitus,with slight physical restraint. All measurements were performed by the same examiner. There was no significant difference between the parameters of male and female eye biometrics and there was no difference between the measurementsof the right and left eyes. The mean value of axial bulb length was 19.51 ± 0.58 mm, for the thickness of the lens, 6.71 ±0.66 mm, for depth of the anterior chamber, 2.36 ± 0.89 mm and for the depth of the vitreous chamber...(AU)

Biometria ocular e sua relação com tamanho corporal e da cabeça em cães da raça buldogue francês / Ocular biometry and its relationship with body size and head in French Bulldog dogs

Background: Ocular biometrics is an easy to perform, safe, non-invasive and low-cost exam that provides immediate resultswith excellent definition. Brachycephalic dogs have a high risk of developing eye problems, and the early appearance isfrequent due to factors linked to anatomical conformation. The aim of the present study was to perform eye biometrics inFrench Bulldog dogs through ultrasound, correlating with body and head size.Materials, Methods & Results: Clinical examination, ophthalmic examination and ocular biometrics were performed usingB-mode ultrasonography, using a 10 megahertz frequency transducer in 30 French Bulldog dogs, aged 1-6 years old, maleand females from the Br Lord’s Staff kennel and the Radiovet - Rio de Janeiro veterinary clinic. A drop of anesthetic eyedrops containing 1% tetracaine hydrochloride and 0.1% phenylephrine hydrochloride was instilled and the direct contacttechnique was performed with the cornea with the help of sterile water-soluble lubricating acoustic gel between the transducerand the examined eye. These measurements were correlated with cephalic measurements (frontal-occipital distance, skullcircumference, distance between the zygomatic arches and frontal-nasal distance) and with body measurements (lengthof the dog from the cranial end of the sternum to the ischial tuberosity and height of the withers from the cranial angleof the scapula to the ground). No chemical restraint was necessary. Dogs were positioned seated or in sternal decubitus,with slight physical restraint. All measurements were performed by the same examiner. There was no significant difference between the parameters of male and female eye biometrics and there was no difference between the measurementsof the right and left eyes. The mean value of axial bulb length was 19.51 ± 0.58 mm, for the thickness of the lens, 6.71 ±0.66 mm, for depth of the anterior chamber, 2.36 ± 0.89 mm and for the depth of the vitreous chamber...

Aqueous tear assessment in dogs: Impact of cephalic conformation, inter-test correlations, and test-retest repeatability.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize diagnostic findings, test-retest repeatability, and correlations among lacrimal tests in dogs of diverse cephalic conformations. ANIMAL STUDIED: Fifty healthy dogs (25 brachycephalic, 25 nonbrachycephalic). PROCEDURES: A series of diagnostics were performed in each dog, allowing for a 10-minute interval between tests and repeating each test 24 hours later under similar conditions: corneal tactile sensation (CTS), strip meniscometry test (SMT), phenol red thread test (PRTT), endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT), Schirmer tear test-1 without (STT-1) or with nasolacrimal stimulation (NL-STT1), and Schirmer tear test-2 (STT-2). RESULTS: Mean ± SD test values were lower in brachycephalic vs. nonbrachycephalic dogs (except for SMT; 7.4 ± 2.0 mm/5 seconds vs 7.3 ± 2.4 mm/5 seconds), with statistically significant differences noted for CTS (1.8 ± 0.5 cm vs 3.4 ± 0.8 cm), PRTT (37.2 ± 4.0 mm/15 seconds vs 41.1 ± 5.5 mm/15 seconds), STT-1 (20.1 ± 3.4 mm/min vs 23.3 ± 5.7 mm/min), STT-2 (13.0 ± 3.4 mm/min vs 16.9 ± 3.9 mm/min), and NL-STT1 (23.2 ± 3.6 mm/min vs 27.1 ± 5.4 mm/min), and nonsignificant differences for EAPPTT (16.6 ± 2.7 mm/15 seconds vs 17.5 ± 2.9 mm/15 seconds). Nasolacrimal stimulation increased STT-1 values by 18% on average. Correlations among tests were generally weak to moderate (r < .70) except for a strong correlation between STT-1 and NL-STT1 (r = .83, P < .001). Test reliability was good although test-retest repeatability was generally poor to moderate, as depicted by low intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC ≤ 0.75) and wide 95% limits of agreement, except for CTS (ICC = 0.91). CONCLUSIONS: Corneal sensitivity and aqueous tear secretion are lower in brachycephalic dogs. A comprehensive assessment of the ocular surface requires the combination of several diagnostic tests. The nasolacrimal reflex may provide a useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool in dogs.

