Impact of Mediterranean Diet on Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases and Longevity.

The average life expectancy of the world population has increased remarkably in the past 150 years and it is still increasing. A long life is a dream of humans since the beginning of time but also a dream is to live it in good physical and mental condition. Nutrition research has focused on recent decades more on food combination patterns than on individual foods/nutrients due to the possible synergistic/antagonistic effects of the components in a dietary model. Various dietary patterns have been associated with health benefits, but the largest body of evidence in the literature is attributable to the traditional dietary habits and lifestyle followed by populations from the Mediterranean region. After the Seven Countries Study, many prospective observational studies and trials in diverse populations reinforced the beneficial effects associated with a higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet in reference to the prevention/management of age-associated non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, depression, respiratory diseases, and fragility fractures. In addition, the Mediterranean diet is ecologically sustainable. Therefore, this immaterial world heritage constitutes a healthy way of eating and living respecting the environment.

Mediterranean diet as intangible heritage of humanity: 10 years on.

Ten years ago the Mediterranean diet was inscribed into the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. This official recognition of the Mediterranean diet as intangible cultural heritage, and awareness of its significance, has provided us with a measure with which to monitor our path in the field. Indeed, the last ten years has seen several undertakings with varying implications in the years to come. Emphasis on safeguarding the intangible heritage of the Mediterranean diet and activities to avoid possible erosions which may affect it at a national, regional and local level have taken centre stage. Preserving our heritage also recognized the importance of further research and we ask what needs to be focused on over the next ten years. Gradually, several myths and misconceptions associated with the traditional Mediterranean diet have emerged and should be clearly addressed and dispelled, particularly those that label as "Mediterranean" an eating pattern that is not in line with the traditional diet. Going beyond physical health benefits, the Mediterranean diet naturally infuses any reference to 'Sustainability' by pure definition as ideally, sustainable diets are protective and respectful of biodiversity, culturally acceptable, accessible, economically affordable, nutritionally adequate, and safe and healthy. As our 'Regional' Mediterranean diet becomes the base for a global reference diet with all the acknowledged benefits, we agree that 'humanity as a whole' will benefit from its preservation and scientific-based evidence. A true 'intangible cultural heritage of humanity'.

Islas Galápagos, Teoría de la Evolución, Canal de Panamá y Dieta Mediterránea: Fray Tomás de Berlanga / Galápagos Islands, Theory of Evolution, Panama Canal and Mediterranean Diet: Fray Tomás de Berlanga

Fray Tomás de Berlanga (1487-1551) fue un fraile dominico que realizó estudios de geografía, náutica y ciencias naturales. Marchó destinado a América, donde llegaría a ser obispo de Panamá. Viajando hacia Lima, las corrientes marinas le hacen llegar a las Islas Galápagos de lo que informó con detalle al emperador Carlos V. Llevó a cabo un diseño de un paso para mejorar las comunicaciones en el Istmo centroamericano, concretamente en la ruta que, a través del río Chagres, comunicaba ambos mares, el Pacífico o Mar del Sur, con el Atlántico o Mar del Norte. Era el boceto de lo que acabaría siendo el Canal de Panamá. Finalmente, por su gusto por la agricultura y por las innovaciones dietéticas y gastronómicas que introdujo, Fray Tomás de Berlanga es considerado por muchos el patrón de la Dieta Mediterránea. Esta dieta, incorporada a nuestro lenguaje cotidiano, fue declarada, a mediados del año 2010, Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad, en denominación conjunta para España, Grecia, Italia y Marruecos.(AU)

Fray Tomás de Berlanga (1487-1551) was a Dominican friar who studied geography, nautical and natural sciences. He went to America, where he would become bishop of Panama. Traveling towards Lima, the marine currents make him reach the Galapagos Islands, and he informed in detail to Emperor Carlos V. He carried out a design of a step to improve communications in the Central American Isthmus, specifically on the route that, through from the Chagres River, communicated both seas, the Pacific or South Sea, with the Atlantic or North Sea. It was the sketch of what would end up being the Panama Canal. Finally, because of his fondness for agriculture and the dietary and gastronomic innovations that he introduced, Fray Tomás de Berlanga might be considered the patron of the Mediterranean Diet. This diet, incorporated into our everyday language, was declared, in mid-2010, an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, jointly named for Spain, Greece, Italy and Morocco.(AU)

Ancel Benjamin Keys (1904-2004): His early works and the legacy of the modern Mediterranean diet.

