Diseases of Africans, an African disease: transformations of quijila between Central West Africa and Minas Gerais, in Brazil, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. / Doenças de africanos, doença africana: transformações da quijila, entre a África centro-ocidental e as Minas Gerais, Brasil, séculos XVII e XVIII.

This article discusses the origin of quijila/kijila in Central West African culture, more particularly in the cultural universe of the Imbangala (Jaga) and the Ambundu and Kimbundu populations who lived in the Portuguese regions of Angola and the Congo in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Following this, it investigates how the concept of quijila was structured, comprehended, and transformed, both in Africa, where it was basically a food prohibition, but whose applications and meanings varied; and in Brazil, to where it was transported in the 1700s, and where it transformed into a disease which attacked blacks, especially Africans of various origins, being framed as such in the Hippocratic-Galen universe characteristic of that time.

Este artigo discute a origem da quijila/kijila na cultura centro-ocidental africana, mais particularmente no universo cultural dos imbangalas (jagas) e das populações ambundos e kimbundos, que viviam nas regiões portuguesas de Angola e do Congo, nos séculos XVII e XVIII. Em seguida, investiga como foi estruturado, compreendido e transformado o conceito de quijila tanto na África, basicamente um interdito alimentar, mas cujos significados e aplicações variam, quanto no Brasil, para onde foi transportado nos Setecentos, transformando-se numa doença que atacava os negros, especialmente os africanos de diversas origens, sendo enquadrada pelos médicos locais no universo da medicina hipocrática-galena vigente na época.

La mirada de Fray Bernardino de Sahagún sobre la enfermedad de naturaleza mística en los indígenas nahuas del S. XVI / The look of Fray Bernardino de Sahagún on the disease of mystical nature in the Nahua Indians of the S. XVI

Del legado historiográfico de los frailes del S. XVI, la obra, Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva España, es la interpretación de la mirada del franciscano Fray Bernardino de Sahagún sobre la información en náhuatl de los sabios ancianos, los códices, los manuscritos de fray Andrés de Olmos y fray Toribio de Benavente “Motolinia”. La presente interpretación resalta el encuentro de dos culturas donde se dio un inevitable intercambio de conocimiento sobre la salud y la enfermedad, que contiene la característica de situarse en una profunda dimensión mística de la cual subyace un distintivo cuidado humanizado indígena (AU)

Enfermedades y terremotos en la Granada del siglo XVIII / Diseases and earthquakes in eighteenth-century Granada

El terremoto de Lisboa de 1755 generó una considerable destrucción en numerosas villas y ciudades de la Península Ibérica. La sociedad se vio conmocionada por el desastre; era necesario comprender el fenómeno para intentar evitar, en la medida de lo posible, futuras destrucciones y actuar con agilidad para promover una pronta recuperación. En este sentido, vinculado con el debate sobre la formación de la Tierra tal y como se conocía en el momento, se desarrollaron numerosas teorías sobre la causa del fenómeno. Desde las posiciones religiosas se conminaba al arrepentimiento, mientras que una protociencia geoló-gica defendía el origen natural del terremoto y, por ende, concluía que era difícil de evitar. No obstante, pese a las disensiones en la comprensión de los seísmos se daba un cierto consenso sobre sus efectos. La destrucción física era más que evidente, pero estos daños urbanísticos parecían estar acompañados por numerosas enfermedades surgidas a raíz del terremoto y documentadas por los diversos poderes locales. Parto así de la obra del cirujano de Uxíjar, Joseph Aparicio Morata, para analizar las diversas formas en las que la medicina del siglo XVIII comprendió los daños que estos fenómenos generaban sobre la naturaleza humana. El mie-do desatado por el desastre podía alterar de tal forma las sustancias humanas que entre sus resultas los abortos, melancolías y delirios eran de esperar. Cuando la tierra se abría surgían de ella numerosos gases tóxicos que, una vez en la superficie, se disipaban e infectaban a las comunidades vecinas. Los efluvios liberados conectaban a su vez con fenómenos astrológicos por su carácter aéreo (AU)

Las enfermedades emergentes y reemergentes: una mirada desde la obra del Dr. Juan Guiteras Gener / Emerging and re-emerging diseases: a look from the work of Dr. Juan Guiteras Gener

RESUMEN Se describen los principales aspectos de la labor del Dr. Juan Guiteras con relación a la sanidad cubana y a los avances de la ciencia de su época. Se presenta la situación higiénico-epidemiológica y las principales actividades de control realizadas bajo su dirección. Se siguió el método histórico-lógico, apoyado en la técnica de la revisión documental. En documentos del Archivo Histórico Provincial José Jacinto Milanés, y en artículos científicos del período, se revisaron informaciones y estadísticas de las principales epidemias ocurridas en Cuba entre 1900 y 1925: viruela, paludismo, fiebre amarilla, poliomielitis, peste bubónica, la gripe de 1918-1919 y la tuberculosis. Estas enfermedades se caracterizaron por una alta morbilidad y mortalidad. La respuesta institucional ante las epidemias fue acertada y oportuna, a partir de los recursos y avances científicos con los que contaban: permitió erradicar la fiebre amarilla (1908), la peste bubónica (1915), la viruela (1923), y disminuir la morbilidad y mortalidad de la gripe, la tuberculosis, la fiebre tifoidea, la poliomielitis y el paludismo. El Dr. Guiteras tuvo una participación decisiva en el control de las epidemias y en la sanidad de la Isla, desde sus altos cargos en el ramo (AU).

