Diseño y validación de la escala de Inteligencia Espiritual en la práctica sanitaria, Ica-Perú / Design and validation of the spiritual intelligence scale in health practice, Ica-Peru

INTRODUCCIÓN: La inteligencia espiritual es la única alternativa para humanizar los servicios de salud en los tiempos actuales de crisis; de ahí, que urge la necesidad de cultivarla y desarrollarla en las organizaciones de salud. OBJETIVOS: Diseñar y validar una escala para medir el perfil de inteligencia espiritual en la práctica sanitaria (EIEps), en una muestra de trabajadores de salud de Ica, Perú. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio de diseño de validación de instrumentos documentales de tipo observacional y analítico, en 288 trabajadores de salud, el proceso incluye dos fases: Cualitativa (Creación del instrumento) y cuantitativa (Evaluación de sus propiedades métricas). RESULTADOS: El instrumento consta de 18 items, distribuidos en tres dimensiones, el análisis de fiabilidad presentó un coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach de 0,90; con valores de correlación ítem-total de 0,45 hasta 0,72; el análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró una estructura de tres dominios que explicaba el 54% de la varianza total. El análisis bidimensional demostró correlación significativa (p = 0,00) y directa, entre la Dimensión I (Vivencia espiritual en la práctica), Dimensión II (Pensamiento existencial) y la Dimensión III (Consciencia trascendental). CONCLUSIÓN: La EIEps, presentó una buena consistencia interna, con correlaciones moderadas y significativas entre sus ítems y constituye un instrumento que puede ser usado para medir el perfil de inteligencia espiritual en trabajadores de organizaciones de salud

INTRODUCTION: Spiritual intelligence is the only alternative to humanize health services in the current time of crisis; the urgent need to cultivate and develop it in the health organizations. OBJECTIVES: To design, and validate a scale to measure the profile of spiritual intelligence in health practice (EIEps), in a sample of healths works from Ica, Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A validation design study of observational and analytical documentary instruments was carried out in 288 health workers; the process includes two phases: Qualitative (creation of the instrument) and quantitative (evaluation of its metric properties). RESULTS: The instrument consists of 18 items, distributed in three dimensions; the reliability analysis presented a Cronbach Alpha coefficient of 0.90; with item-total correlation values of 0.45 to 0.72; the confirmatory factor analysis showed a three-domain structure that explained 54% of the total variance. The two-dimensional demostration analysis showed significant (p = 0.00) and direct correlation between Dimension I (Spiritual experience in practice), Dimension II (Existential Thought) and Dimension III (Transcendental Consciousness). CONCLUSION: The EIEps presented a good internal consistency, with moderate and significant correlations between its items and constitutes an instrument that can be used to measure the profile of spiritual intelligence in health organization workers

Emotional intelligence of nursing applicants and factors related to it: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Emotions influence patient care decisions and professional relationships. Emotional intelligence has been proven to predict nursing students' success in clinical practice and academic performance. Scarce amount of studies have assessed the emotional intelligence in the nursing student selection context. OBJECTIVES: To assess the emotional intelligence of applicants to undergraduate (bachelor level) nursing education and the factors related to it. DESIGN: Cross-sectional quantitative study. SETTINGS: The data collection took place in four Universities of Applied Sciences in October 2016. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were nursing applicants (N = 529) who took part in the entrance exams of the four Universities. Overall, 430 applicants (response rate 81%, 75 males) gave permission to access their results for the study's purposes. METHODS: The Rankein Scale measure of emotional intelligence was used. All of the nursing applicants undertook the same electronic entrance exam in supervised computer classrooms. Statistical analysis included the use of two independent samples tests to compare differences in emotional intelligence scores and ANCOVA models to investigate whether background variables explained the observed differences. RESULTS: In this study, nursing applicants' level of emotional intelligence was found to be average (on a scale of below average, average, above average). However, total scores ranged between 102 and 160 (of 160). Approximately 4% of the applicants scored below the minimum score (<130) and therefore failed the emotional intelligence test. A statistically significant difference was found between the pass and fail groups in terms of the total score. Significant differences were also found in the three subscores and in the total score of admitted and not admitted applicants. CONCLUSIONS: Nursing applicants enter their studies with differing EI skills. This finding may have a major impact on how nursing students experience emotions during their studies. More research is needed to establish the use of EI in student selection context.