Schirmers Test I and determination of intraocular pressure in healthy common buzzards (Buteo buteo)

Background: The structure of the eye in wild birds is 45% larger than that in humans, which provides excellent visualcapacity but also makes them vulnerable to eye trauma. Trauma, neoplasia, infectious diseases of the ocular surface, uveitis,glaucoma, and corneal diseases in wild birds, but mainly trauma, can cause a reduction in their tear production; therefore,determining the amount of tear production in the wild birds is very important. Studies have shown that the results of theSchirmers tear test (STT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) values differ among wild bird species, and that both anesthesiaand sedation affects these parameters. The main objective of the present study was to determined IOP and STT I values inhealthy common buzzards (Buteo buteo).Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty healthy common buzzards were selected for the study following clinical and ophthalmic examinations. Following physical and clinical examinations of all subjects, routine ophthalmologic examinationswere conducted, including reflex examinations (pupillary, palpebral, menace, dazzle) and direct ophthalmoscopy for theeyelids, conjunctiva, cornea, iris, lens, and fundus. All examinations were conducted without anesthesia or sedation whilethe birds were in the dorsal recumbent position, and the results of STT I and IOP were recorded. Both tests were repeatedfor the right and left eyes. The mean ± SE STT I values for the right and left eyes were 12.63 ± 0.51 and 12.43 ± 0.54mm/min, respectively. A comparison between STT I values of the right and left eyes revealed no statistically significantdifferences (P > 0.620). The means and ranges of the TonoVet® IOP results for the right and left eyes were 32.06 ± 1.58and 32.60 ± 1.51 mmHg, respectively. There was no statistically significant...(AU)

Ultrasound methods used for planning for cataract surgery in dogs / Métodos ultrassonográficos utilizados para o planejamento para a cirurgia de catarata em cães

Cataract is an important disease on veterinary ophthalmology. Different techniques facilitate the classification of the cataracts, adding information obtained by the conventional eye exam. This review discusses different modalities of ultrasonography methods available for diagnosis and surgical planning in dogs with cataracts. A-Mode ultrasound is used to evaluate thickness and length of the lens. B-Mode also has the capacity to evaluate features of echogenicity, echotexture, position of the lens and the identification of retinal and vitreous degenerations. The ultrasonic biomicroscopy is useful in assessing the anterior capsule and the positioning of the lens. The Doppler method it is useful to detection of vascular changes in patients with cataracts. The elastography method however allows measuring the lens rigidity, which is extremely important for planning and surgical prognosis.(AU)

A catarata é considerada importante afecção em oftalmologia veterinária. Diferentes técnicas ultrassonográficas auxiliam na sua classificação das cataratas, complementando informações obtidas ao exame oftálmico convencional. Esta revisão descreve diferentes modalidades ultrassonográficas disponíveis para o auxílio diagnóstico e o planejamento cirúrgico em casos de catarata. A ultrassonografia modo A permite avaliar a espessura e o comprimento da lente. A ultrassonografia modo B permite avaliar características de ecogenicidade, ecotextura, bem como a posição da lente, identificação de descolamentos da retina e degenerações vítreas. A biomicroscopia ultrassônica mostra-se útil na avaliação da cápsula anterior e do posicionamento da lente. O método Doppler, na detecção de alterações vasculares em pacientes com catarata. A elastografia permite a avaliação do grau de rigidez de um tecido, condição importante para o planejamento e prognóstico cirúrgicos.(AU)

Ultrasound methods used for planning for cataract surgery in dogs / Métodos ultrassonográficos utilizados para o planejamento para a cirurgia de catarata em cães

Cataract is an important disease on veterinary ophthalmology. Different techniques facilitate the classification of the cataracts, adding information obtained by the conventional eye exam. This review discusses different modalities of ultrasonography methods available for diagnosis and surgical planning in dogs with cataracts. A-Mode ultrasound is used to evaluate thickness and length of the lens. B-Mode also has the capacity to evaluate features of echogenicity, echotexture, position of the lens and the identification of retinal and vitreous degenerations. The ultrasonic biomicroscopy is useful in assessing the anterior capsule and the positioning of the lens. The Doppler method it is useful to detection of vascular changes in patients with cataracts. The elastography method however allows measuring the lens rigidity, which is extremely important for planning and surgical prognosis.