ABSTRACT The main aspects of Juan Guiteras Gener's work in relation to Cuban health care and to the scientific advances of his times are described. The hygienic-epidemiological situation of those times and the main control activities carried out under his direction are presented. The historical-logical method was followed, based on documental review technique. Information and statistics of the main epidemics that occurred in Cuba in the period 1900-1925: smallpox, malaria, yellow fever, poliomyelitis, bubonic plague, 1918-1919 influenza, and tuberculosis were reviewed in documents of the Archivo Histórico Provincial José Jacinto Milanés[Provincial Historic Archive Jose Jacinto Milanes] and in scientific articles of the period. Those diseases were characterized by a high morbidity and mortality. The institutional answer toward epidemics was successful and timely, based on the resources and scientific advances then had: it allowed to eradicate yellow fever (1908), bubonic plague (1915), smallpox (1923) and decrease the morbidity and mortality of influenza, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, poliomyelitis and malaria. Doctor Guiteras made a decisive contribution in the control of epidemics and health in the Island, due to his high responsibilities in the field (AU).

Integrated Behavioral Health Care: Reflections of the Past.

Humans have long sought to be provided with optimal health care, and the research continues in the twenty-first century. In the spirit of Galen from 19 centuries ago, empowering the patient's physician remains an important approach in health care. There is an emphasis on primary care and integration of behavioral consultation services in primary care. It remains a work in progress with help from the past and realistic hope for the future.

Salud en Penitenciaria: acerca de un Documento Inédito de la Historia de la Salud en Chile, 1853 / Health in Penitentiary: about an Unpublished Document on the History of Health in Chile, 1853

El presente artículo presenta un documento inédito de la historia republicana de Chile donde se muestra el estado de la Penitenciaría de Santiago, principal centro de reclusión nacional en el siglo XIX y que da a conocer la vida y labor de los reos como, asimismo, del quehacer del personal administrativo.

This article presents an unpublished document of the republican history of Chile showing the state of the Penitentiary of Santiago, the main center of national detention in the nineteenth century and that publicizes the life and work of the ins and outs, as well as the work of administrative staff.

Inpatients at the St. John's General Hospital: Morbidity in Late 19th-Century Newfoundland and Labrador.

This research analyzes the role of the St. John's General Hospital in late nineteenth-century Newfoundland and Labrador using extant admission and discharge records from 17 May 1886 to 30 December 1899. Most individuals were discharged from the hospital as "cured" or "convalescent." Trauma, musculoskeletal issues, and respiratory diseases were the most common reasons for admission, with males significantly more likely to seek care for trauma, sexually transmitted infections, and kidney/bladder issues. Female inpatients were significantly more likely to be admitted for tumours/cancers, anemia, digestive issues, and issues concerning the female anatomy. Notable were the short hospital stays for tuberculosis, indicating the General played an important role before the founding of the St. John's Sanatorium. A snapshot of late nineteenth-century morbidity reveals the complex risks facing citizens of St. John's and beyond who sought care at the General, which played a key role in the rapidly modernizing medical ecosystem.

Linking isotope analysis and paleopathology: An andean perspective.

This paper reviews the significant advances in isotopic investigations in Andean South America and directs scholars to explore new theoretical and analytical directions, specifically the applicability of isotope data to paleopathology. Excellent preservation and large skeletal collections of human remains make the Central Andes ideal for biogeochemical reconstructions and advancements in isotopic methods. Our aims are twofold: first, we present a meta-analysis of stable and radiogenic isotope research in the Central Andes since 1985, and highlight those that combine analyses of isotope ratios and pathological conditions. Second, we discuss useful directions for incorporating stable isotope analysis more explicitly in studies of paleopathology in the Andes more in the future. Principle research foci have described dietary variation and regional population mobility since the 1980s, where early methodological explorations identified significant trends in isotopic variation. For the years 1980-2017, we identified 96 scholarly publications through a meta-data analysis of major peer-reviewed journals, book chapters, and conference proceedings. These demonstrate specific trends in topical and methodological preferences across the Andean region and a shift from 10 publications pre-1997 to 67 in the last 10 years. However, combined isotope and paleopathology studies in this region remain sparse; given the ecological, geological, and cultural complexity of the Central Andes, analyses of pathological conditions in different regions would significantly benefit from the information on diet, mobility, and local ecology that isotope ratios provide. Isotope analysis requires destruction of archaeological tissues, and interpreting isotope data can be complex, but it can also provide unique insights into the pathogenesis of multifactorial conditions and assist differential diagnosis. Therefore, we also discuss research designs for pairing isotopic and paleopathological variables that will allow researchers to better capture disease ecologies in archaeological samples and their variation across different regions, within related sites, and within individual lifespans.