Culturally congruent dietary patterns have evolved with geographic and societal traditions and can be traced as far back as pre-Hellenistic Greece. Today, the modern Mediterranean diet (MDiet) is recognized internationally as an anti-obesogenic cardioprotective dietary model consisting of plant-based foods native to the Mediterranean basin, fish, olive oil, and an active lifestyle. With the assumption that obesity and heart disease rates adversely affected life expectancy, the MDiet was identified by Dr Ancel Keys as a primary characteristic among people-groups largely immune to these trends. Following extensive research on how food quality affected human performance, Keys engineered the largest ecologic investigation of dietary habits and their effects on heart disease and longevity known as the Seven Countries Study. A new understanding of how regionally and culturally specific diets affected entire populations led to the introduction of the MDiet to the global public health community. This historiographic portrait of Dr Keys describes his humble beginnings, highlights critical points in his career, discusses his seminal research into diet and culture as protective agents, and details his legacy as the pioneer of the modern MDiet.

Extra-virgin olive oil for potential prevention of Alzheimer disease.

Observational epidemiological studies provide valuable information regarding naturally occurring protective factors observed in populations with very low prevalences of vascular disease. Between 1935 and 1965, the Italian-American inhabitants of Roseto (Pennsylvania, USA) observed a traditional Italian diet and maintained half the mortality rates from myocardial infarction compared with neighboring cities. In the Seven Countries Study, during 40years (1960-2000) Crete maintained the lowest overall mortality rates and coronary heart disease fatalities, which was attributed to strict adherence to the Mediterranean diet. In the French Three-City Study, a ten-year follow-up (2000-2010) showed that higher consumption of olive oil was associated with lower risk of death, as well as protection from cognitive decline and stroke. A large number of population-based studies and intervention trials have demonstrated that the Mediterranean diet is associated with lower prevalence of vascular disease, obesity, arthritis, cancer, and age-associated cognitive decline. Many of these effects are the result of consumption of fruits, seeds, legumes and vegetables but olive oil is the chief dietary fat in Mediterranean countries and the main source of monounsaturated fatty acids, as well as an important source of beneficial polyphenols and other antioxidants. Considering the critical role of vascular factors in the pathogenesis of late-onset Alzheimer disease it seems appropriate to focus on disease modification through proven dietary therapy. The authors base their hypothesis on meta-analyses of epidemiological data, numerous experimental studies, and a comprehensive review of the mechanisms of action of extra-virgin olive oil and its components in the prevention of vascular disease. In addition, extra-virgin olive oil has had positive effects on experimental animal models of Alzheimer disease. We therefore propose that extra-virgin olive oil is a promising tool for mitigating the effects of adverse vascular factors and may be utilized for potential prevention of late-onset Alzheimer disease.

The Mediterranean diet: health, science and society.

The Mediterranean diet (MD) emerged as a healthy food regimen long before it could be recognised which nutrients or foods were responsible for its observed benefits, and it was only in the middle of the last century that the first scientific approach 'The Seven Countries Study' appeared. Epidemiological and anthropological studies of the MD converged, first by investigating at single nutrients or foods, then by adopting the more holistic approach of dietary patterns (DP), and now with a molecular approach. These studies resulted in convincing evidence that a MD decreases the risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality and incidence. A risk reduction of developing type 2 diabetes is probable. Evidence is less stringent for other metabolic diseases and all cancers but from possible to probable for some cancer sites. Although DP showed that the MD has to be considered in its totality, olive oil could have a specific role. Lifestyle factors such as physical activity for energy balance, outdoor life for vitamin D synthesis and conviviality are also probably partly responsible for the health benefits. The MD is a lifestyle well suited for coping not only with personal health but also with wider societal concerns in relation to environment, public health and economy.

The historical development and nutritional importance of olive and olive oil constituted an important part of the Mediterranean diet.