A catarata é considerada importante afecção em oftalmologia veterinária. Diferentes técnicas ultrassonográficas auxiliam na sua classificação das cataratas, complementando informações obtidas ao exame oftálmico convencional. Esta revisão descreve diferentes modalidades ultrassonográficas disponíveis para o auxílio diagnóstico e o planejamento cirúrgico em casos de catarata. A ultrassonografia modo A permite avaliar a espessura e o comprimento da lente. A ultrassonografia modo B permite avaliar características de ecogenicidade, ecotextura, bem como a posição da lente, identificação de descolamentos da retina e degenerações vítreas. A biomicroscopia ultrassônica mostra-se útil na avaliação da cápsula anterior e do posicionamento da lente. O método Doppler, na detecção de alterações vasculares em pacientes com catarata. A elastografia permite a avaliação do grau de rigidez de um tecido, condição importante para o planejamento e prognóstico cirúrgicos.

Evaluation of tear production in juvenile opossum using three different methods / Avaliação da produção lacrimal em gambás filhotes por três diferentes métodos

The establishment of parameters for tear production in different species is important for better understanding eye´s health and is one of the components of the ophthalmic semiological technique. Particularities derived from the anatomophysiology of non-domestic species induce the search for more reliable methodologies. The aim was to evaluate and compare tear production of white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris) and Brazilian common opossum (Didelphis aurita) by three different methods. Fifteen individuals of each species, juveniles, healthy, of both sexes, with 60 to 90 days of life, were physically restrained. Phenol red thread test (PRTT), endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT) and modified -Schirmer tear test (mSTT) were performed. PRTT was the most difficult to perform because of the wire malleability, while EAPPTT was more feasible for both species. The median ± semi-quartile range for PRTT were 19.79±2.61mm/15 "and 5.22±2.92mm/15", for EAPPTT were 16.25±1.82mm/min and 10.9±3.04mm/min, and for STTm were 0±1.63mm/min and 0±1.63mm/min for white-eared opossum and Brazilian common opossum respectively. There was no difference between the right and left eye neither sex. A significant difference was obtained for the same test to different species. No significant correlation was found between the tests for both species. The description of tear production parameters for juvenile white-eared opossum and Brazilian common opossum may be used as a tool, which will allow the early diagnosis of ocular diseases.(AU)

O estabelecimento do parâmetro de produção lacrimal nas diferentes espécies é importante para o entendimento da saúde do olho e é um dos componentes da semiotécnica oftálmica. Particularidades derivadas da anatomofisiologia das espécies não domésticas induzem a busca de metodologias que sejam mais fidedignas aos parâmetros. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar e comparar a produção lacrimal de gambás-de-orelha-branca (Didelphis albiventris) e gambás-de-orelha-preta (Didelphis aurita) por três diferentes métodos. Quinze indivíduos de cada espécie, juvenis, hígidos, de ambos os sexos, com 60 a 90 dias de vida, foram contidos fisicamente para realização do teste lacrimal do vermelho de fenol (TLVF), da ponta de papel absorvente estéril e do teste lacrimal de Schirmer modificado (TLSm). O TLVF foi o mais difícil de ser executado devido à maleabilidade do fio, enquanto a TEPA se mostrou mais exequível para ambas as espécies. A mediana ± intervalo semi-interquartil para o TLVF foi de 19,79±2,61mm/15" e 5,22±2,92mm/15", para a TEPA foram de 16,25±1,82mm/min e 10,93±3,04mm/min, e para o TLSm foram de 0±1,63mm/min e 0±1,63mm/min, para gambás-de-orelha-branca e gambás-de-orelha-preta, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre o olho direito e esquerdo e nem quanto ao sexo. Obteve-se diferença significativa para um mesmo teste entre as espécies. Não foi encontrada correlação significativa entre os testes para ambas as espécies. A quantificação da porção aquosa da lágrima poderá auxiliar no diagnóstico precoce de doenças oculares nas espécies estudadas.(AU)

Evaluation of tear production in juvenile opossum using three different methods / Avaliação da produção lacrimal em gambás filhotes por três diferentes métodos