An introduction to advances in Andean South American paleopathology.

In the 20 years since the publication of John Verano's foundational paper "Advances in Paleopathology of Andean South America," paleopathological and bioarchaeological investigations of human skeletal remains in the region have increased dramatically. Today, primary foci have grown to span the identification of disease, detailed reconstructions of biocultural interactions, embodied social experiences, and ancient living worlds. In this special issue, more than a dozen scholars reflect on the state of developments in the scientific analyses of ancient disease, life, and society across the region. For this introductory article, we frame the current state of Andean paleopathology by reviewing key historical contributions beginning in the last century. More recent trends since 1997 are defined via a meta-analysis of the literature. We then highlight current innovations and consider future directions of study. We then close with an overview of the papers comprising this special issue. Each article explores major theoretical, topical, and methodological advances that have transpired since 1997 and charts the course for the next two decades of work - with implications and insights that transcend the Andes and speak to key paleopathological issues around the world.

Advances in paleopathology in context: A focus on soft tissue paleopathology.

Skeletal and mummified remains from South America have had a significant impact on the progress of paleopathological research. In 1997, John Verano synthesized the state of paleopathological research, identifying trends and highlighting future potentials. The goal of this contribution is to consider Verano's observations on advances in soft tissue paleopathology within the context of the development of the field of mummy studies. As his article was published near the midpoint between the present and the early 1970s, when the modern form of mummy studies began to form, considering his observations in this context allows researchers the opportunity to consider how the field has progressed since the late 1990s.

Cranial modification and the shapes of heads across the Andes.

This broad literature review considers advances in the study of cranial vault modification with an emphasis on investigations of Andean skeletal remains over the last two decades. I delimit three broad categories of research, building on Verano's synthesis of the state of Andean paleopathology in 1997. These are associations with skeletal pathological conditions, classification and morphology, and social identity. Progress is noted in each of these areas with a particular emphasis on methodological advances in studying morphology as well as the growth of contextualized bioarchaeology and the incorporation of social theory in the consideration of cranial modification as a cultural practice. The article concludes with avenues for future research on head shaping in the Andes specifically and paleopathology more broadly.

Looking back, looking forward: Paleopathology in Andean South America.

Over the past twenty years, the field of Andean paleopathology has advanced significantly thanks to a new generation of scholars who have been attracted to this region and whose innovative research has expanded our knowledge substantially. The papers in this special issue demonstrate how the field of Andean paleopathology has diversified and grown to become what is today a truly interdisciplinary enterprise involving archaeology, ethnohistory, biological anthropology, geochemistry, medical imaging, and genetics. These studies apply theoretical approaches to research questions that are increasingly innovative and nuanced as well as analytical methods that were in their infancy when I wrote my 1997 survey of the field.

Advances in regional paleopathology of the Southern Coast of the Central Andes.

Because of a rich cultural history and excellent preservation of archaeological materials the south coast of the Central Andes is a region where many anthropological questions can be explored, using the latest methods and techniques. Over the last 20 years, multidisciplinary paleopathological studies have revealed interesting and unanticipated perspectives regarding the lives and cultures of the peoples who inhabited this region in pre-Hispanic times. This paper presents a panorama of these recent investigations, beginning with a review of the data sources - the collections of human remains - available for study, their numbers, preservation, accessibility, strengths and weaknesses. Then follows a revision of recent investigations, presenting new knowledge about temporal trends in human health in the region, including mortality curves, stature achieved in adulthood, porotic hyperososis, cribra orbitalia, linear enamel hypoplasias, dental caries, biochemical analysis, trauma, and violence. This review shows how the knowledge of the history of this region has increased but also the many new questions that have emerged. Hopefully this paper will encourage more investigation, as the collections of human remains from this region are abundant, well documented and well preserved.

Paleopathology and children in the Andes: Local/situated biologies and future directions.

In the decades since Verano (1997) published his foundational piece on Andean paleopathology, scholars have recognized the importance of the bioarchaeology of childhood. Yet, scholarship on ancient childhood in the Andes deemphasizes paleopathology. Nonadult paleopathological data are often employed in large-scale, biocultural studies focused on environmental or political adaptations; however, they can also elucidate children's individual lived experiences and roles in society. To generate culturally-meaningful paleopathological data, we must take a contextualized approach to our analyses and interpretations. Disparate use of chronological age in published datasets makes synthesis across studies problematic, and ethnohistorical and ethnographic data on Andean children demonstrate that developmental age categories, rather than chronological age ranges, are most appropriate. Further, paleopathological data can best inform our investigations when they are combined with related datasets such as those on sex, diet, activity, and mobility. With that in mind, we use the theoretical framework of "local biologies" (and the related "situated biologies"), where biology is viewed as heavily contingent on culturally-specific beliefs and practices and local physical, sociocultural, and political environments (Lock, 1993, 2001; Niewöhner and Lock, 2018). Local biologies approaches can enrich social bioarchaeology and paleopathology to by specifically situating children and their experiences within the ancient Andean world.