The olive tree (Olea europaea) is widely cultivated for the production of both oil and table olives and very significant because of its economic value. Olive and olive oil, a traditional food product with thousands of years of history, are the essential components of the Mediterranean diet and are largely consumed in the world. Beside of their economical contribution to national economy, these are an important food in terms of their nutritional value. Olive and olive oil may have a role in the prevention of coronary heart disease and certain cancers because of their high levels of monosaturated fatty acids and phenolic compounds. In addition, olives (Olea europaea L.) and olive oils provide a rich source of natural antioxidants. These make them both fairly stable against auto-oxidation and suitable for human health. The aim of this paper is to define the historical development and nutritional importance of olive and olive oil constituted an important part of the Mediterranean diet.

[Traditional diet in Southern Italy, between myth and reality]. / L'alimentazione tradizinale nel Meridione d'Italia, tra mito e realtà.

"Mediterranean diet" is commonly defined as a type of diet based on traditional foods of the Southern Italian regions, assuming that in the past the southern populations enjoyed a balanced and healthy diet. In fact, up to the middle of the twentieth century, widespread poverty in large parts of the population led to malnutrition due to lack of calories and essential nutrients. Only among the upper classes consumption of food was reasonable and respectful of the recommendations of the "Mediterranean diet pyramid". The fact remains that many traditional dishes can be recommended because they are well balanced on nutrients, tasty and appetizing.

The Middle Eastern and biblical origins of the Mediterranean diet.

OBJECTIVE: To place the Mediterranean diet (MedDi) in the context of the cultural history of the Middle East and emphasise the health effects of some of the biblical seven species - wheat, barley, grapes, figs, pomegranates, olives and date honey. DESIGN: Review of the literature concerning the benefits of these foods. SETTING: Middle East and Mediterranean Basin. SUBJECTS: Mediterranean populations and clinical studies utilising the MedDi. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The MedDi has been associated with lower rates of CVD, and epidemiological evidence promotes the benefits of consuming fruit and vegetables. Recommended foods for optimal health include whole grain, fish, wine, pomegranates, figs, walnuts and extra virgin olive oil. The biblical traditional diet, including the seven species and additional Mediterranean fruits, has great health advantages, especially for CVD. In addition to the diet, lifestyle adaptation that involves increasing physical activity and organised meals, together with healthy food choices, is consistent with the traditional MedDi. The MedDi is a manageable, lifestyle-friendly diet that, when fortified with its biblical antecedent attributes, may prove to be even more enjoyable and considerably healthier in combating the obesogenic environment and in decreasing the risks of the non-communicable diseases of modern life than conventional, modern dietary recommendations. The biblical seven species, together with other indigenous foods from the Middle East, are now scientifically recognised as healthy foods, and further improve the many beneficial effects of the MedDi.

Mediterranean nuts: origins, ancient medicinal benefits and symbolism.

OBJECTIVE: To consider historical aspects of nuts in relation to origin and distribution, attributed medicinal benefits, symbolism, legends and superstitions. DESIGN: Review of historical aspects of nuts. SETTING: Mediterranean region. SUBJECTS: The varieties reviewed include almonds, walnuts, hazelnuts, pine nuts and pistachios. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Like other foods, nuts have a wide variety of cultural connections to the areas where they grow and to the people who live there or eat them. History, symbolism and legends reveal the ancient tradition of nuts and how they are related to the lives of our ancestors. Archaeological excavations in eastern Turkey have uncovered the existence of a non-migratory society whose economy centred on harvesting nuts. This shows that nuts have been a staple in the human diet since the beginnings of history. Moreover, since ancient times nuts have been used for their medicinal properties. They also play a role in many old legends and traditions.

The Mediterranean diet: a matter of history, tradition, culture and health.

We can state that unhealthy diets are among the top 10 causes of mortality in Western countries. The Mediterranean diet is gaining popularity because it encourages weight loss, improving the quality of life by offering a variety of healthy and palatable foods. Moreover, it ensures adequate intake of fruits, vegetables, nuts, fish, fibers, legumes, cereals and olive oil, which have been associated with a longer lifespan of people thanks to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Thus the Mediterranean diet could act as therapy in inflammatory diseases including cardiovascular disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and chronic renal failure.

Apuntes sobre la alimentación en la época de Cervantes / Notes on diet during the time of Cervantes

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