The establishment of parameters for tear production in different species is important for better understanding eye´s health and is one of the components of the ophthalmic semiological technique. Particularities derived from the anatomophysiology of non-domestic species induce the search for more reliable methodologies. The aim was to evaluate and compare tear production of white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris) and Brazilian common opossum (Didelphis aurita) by three different methods. Fifteen individuals of each species, juveniles, healthy, of both sexes, with 60 to 90 days of life, were physically restrained. Phenol red thread test (PRTT), endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT) and modified -Schirmer tear test (mSTT) were performed. PRTT was the most difficult to perform because of the wire malleability, while EAPPTT was more feasible for both species. The median ± semi-quartile range for PRTT were 19.79±2.61mm/15 "and 5.22±2.92mm/15", for EAPPTT were 16.25±1.82mm/min and 10.9±3.04mm/min, and for STTm were 0±1.63mm/min and 0±1.63mm/min for white-eared opossum and Brazilian common opossum respectively. There was no difference between the right and left eye neither sex. A significant difference was obtained for the same test to different species. No significant correlation was found between the tests for both species. The description of tear production parameters for juvenile white-eared opossum and Brazilian common opossum may be used as a tool, which will allow the early diagnosis of ocular diseases.(AU)

O estabelecimento do parâmetro de produção lacrimal nas diferentes espécies é importante para o entendimento da saúde do olho e é um dos componentes da semiotécnica oftálmica. Particularidades derivadas da anatomofisiologia das espécies não domésticas induzem a busca de metodologias que sejam mais fidedignas aos parâmetros. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar e comparar a produção lacrimal de gambás-de-orelha-branca (Didelphis albiventris) e gambás-de-orelha-preta (Didelphis aurita) por três diferentes métodos. Quinze indivíduos de cada espécie, juvenis, hígidos, de ambos os sexos, com 60 a 90 dias de vida, foram contidos fisicamente para realização do teste lacrimal do vermelho de fenol (TLVF), da ponta de papel absorvente estéril e do teste lacrimal de Schirmer modificado (TLSm). O TLVF foi o mais difícil de ser executado devido à maleabilidade do fio, enquanto a TEPA se mostrou mais exequível para ambas as espécies. A mediana ± intervalo semi-interquartil para o TLVF foi de 19,79±2,61mm/15" e 5,22±2,92mm/15", para a TEPA foram de 16,25±1,82mm/min e 10,93±3,04mm/min, e para o TLSm foram de 0±1,63mm/min e 0±1,63mm/min, para gambás-de-orelha-branca e gambás-de-orelha-preta, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre o olho direito e esquerdo e nem quanto ao sexo. Obteve-se diferença significativa para um mesmo teste entre as espécies. Não foi encontrada correlação significativa entre os testes para ambas as espécies. A quantificação da porção aquosa da lágrima poderá auxiliar no diagnóstico precoce de doenças oculares nas espécies estudadas.(AU)

Determination of baseline values for routine ophthalmic tests in bearded capuchin (Sapajus libidinosus).

BACKGROUND: Establish baseline values for ophthalmic diagnostic tests in Sapajus libidinosus. METHODS: Ophthalmic diagnostic tests, namely Schirmer tear test 1 (STT-1), intraocular pressure (IOP), B-mode ultrasound, culture of the bacterial conjunctival microbiota, and conjunctival exfoliative cytology, were performed in 15 S. libidinosus. RESULTS: Mean values found were as follows: 2.50 ± 2.94 mm/min for the STT-1; 13.3 ± 3.32 mm Hg for the IOP; 2.47 ± 0.41 mm for the depth of the anterior chamber; 2.86 ± 0.96 mm for the axial length of the lens; 10.97 ± 0.48 mm for the depth of the vitreous chamber; and 16.32 ± 1.24 mm for the axial length of the eyeball. The bacterial genus most frequently found was Staphylococcus spp. Conjunctival cytology showed intermediate epithelial, squamous superficial epithelial, and keratinized cells. CONCLUSIONS: Determination of baseline values for eye measurements and ophthalmic tests will assist in the diagnosis of eye diseases in S. libidinosus monkeys.

Schirmer’s Test I and determination of intraocular pressure in healthy common buzzards (Buteo buteo)

Background: The structure of the eye in wild birds is 45% larger than that in humans, which provides excellent visualcapacity but also makes them vulnerable to eye trauma. Trauma, neoplasia, infectious diseases of the ocular surface, uveitis,glaucoma, and corneal diseases in wild birds, but mainly trauma, can cause a reduction in their tear production; therefore,determining the amount of tear production in the wild birds is very important. Studies have shown that the results of theSchirmer’s tear test (STT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) values differ among wild bird species, and that both anesthesiaand sedation affects these parameters. The main objective of the present study was to determined IOP and STT I values inhealthy common buzzards (Buteo buteo).Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty healthy common buzzards were selected for the study following clinical and ophthalmic examinations. Following physical and clinical examinations of all subjects, routine ophthalmologic examinationswere conducted, including reflex examinations (pupillary, palpebral, menace, dazzle) and direct ophthalmoscopy for theeyelids, conjunctiva, cornea, iris, lens, and fundus. All examinations were conducted without anesthesia or sedation whilethe birds were in the dorsal recumbent position, and the results of STT I and IOP were recorded. Both tests were repeatedfor the right and left eyes. The mean ± SE STT I values for the right and left eyes were 12.63 ± 0.51 and 12.43 ± 0.54mm/min, respectively. A comparison between STT I values of the right and left eyes revealed no statistically significantdifferences (P > 0.620). The means and ranges of the TonoVet® IOP results for the right and left eyes were 32.06 ± 1.58and 32.60 ± 1.51 mmHg, respectively. There was no statistically significant...

