Literature review on the implications of decriminalization for the care of drug users in Portugal and Brazil. / Revisão da literatura sobre implicações para assistência de usuários de drogas da descriminalização em Portugal e Brasil.

INTRODUCTION: Substance use problems remain at the core of public concern in countries sharing a common culture and a distinct history like Brazil and Portugal. OBJECTIVE: To describe findings of scientific literature about the implications of drug legislation change for the care of drug users in Brazil and Portugal. METHODS: This is an integrative review of literature that considers inclusion and exclusion criteria, sample selection, analyses and categorization of 21 articles selected that were published in databases PubMed, SciELO and Biblioteca do Conhecimento on-line (B-ON) and included ordinances and laws related to the subject. RESULTS: We observed that production on the repercussions of changes of legislation on care is scarce. Alcohol and tobacco are still a matter of concern in both countries. In Portugal, concerns about heroin-related issues have declined in recent years, but opioids use prevalence rates remain well above those of Brazil. Crack-related problems are a Brazilian reality without parallel in Portugal. In both cases, some actions are in place to change the policy in favor of a reduced repressive approach, with differentiation between users and drug dealers, increased punishment of dealers and reduced punishment of drug users.

Os problemas relacionados ao uso de drogas se mantêm como foco de preocupação em países que têm uma história em comum e trajetórias distintas como Brasil e Portugal. Objetivo: descrever os achados na literatura científica sobre os impactos das mudanças na legislação sobre drogas na assistência a estas pessoas nos dois países. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura, por meio de critérios de inclusão e exclusão, seleção da amostra, análise e categorização dos estudos com a escolha de 21 artigos publicados nas bases PubMed, SciELO e Biblioteca do Conhecimento on-line, mais portarias e leis referentes ao tema. Resultados: Observa-se que é escassa a produção sobre as repercussões das mudanças da legislação para a assistência. Nos dois países, o álcool e o tabaco se mantêm como foco de preocupação. Em Portugal, a preocupação com os problemas relacionados ao uso de heroína diminuiu nos últimos anos, mas as taxas de prevalência do uso de opióides se mantêm muito acima das do Brasil. Os problemas com o crack configuram uma realidade brasileira sem paralelo em Portugal. Em ambos os casos, há iniciativas para a mudança da política em direção à diminuição da abordagem repressiva, com a diferenciação entre usuários e traficantes, o aumento da punição dos traficantes e abrandamento da punição dos usuários.

Revisão da literatura sobre implicações para assistência de usuários de drogas da descriminalização em Portugal e Brasil / Literature review on the implications of decriminalization for the care of drug users in Portugal and Brazil

Resumo Os problemas relacionados ao uso de drogas se mantêm como foco de preocupação em países que têm uma história em comum e trajetórias distintas como Brasil e Portugal. Objetivo: descrever os achados na literatura científica sobre os impactos das mudanças na legislação sobre drogas na assistência a estas pessoas nos dois países. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura, por meio de critérios de inclusão e exclusão, seleção da amostra, análise e categorização dos estudos com a escolha de 21 artigos publicados nas bases PubMed, SciELO e Biblioteca do Conhecimento on-line, mais portarias e leis referentes ao tema. Resultados: Observa-se que é escassa a produção sobre as repercussões das mudanças da legislação para a assistência. Nos dois países, o álcool e o tabaco se mantêm como foco de preocupação. Em Portugal, a preocupação com os problemas relacionados ao uso de heroína diminuiu nos últimos anos, mas as taxas de prevalência do uso de opióides se mantêm muito acima das do Brasil. Os problemas com o crack configuram uma realidade brasileira sem paralelo em Portugal. Em ambos os casos, há iniciativas para a mudança da política em direção à diminuição da abordagem repressiva, com a diferenciação entre usuários e traficantes, o aumento da punição dos traficantes e abrandamento da punição dos usuários.

Abstract Introduction: Substance use problems remain at the core of public concern in countries sharing a common culture and a distinct history like Brazil and Portugal. Objective: To describe findings of scientific literature about the implications of drug legislation change for the care of drug users in Brazil and Portugal. Methods: This is an integrative review of literature that considers inclusion and exclusion criteria, sample selection, analyses and categorization of 21 articles selected that were published in databases PubMed, SciELO and Biblioteca do Conhecimento on-line (B-ON) and included ordinances and laws related to the subject. Results: We observed that production on the repercussions of changes of legislation on care is scarce. Alcohol and tobacco are still a matter of concern in both countries. In Portugal, concerns about heroin-related issues have declined in recent years, but opioids use prevalence rates remain well above those of Brazil. Crack-related problems are a Brazilian reality without parallel in Portugal. In both cases, some actions are in place to change the policy in favor of a reduced repressive approach, with differentiation between users and drug dealers, increased punishment of dealers and reduced punishment of drug users.

Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Restorative Justice in the United States: The Process of Institutionalization and the Roles of Judges.

The legal systems and the judiciary in many countries have been changed and reformed, with the aim of dispensing justice quicker and more effectively. Some reforms have tried a less adversarial approach to resolving legal disputes, for example, Therapeutic Jurisprudence (TJ) and Restorative Justice (RJ). The objective of this article is to describe how institutionalized these movements are in the United States and the roles played by judges in this process. The data collection involved document analysis, observation of court-hearings, and interviews with 13 judges from several judicial areas involved in TJ and/or RJ judicial proceedings in the United States. Data analysis was undertaken using content analysis and the software NVivo. The results provide evidence that (a) these movements are in a process of divergent change implementation; (b) judges who engage with these approaches act as institutional entrepreneurs; and (c) the judges interviewed can be classified into four roles that are complementary in the promotion of TJ/RJ: promoter, author, convener, and maintainer.

The Dangerous Drugs Act Amendment in Jamaica: Reviewing goals, implementation, and challenges.

BACKGROUND: After decades of internal discussion, the Government of Jamaica recently amended its laws to create a regulated and licensed cannabis industry for medical and scientific purposes. The new law also decriminalizes personal possession and use of cannabis; allows cannabis to be used by individuals for religious, medical, scientific and therapeutic purposes; and permits home cultivation of up to five plants. METHODS: We first describe the statutory changes under the Dangerous Drugs (Amendment) Act of 2015 and compare it with other jurisdictions. We provide an analytical framework for understanding how the DDA Amendment affects key populations and achieves its stated goals, drawing on publicly available information and unstructured interviews with non-governmental stakeholders in Jamaica. RESULTS: The Amendment's primary goals are to deliver economic impact and reduce criminal justice costs. A relaxed policy of enforcement toward possession and use seems to have occurred even before the law's passage; after the law's passage, enforcement remains limited. To access medical cannabis under the DDA residents must receive authorization from a certified health professional in Jamaica; tourists may self-declare their medical need; and Rastafarians may grow and exchange non-commercially for religious purposes. CONCLUSION: Internally, many see "ganja" as an industry sorely needed to drive economic growth in Jamaica. Indeed, the potential impacts could be large, especially if Jamaica draws additional tourism or creates a viable export industry. A growing cannabis-related tourism industry seems more realistic. We maintain that policymakers and observers should proceed in an orderly fashion, continuing to identify and resolve remaining uncertainties, initiate new types of data collection, and make decisions based on realistic assessments of potentials for economic impact.

Fundamentos económicos y éticos que desaconsejan la legalización y liberación de la droga / Economic and ethical foundations that advise against legalization and drug release

El análisis desde el ángulo de la economía de los efectos de la legalización de la cadena de producción, comercialización y consumo de droga constituye una contribución importante a la cuestión tratada en este seminario. Importa profundizar este estudio ya que varios economistas referentes de las ideas de la libertad, se han manifestado a favor de la despenalización de toda la cadena de la droga. Tal ha sido el caso de Milton Friedman y Gary Becker, ambos ganadores del Premio Nobel. Tras su posición se alinearon figuras de la política, como Vicente Fox y Fernando Enrique Cardoso y literatos de la categoría de Mario Vargas Llosa.

A system dynamics approach to the study of Colombian coca cultivation and the counter-intuitive consequence of law enforcement.

A large-scale expansion of the Colombian coca cultivation is one of the most revealing signs of a structural change in the illegal cocaine market in the Andean region. From being a modest and domestic production, in the space of five years Colombian coca cultivation supplied a competitive market, capable of substituting almost completely the foreign sources of supply. The purpose of this work is to explore the role and potential of system dynamics (SD) as a modeling methodology to better understand the consequences of drug policy. As a case study, this work tests the hypothesis that the outbreak of Colombian coca cultivations is a consequence of the take down of large cartels, leading to the surge of small drug-trafficking firms called "cartelitos." Using an SD model, and elements from the economic theory of the criminal firm, our work shows how the formation of these small firms might significantly contribute to the configuring of a more competitive domestic coca industry (and hence to a more efficient crime industry). We conclude that SD seems an appropriate dynamic modeling-based approach to address policy issues regarding drug markets. The methodology takes into account the dynamic nature of drug markets and their multi-dimensional responses to policy interventions.