It must have been burnout: prevalence and related factors among Spanish PhD students

Recent studies in different countries indicate that PhD students are more vulnerable to psychological disorders compared to the general population. No such data are available for the Spanish population. This study addresses this issue by studying prevalence rates and factors related to a common response to prolonged stress such as burnout syndrome. Burnout, emotional abilities, resilience, satisfaction with the dissertation advisor, and sociodemographic data were collected from 305 PhD students. The results indicated that the burnout rates are high in this group, especially for the emotional exhaustion dimension. Different linear regression models explained between 14% and 41% of the overall burnout scores variance and its dimensions. The psychological variables and the satisfaction with the dissertation advisor were the most relevant predictors. Consistent with what has been found in other countries, the evidence found indicates that the mental state of PhD students in Spain is alarming. The results of this study have important implications for the design and implementation of interventions to alleviate this problem

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¿Masculino, femenino, andrógino o indiferenciado? Relación entre el rol sexual, la afectividad y la inteligencia emocional en personas adultas / Male, female, androgynous or undifferentiated? Relationship between the sexual role, affectivity and emotional intelligence in adult population

Resumen Los roles sexuales tradicionales se han ido modificando a la par de cambios sociales y demográficos. El propósito del presente estudio es determinar en qué medida hombres y mujeres se tipifican dentro de un rol masculino, femenino, andrógino o indiferenciado; además de analizar la relación entre el rol sexual, la afectividad positiva y negativa y la inteligencia emocional. Participaron 193 personas entre 18 y 60 años (50.8 % mujeres). Los resultados indican que los rasgos expresivos muestran una relación positiva más alta con inteligencia emocional y con su dimensión de percepción emocional, mientras que los rasgos instrumentales presentan la relación más alta con afectividad positiva, seguida de la inteligencia emocional. En cuanto a la clasificación de roles, se observa que el rol andrógino muestra mayores puntajes en inteligencia emocional y afectividad positiva que los demás roles. A su vez, el rol indiferenciado muestra los menores puntajes en inteligencia emocional y afectividad positiva que los demás roles. A la luz de los resultados y antecedentes de otros estudios, se concluye, en esta muestra específica, que la adopción de un rol sexual andrógino en hombres y mujeres tiene una relación importante con la afectividad positiva e inteligencia emocional.

Abstract Traditional sex roles have been modified along with social and demographic changes. The aim of the present study is to evaluate to what extent men and women are typified within a male, female, androgynous or undifferentiated role, in addition to analyzing the relationship between sexual role, positive and negative affect, and emotional intelligence. One hundred ninety three people between 18 and 60 years old participated (50.8% women). The results indicate that the expressive features show a higher positive relationship with emotional intelligence and with its dimension of emotional perception, while the instrumental features have the highest relationship with positive affectivity followed by emotional intelligence. Regarding the classification of roles, it is observed that the androgynous role, shows higher scores in emotional intelligence and positive affectivity than the other roles. In turn, the undifferentiated role shows the lower scores in emotional intelligence and positive affectivity than the other roles. In light of the results and background of other studies, it is concluded, in this specific sample, that the adoption of an androgynous sexual role in men and women has an important relationship with positive affectivity and emotional intelligence.

Trastorno límite de la personalidad e inteligencia emocional en adolescentes institucionalizados / Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotional Intelligence in Institutionalized Adolescents

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This study analyzed the prevalence of Borderline Personality Disorder between the mentioned collective and the relationship between Emotional Intelligence and this disorder. A total of 61 participants between 13-17 years old, took part in this study. The results showed a important prevalence of borderline symptomatology as well as a negative correlation between Borderline Personality Disorder and general life satisfaction. Results of this study showed that an important prevalence of Borderline Personality Disorder on institutionalized children in the sample used. Furthermore, there would be a link between child abuses as well as child neglect and Borderline Personality Disorder, which would lead to a great emotional discomfort to the person who suffers it

A symptom-based continuum of psychosis explains cognitive and real-world functional deficits better than traditional diagnoses.

BACKGROUND: Patients with psychotic spectrum disorders share overlapping clinical/biological features, making it often difficult to separate them into a discrete nosology (i.e., Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [DSM]). METHODS: The current study investigated whether a continuum classification scheme based on symptom burden would improve conceptualizations for cognitive and real-world dysfunction relative to traditional DSM nosology. Two independent samples (New Mexico [NM] and Bipolar and Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes [B-SNIP]) of patients with schizophrenia (NM: N = 93; B-SNIP: N = 236), bipolar disorder Type I (NM: N = 42; B-SNIP: N = 195) or schizoaffective disorder (NM: N = 15; B-SNIP: N = 148) and matched healthy controls (NM: N = 64; B-SNIP: N = 717) were examined. Linear regressions examined how variance differed as a function of classification scheme (DSM diagnosis, negative and positive symptom burden, or a three-cluster solution based on symptom burden). RESULTS: Symptom-based classification schemes (continuous and clustered) accounted for a significantly larger portion of captured variance of real-world functioning relative to DSM diagnoses across both samples. The symptom-based classification schemes accounted for large percentages of variance for general cognitive ability and cognitive domains in the NM sample. However, in the B-SNIP sample, symptom-based classification schemes accounted for roughly equivalent variance as DSM diagnoses. A potential mediating variable across samples was the strength of the relationship between negative symptoms and impaired cognition. CONCLUSIONS: Current results support suggestions that a continuum perspective of psychopathology may be more powerful for explaining real-world functioning than the DSM diagnostic nosology, whereas results for cognitive dysfunction were sample dependent.