Photography-based method for assessing fluorescein clearance test in dogs.

BACKGROUND: The fluorescein clearance test (FCT) provides insight into the tear film dynamics. The purpose of this study was to describe an inexpensive and practical method for assessing FCT in dogs, using photography and software analysis, and to assess the retention time of 1 vs. 2 eye drops on the canine ocular surface. METHODS: (i) In vivo - Eight healthy German Shepherd dogs were recruited. Following topical anesthesia with 0.5% proxymetacaine, each eye sequentially received (1 week apart) either 1 drop (35 µL) or 2 drops (70 µL) of 0.5% fluorescein. A Schirmer strip was inserted in the ventral conjunctival fornix for 10 s at the following times: each 10 min for 100 min, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. (ii) In vitro - Schirmer strips were placed for 10 s in contact with microplate wells containing 1 or 2 drops of 0.5% fluorescein. In both experiments, the fluorescein-impregnated Schirmer strips were immediately imaged, and the area and intensity of fluorescein uptake were analyzed with ImageJ software. For the in vitro experiment, images were evaluated by the same examiner (repeatability) or two examiners (reproducibility). RESULTS: Photography-based FCT was easy to perform and showed high repeatability and reproducibility (coefficients of variation ≤2.75%). In vivo, the area and intensity of fluorescein uptake on Schirmer strips were significantly greater at 30 min and 40 min post- fluorescein instillation in the 2 drops vs. 1 drop groups (p ≤ 0.044). Compared to baseline, the residual fluorescein uptake on Schirmer strips was < 5% at 60 min and 90 min in the 1 drop and 2 drops groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Photography-based FCT is a practical and reliable diagnostic tool with various clinical and research applications in veterinary medicine. Instillation of two drops provided greater amount and longer retention on the anesthetized canine ocular surface than a single drop. Fluorescein clearance time of a single drop in dolichocephalic dogs is 60 min.

Schirmer's I, modified Schirmer's I, phenol red thread, and paper point tests: a comparative study for tear production measurement techniques in broiler chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus).

Problems with indoor husbandry and immunological challenges are some of the stressors that broilers may face which can affect production. Infectious diseases can compound the effects of excessive concentrations of ammonia causing respiratory and ocular inflammation and increased lacrimal production in broiler chickens. The objectives of this investigation were to establish normal values of tear production in chicks and compare the practicality of the different methods. Palpebral fissure length (PFL) and tear production were evaluated in Cobb 500 chicks at 5 d old and then at 5 d of age by the following methods: modified Schirmer's test I (mSTT1), phenol red cotton thread tear test (PRCTTT), and standardized endodontic absorbent paper point test (EAPPTT). Ten chicks at the age of 5 and 42 d were evaluated for each method. In addition, at 42 d, when the palpebral fissure permitted, a regular-sized Schirmer tear test I (STT1) was performed in another group of 10 chickens. Overall, PFL and the secretion of the aqueous phase of the tear film increased with age. Mean mSTT1 results were 5.00 ± 1.83 mm and 10.45 ± 2.58 mm for 5- and 42-d-old chicks, respectively. Mean PRCTTT results were 12.37 ± 1.80 mm and 25.58 ± 4.8 mm for 5- and 42-d-old chicks, respectively. Mean EAPPTT results were 7.13 ± 0.72 mm and 12.03 ± 0.92 mm for 5- and 42-d-old chicks, respectively. Mean STT1 for 42-d-old chicks was 11.40 ± 2.60 mm. Results obtained with endodontic paper points showed the lowest coefficient of variation and investigators found the test easier to perform. These values reported for broilers at different ages may be applied in poultry ophthalmology to help the diagnosis of lacrimal production disorders and to detect early disease symptoms that could cause economic losses in poultry production.