Sustancias consideradas adictivas: prohibición, reducción de daños y reducción de riesgos / Substances considered addictive: prohibition, harm reduction and risk reduction

América Latina es actualmente la región con mayor tasa de homicidios a nivel mundial, y gran parte de los asesinatos están vinculados al denominado crimen organizado, especialmente al narcotráfico. El narcotráfico es producto de la ilegalización de ciertas sustancias, la cual -por lo menos en la actualidad- está basada y legitimada en criterios biomédicos que convierten la producción, comercialización y frecuentemente el consumo de ciertas sustancias consideradas adictivas en "delitos contra la salud". En este texto se analizan en forma sucinta las dos políticas formuladas y aplicadas hasta ahora en términos prohibicionistas y de reducción de daños, considerando el fracaso del prohibicionismo, así como las limitaciones de las propuestas de reducción de daños. Respecto del prohibicionismo se señalan sus múltiples y constantes incongruencias y contradicciones, lo cual implica que tomemos con cautela los reiterados señalamientos sobre su "fracaso". El texto propone la aplicación de una política de reducción de riesgos que incluya no solo los comportamientos de sujetos y grupos, sino también la dimensión estructural tanto en términos económico-políticos como culturales.(AU)

Latin America is currently the region with the highest rate of homicides worldwide, and a large part of the killings are linked to so-called organized crime, especially drug trafficking. The trafficking of drugs is a consequence of the illegality of certain substances which - at least presently - is based in and legitimated by biomedical criteria that turns the production, commercialization and often the consumption of certain substances considered addictive into "offenses against health." This text briefly analyzes the two policies formulated and implemented thus far in terms of prohibition and harm reduction, considering the failure of prohibitionism as well as the limitations of harm reduction proposals. The constant and multiple inconsistencies and contradictions of prohibitionism are noted, indicating the necessity of regarding cautiously repeated comments about its "failure." The text proposes the implementation of a policy of risk reduction that includes not only the behavior of individuals and groups, but also the structural dimension, both in economic-political and cultural terms.(AU)

Sustancias consideradas adictivas: prohibición, reducción de daños y reducción de riesgos / Substances considered addictive: prohibition, harm reduction and risk reduction

América Latina es actualmente la región con mayor tasa de homicidios a nivel mundial, y gran parte de los asesinatos están vinculados al denominado crimen organizado, especialmente al narcotráfico. El narcotráfico es producto de la ilegalización de ciertas sustancias, la cual -por lo menos en la actualidad- está basada y legitimada en criterios biomédicos que convierten la producción, comercialización y frecuentemente el consumo de ciertas sustancias consideradas adictivas en "delitos contra la salud". En este texto se analizan en forma sucinta las dos políticas formuladas y aplicadas hasta ahora en términos prohibicionistas y de reducción de daños, considerando el fracaso del prohibicionismo, así como las limitaciones de las propuestas de reducción de daños. Respecto del prohibicionismo se señalan sus múltiples y constantes incongruencias y contradicciones, lo cual implica que tomemos con cautela los reiterados señalamientos sobre su "fracaso". El texto propone la aplicación de una política de reducción de riesgos que incluya no solo los comportamientos de sujetos y grupos, sino también la dimensión estructural tanto en términos económico-políticos como culturales.

Latin America is currently the region with the highest rate of homicides worldwide, and a large part of the killings are linked to so-called organized crime, especially drug trafficking. The trafficking of drugs is a consequence of the illegality of certain substances which - at least presently - is based in and legitimated by biomedical criteria that turns the production, commercialization and often the consumption of certain substances considered addictive into "offenses against health." This text briefly analyzes the two policies formulated and implemented thus far in terms of prohibition and harm reduction, considering the failure of prohibitionism as well as the limitations of harm reduction proposals. The constant and multiple inconsistencies and contradictions of prohibitionism are noted, indicating the necessity of regarding cautiously repeated comments about its "failure." The text proposes the implementation of a policy of risk reduction that includes not only the behavior of individuals and groups, but also the structural dimension, both in economic-political and cultural terms.

[Substances considered addictive: prohibition, harm reduction and risk reduction]. / Sustancias consideradas adictivas: prohibición, reducción de daños y reducción de riesgos.

Latin America is currently the region with the highest rate of homicides worldwide, and a large part of the killings are linked to so-called organized crime, especially drug trafficking. The trafficking of drugs is a consequence of the illegality of certain substances which - at least presently - is based in and legitimated by biomedical criteria that turns the production, commercialization and often the consumption of certain substances considered addictive into "offenses against health." This text briefly analyzes the two policies formulated and implemented thus far in terms of prohibition and harm reduction, considering the failure of prohibitionism as well as the limitations of harm reduction proposals. The constant and multiple inconsistencies and contradictions of prohibitionism are noted, indicating the necessity of regarding cautiously repeated comments about its "failure." The text proposes the implementation of a policy of risk reduction that includes not only the behavior of individuals and groups, but also the structural dimension, both in economic-political and cultural terms.