Emotional intelligence scores among three cohorts of pharmacy students before and after completing the University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy's Leadership Degree Option Program.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Report change in Emotional Intelligence Appraisal scores among three cohorts of student pharmacists before and after completing the Leadership Degree Option (LDO) Program within the University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING: The first three cohorts of student pharmacists who elected to enroll in the College's LDO completed the self-administered Emotional Intelligence Appraisal, Me Edition, at the start of the LDO program and again three years later at the end of the program. Paired samples t-test compared differences between mean pre- and post-scores stratified by gender. FINDINGS: A total of 36 students from Cohorts 1, 2, and 3 completed and voluntarily reported their scores of the Emotional Intelligence Appraisal. There was a statistically significant increase in mean overall Emotional Intelligence Appraisal score between the start and end of the LDO (pre = 76.39, post = 81.03, p < 0.0001). Statistical significance remained when stratified by gender. There also were statistically significant differences on various sub-domain scores. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS: We observed a before and after increase in Emotional Intelligence Appraisal scores among three cohorts of pharmacy students who completed a three-year LDO Program in parallel with completing the Doctor of Pharmacy Degree Program. Emotional recognizance and management in oneself and others has potential to build leadership capacity that can be applied in the health-care delivery setting.

Conectividad cerebral en la regulación emocional: la solución de problemas emocionales / Brain connectivity in emotional regulation: the emotional solving problems

La solución de problemas emocionales es un mecanismo de regulación emocional que utiliza estrategias cognitivo-lingüísticas para reducir el impacto afectivo de una situación y lograr un objetivo propuesto. Es considerado un mecanismo saludable junto con la revaluación, a diferencia de la supresión y la rumiación. Estudios con técnicas de neuroimágenes han propuesto áreas cerebrales asociadas al funcionamiento de los diferentes mecanismos de regulación emocional. En este trabajo se propuso investigar los gradientes de conectividad cerebral de sustancia blanca asociados a la solución de problemas emocionales, con el objetivo de proponer una red de conectividad neuronal de este mecanismo de regulación emocional. Para evaluar la efectividad de la solución de problemas emocionales se utilizó una tarea conductual desarrollada recientemente basada en la recuperación semántica esforzada con estímulos de alto impacto afectivo. Participaron del estudio 32 mujeres jóvenes (M= 24,34; DS=5,24). Se obtuvieron coeficientes de correlación de Pearson entre las medidas del porcentaje de acierto de la tarea conductual y la anisotropía fraccional de los fascículos de sustancia blanca de interés. Los resultados proponen un red neuronal de solución de problemas emocionales en la que participarían principalmente el Fascículo Arqueado y Fronto Occipital Inferior del hemisferio izquierdo, cruciales en la implementación de estrategias de carácter léxico y semántico para la disminución del impacto afectivo (AU)

Emotional solving problems is an emotional regulation mechanism that implements cognitive-linguistics strategies to reduce the affective impact in a situation and to accomplish a proposed objective. Together with the reappraisal, it is considered a healthy mechanism, in difference with suppression and rumination. Researches that have used neuroimaging techniques have proposed cerebral areas associated to the functioning of the different emotional regulation mechanisms. The objective of this research was to study the brain connectivity gradients of white matter associated to emotional solving problems, to propose a brain connectivity network of this emotional regulation mechanism. The efficacy of emotional solving problems was measured with a behavioral task recently developed, based on semantic effortful retrieval with high affective impact stimulus. 32 young women (M= 24,34; DS=5,24) participated of the study. Correlations of Pearson were performed between accuracy measures of the behavioral task and fractional anisotropy of the white matter fascicles of interest. The results propose a brain connectivity network of emotional solving problems with the main participation of the Arcuate and Fronto Occipital Inferior fascicles of left hemisphere, both crucial in the implementation of lexical and semantic strategies to the reduction of affective impact (AU)