Biometric, B-mode and color Doppler ultrasound assessment of eyes in healthy dogs / Avaliação biométrica, ultrassonográfica em modo-B e por Doppler colorido ocular de cães hígidos

B-scan ultrasonography is an important diagnostic tool that allows characterization of internal organ anatomy and, when complemented by Doppler ultrasound, allows vascular hemodynamic assessment, increasing the diagnostic accuracy. Thus, the aim of the present study was the B-scan ultrasound characterization and measurement of the eyeball segments and assessment of the external ophthalmic artery by color and pulsed Doppler. Sixty eyeballs were assessed from 30 dogs of different breeds using an 8.5MHz microconvex transductor. First, biometry was performed by B-scan of the following segments: axial length (M1), anterior chamber depth (M2), lens thickness (M3), lens length (M4), vitreous chamber depth (M5), optical disc length (M6) and optic nerve diameter (M7). Colored Doppler identified the external ophthalmic article and pulsed Doppler assessed its flow, and the following were measured: systolic peak velocity (VPS), final diastolic velocity (VDF), resistivity index (IR) and pulse index (IP). No statistical difference was observed for the biometric values of the eye segments between the right and left eyes (p>0.05). The vitreous chamber depth (M5) was shown to be the biometric variable with greatest bilateral symmetry, varying from 0.79 to 0.87cm and 0.78 to 0.86cm for the right and left eye, respectively. The ophthalmic artery was visualized over the optic nerve towards the eyeball, with flow stained red. There was no significant statistical difference between the Doppler velocimetric values for the ophthalmic artery between the right and left eye of the animals assessed (p>0.05). The mean resistivity index (RI) showed average values equal to 0.63±0.03, bilaterally. The mean base velocity was 17.50cm/s and 18.18cm/s at the systolic peak and 6.21cm/s and 6.68cm/s at the end of the diastole, for the right and left eyes respectively. The anatomic, biometric and hemodynamic characterization using the ultrasound B-scan and the...(AU)

O exame ultrassonográfico modo-B é uma importante ferramenta diagnóstica que permite caracterizar a anatomia interna dos órgãos e, complementada pelo exame modo Doppler, possibilita realizar a avaliação hemodinâmica vascular, aumentando a acurácia diagnóstica. Desta forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização ultrassonográfica e mensuração dos segmentos do bulbo ocular modo-B, assim como a avaliação da artéria oftálmica externa pelo Doppler colorido e pulsado. Foram avaliados 60 bulbos oculares de 30 cães de diferentes raças utilizando transdutor microconvexo de 8,5MHz. Inicialmente foi realizada biometria por meio do exame em modo-B dos seguintes seguimentos: comprimento axial (M1), profundidade da câmara anterior (M2), espessura da lente (M3), comprimento da lente (M4), profundidade da câmara vítrea (M5), comprimento do disco óptico (M6) e diâmetro do nervo óptico (M7). A artéria oftálmica externa foi identificada pelo Doppler colorido e seu fluxo foi avaliado por meio do Doppler pulsado, sendo mensurados: velocidade do pico sistólico (VPS), velocidade diastólica final (VDF), índice de resistividade (IR) e índice de pulsatilidade (IP). Não foi verificada diferença estatística para os valores biométricos dos seguimentos oculares entre os olhos direito e esquerdo (p>0,05). A profundidade da câmera vítrea (M5), mostrou-se a variável biométrica com maior simetria bilateral, variando entre 0,79 a 0,87cm e 0,78 a 0,86cm para o olho direito e esquerdo, respectivamente. A artéria oftálmica foi visibilizada sobre o nervo óptico em direção ao bulbo ocular, com fluxo marcado em vermelho. Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os valores Dopplervelocimétricos da artéria oftálmica entre do olho direito e esquerdo dos animais avaliados (p>0.05). O índice de resistividade (IR) médio evidenciou valores médios sendo igual a 0,63±0,03, bilateralmente. A velocidade basal média foi 17,50cm/s e 18,18cm/s no pico sistólico e 6,21cm/s e 6,68cm/s no...(AU)

Descemetocele no olho esquerdo de equino / Descemetocele in equine left eye

The objective of this report is to describe a case of descementocele resulting from facial paralysis in a male equine of the Brazilian equine breed. The patient was admitted to the Veterinary Center of the Harafah Horse Riding Center, presenting a head trauma and difficulty in locomotion and balance. Through anamnesis and complementary tests, it was reported that the animal had Otitis media due to infection with Coagulase positive Staphylococcus. As a consequence of this disease the animal in question presented a facial paralysis of the left side and with this a paralysis in its eyelids, damaging the lubrication of the left eye of the animal, thus causing ulceration of the penultimate layer of the cornea, evidencing a Descementocele. In view of this, the horse was referred to a treatment with antibiotics and medication support, as a form of treatment. This report emphasizes the importance of a rapid and correct diagnosis of this disease, which was determinant for the establishment of appropriate treatment and recovery of the animal in question.(AU)

Avian ophthalmic peculiarities / Particularidades oftálmicas em aves

Morphology and physiology of bird eyes are similar to mammals; although, there are peculiarities that should be considered for a correct interpretation of an ophthalmic examination. While the ophthalmology of domestic species is already well established, there are gaps to be filled regarding birds, particularly due to the large number of existing species. This literature review consists of a brief contribution regarding peculiarities of anatomy, physiology, and ophthalmic semiotechnique of the avian eye.(AU)

A morfologia e a fisiologia dos olhos das aves são similares àquelas de mamíferos, mas existem particularidades que devem ser consideradas para a correta interpretação do exame oftálmico. Enquanto a oftalmologia de espécies domésticas já é bem estabelecida, ainda há diversas lacunas no que tange às aves, particularmente devido ao grande número de espécies existentes. Este trabalho objetiva realizar uma revisão bibliográfica abrangendo anatomia, fisiologia e semiologia oftálmica de aves.(AU)

Descemetocele no olho esquerdo de equino / Descemetocele in equine left eye

The objective of this report is to describe a case of descementocele resulting from facial paralysis in a male equine of the Brazilian equine breed. The patient was admitted to the Veterinary Center of the Harafah Horse Riding Center, presenting a head trauma and difficulty in locomotion and balance. Through anamnesis and complementary tests, it was reported that the animal had Otitis media due to infection with Coagulase positive Staphylococcus. As a consequence of this disease the animal in question presented a facial paralysis of the left side and with this a paralysis in its eyelids, damaging the lubrication of the left eye of the animal, thus causing ulceration of the penultimate layer of the cornea, evidencing a Descementocele. In view of this, the horse was referred to a treatment with antibiotics and medication support, as a form of treatment. This report emphasizes the importance of a rapid and correct diagnosis of this disease, which was determinant for the establishment of appropriate treatment and recovery of the animal in question.

Biometric, B-mode and color Doppler ultrasound assessment of eyes in healthy dogs / Avaliação biométrica, ultrassonográfica em modo-B e por Doppler colorido ocular de cães hígidos

B-scan ultrasonography is an important diagnostic tool that allows characterization of internal organ anatomy and, when complemented by Doppler ultrasound, allows vascular hemodynamic assessment, increasing the diagnostic accuracy. Thus, the aim of the present study was the B-scan ultrasound characterization and measurement of the eyeball segments and assessment of the external ophthalmic artery by color and pulsed Doppler. Sixty eyeballs were assessed from 30 dogs of different breeds using an 8.5MHz microconvex transductor. First, biometry was performed by B-scan of the following segments: axial length (M1), anterior chamber depth (M2), lens thickness (M3), lens length (M4), vitreous chamber depth (M5), optical disc length (M6) and optic nerve diameter (M7). Colored Doppler identified the external ophthalmic article and pulsed Doppler assessed its flow, and the following were measured: systolic peak velocity (VPS), final diastolic velocity (VDF), resistivity index (IR) and pulse index (IP). No statistical difference was observed for the biometric values of the eye segments between the right and left eyes (p>0.05). The vitreous chamber depth (M5) was shown to be the biometric variable with greatest bilateral symmetry, varying from 0.79 to 0.87cm and 0.78 to 0.86cm for the right and left eye, respectively. The ophthalmic artery was visualized over the optic nerve towards the eyeball, with flow stained red. There was no significant statistical difference between the Doppler velocimetric values for the ophthalmic artery between the right and left eye of the animals assessed (p>0.05). The mean resistivity index (RI) showed average values equal to 0.63±0.03, bilaterally. The mean base velocity was 17.50cm/s and 18.18cm/s at the systolic peak and 6.21cm/s and 6.68cm/s at the end of the diastole, for the right and left eyes respectively. The anatomic, biometric and hemodynamic characterization using the ultrasound B-scan and the Doppler modalities permitted the ultrasonographic and Doppler velocimetric assessment of the eyeball components in dogs of different breeds, and it can be used in ophthalmic clinical routine to identify eye pathologies.

O exame ultrassonográfico modo-B é uma importante ferramenta diagnóstica que permite caracterizar a anatomia interna dos órgãos e, complementada pelo exame modo Doppler, possibilita realizar a avaliação hemodinâmica vascular, aumentando a acurácia diagnóstica. Desta forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização ultrassonográfica e mensuração dos segmentos do bulbo ocular modo-B, assim como a avaliação da artéria oftálmica externa pelo Doppler colorido e pulsado. Foram avaliados 60 bulbos oculares de 30 cães de diferentes raças utilizando transdutor microconvexo de 8,5MHz. Inicialmente foi realizada biometria por meio do exame em modo-B dos seguintes seguimentos: comprimento axial (M1), profundidade da câmara anterior (M2), espessura da lente (M3), comprimento da lente (M4), profundidade da câmara vítrea (M5), comprimento do disco óptico (M6) e diâmetro do nervo óptico (M7). A artéria oftálmica externa foi identificada pelo Doppler colorido e seu fluxo foi avaliado por meio do Doppler pulsado, sendo mensurados: velocidade do pico sistólico (VPS), velocidade diastólica final (VDF), índice de resistividade (IR) e índice de pulsatilidade (IP). Não foi verificada diferença estatística para os valores biométricos dos seguimentos oculares entre os olhos direito e esquerdo (p>0,05). A profundidade da câmera vítrea (M5), mostrou-se a variável biométrica com maior simetria bilateral, variando entre 0,79 a 0,87cm e 0,78 a 0,86cm para o olho direito e esquerdo, respectivamente. A artéria oftálmica foi visibilizada sobre o nervo óptico em direção ao bulbo ocular, com fluxo marcado em vermelho. Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os valores Dopplervelocimétricos da artéria oftálmica entre do olho direito e esquerdo dos animais avaliados (p>0.05). O índice de resistividade (IR) médio evidenciou valores médios sendo igual a 0,63±0,03, bilateralmente. A velocidade basal média foi 17,50cm/s e 18,18cm/s no pico sistólico e 6,21cm/s e 6,68cm/s no final da diástole, para os olhos direito e esquerdo, respectivamente. A caracterização anatômica, biométrica e hemodinâmica utilizando o exame ultrassonográfico modo-B e as modalidades do Doppler permitiram a avaliação ultrassonográfica e Dopplervelocimétrica dos componentes do bulbo ocular nos cães de diferentes raças, podendo ser utilizados na rotina clínica oftalmológica para identificação de patologias oculares.

Potencial evocado visual em cães e ovinos / Visual evoked potential in dogs and sheep

O potencial evocado visual (PEV) é técnica eletrodiagnóstica que permite avaliação das vias visuais. O PEV de 20 cães e 20 ovinos adultos, de ambos os sexos, foram obtidos para estudo normativo. Foram utilizados eletrodos de agulha monopolar posicionados em O1 e O2 (ativos), em Fpz (referência comum) e em Cz (terra). O estímulo foi na forma de flash a 1Hz. Dezessete cães e 17 ovinos foram incluídos no estudo, pois apresentaram potenciais auditivos com boa qualidade técnica. Os resultados da avaliação dos dois olhos foram agrupados, totalizando 34 exames em cada espécie. O achado mais consistente em todos os exames foi uma deflexão eletropositiva, com latência média de 55,4ms em cães (P55) e 63,75ms em ovinos (P63). Outras duas ondas eletronegativas também foram identificadas: N31 e N75 em cães; e N42 e N86 em ovinos. A metodologia utilizada neste estudo permitiu obtenção de potenciais visuais com pequena variabilidade, sendo útil para avaliação de animais com suspeita de alteração nas vias visuais centrais.(AU)

The visual evoked potential (VEP) is an electro-diagnostic technique that allows assessment of visual pathways. The VEP from 20 adult dogs and 20 adult sheep of both gender was obtained for normative study. Monopolar electrode needles were placed in O1 and O2 (active), Fpz (common reference) and Cz (ground). The stimuli were flash at 1Hz. Seventeen dogs and 17 sheep were included in the study because they had auditory potentials with good technical quality. The results from both eyes were grouped, totaling 34 results in each species. The most consistent result in all tests was an electropositive deflection, with a mean latency 55.4ms in dogs (P55) and 63.75ms in sheep (P63). Two negative deflections were also identified: N31 and N75 in dogs, and N42 and N86 in sheep. The methodology used in this study allowed to obtain potential similar to those described in other studies, with little variability, and is useful for evaluation of animals with suspected changes in the central visual pathways.(AU)