The effect of relational training on intelligence quotient: a case study / El efecto del entrenamiento en comportamiento relacional sobre el cociente de inteligencia: un estudio de caso

BACKGROUND: Relational training protocols based on Relational Frame Theory (RFT) are showing promising results in increasing intelligence quotient. This case study aimed at analyzing the effect of a training protocol in fluency and flexibility in relational responding on intelligence quotient with a 4-year-old child. METHOD: The child's cognitive and psychomotor development was evaluated before and after the implementation of the training protocol using the McCarthy's Aptitudes and Psychomotricity Scale (MSCA). The training protocol consisted of a multiple-exemplar-training (MET) in relational framing in accordance with COORDINATION (Phases 1 and 2), OPPOSITION (Phase 3 and 4), and COMPARISON (Phases 5 and 6). The MET protocol was implemented in approximately 12 hours throughout five and one half months. RESULTS: The training was effective in establishing relational responding in OPPOSITION and COMPARISON frames as well as in promoting fluency and flexibility in all the three types of trained relations. After this training, the child showed an increase above 1.5 SD in the General Cognitive Index of the MSCA (from 106 to 131). CONCLUSIONS: This case study adds further empirical evidence of the potential of RFT training to improve cognitive abilities and intelligence

ANTECEDENTES: los protocolos de entrenamiento relacional basados en la Teoría del Marco Relacional (TMR) están mostrando resultados prometedores en el incremento del cociente de inteligencia. El objetivo de este estudio de caso fue analizar el efecto de un entrenamiento en fluidez y flexibilidad en comportamiento relacional sobre el cociente de inteligencia en un niño de 4 años. MÉTODO: se evaluó el desarrollo cognitivo y psicomotor del niño a través de las Escalas de Aptitudes y Psicomotricidad de McCarthy (MSCA). La intervención consistió en un entrenamiento relacional en múltiples ejemplos para enmarcar en COORDINACIÓN (Fases 1 y 2), OPOSICIÓN (Fases 3 y 4) y COMPARACIÓN (Fases 5 y 6). El entrenamiento se aplicó en 12 horas aproximadamente durante cinco meses y medio, y resultó eficaz en generar comportamiento relacional para enmarcar en OPOSICIÓN y COMPARACIÓN y en promover fluidez y flexibilidad en los tres marcos relacionales. RESULTADOS: el niño mostró un incremento superior a 1.5 DT en el Índice Cognitivo General del MSCA (de 106 a 131). CONCLUSIONES: este estudio añade evidencia al potencial de los entrenamientos basados en la TMR para mejorar las habilidades cognitivas e inteligencia

Accuracy and generalizability in summaries of affect regulation strategies: comment on Webb, Miles, and Sheeran (2012).

In their examination of the effectiveness of affect regulation strategies, Webb, Miles, and Sheeran (2012) offered the results of a broad meta-analysis of studies on regulatory interventions. Their analysis provides an alternative to our earlier, more focused meta-analysis of the affect regulation literature (Augustine & Hemenover, 2009). Unfortunately, there are a number of errors and omissions in this new meta-analysis that could lead to misconceptions regarding both our previous work and the state of the affect regulation literature. In this comment, we examine the impact of methodological issues, inconsistent inclusion criteria, variance in manipulations, and what we perceive to be a subjective and inconsistent selection of effect sizes on the accuracy and generalizability of Webb and colleagues' estimates of affect regulation strategy effectiveness.

Meta-analytic estimates predict the effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies in the "real world": reply to Augustine and Hemenover (2013).

Augustine and Hemenover (2013) were right to state that meta-analyses should be accurate and generalizable. However, we disagree that our meta-analysis of emotion regulation strategies (Webb, Miles, & Sheeran, 2012) fell short in these respects. Augustine and Hemenover's concerns appear to have accrued from misunderstandings of our inclusion criteria or from disagreements with methodological decisions that are crucial to the validity of meta-analysis. This response clarifies the bases of these decisions and discusses implications for the accuracy and validity of meta-analyses. Furthermore, we show that our findings are consistent with theoretical predictions and previous reviews, and we present new evidence that the effect sizes that we obtained are generalizable. In particular, we demonstrate that our estimates of the effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies reveal how well these strategies predict important emotional outcomes over 1 year.

Social Intelligence as a predictor of loneliness in the workplace

The aim of this research is to examine the relationship between social intelligence and loneliness of academics in the workplace. This study involves 326 (149 female/177 male) academics employed in various universities in Turkey and North Cyprus. The age average of participants is 39.09 years. In this study, the Loneliness at Work Scale (LAWS) and Tromso Social Intelligence Scale (TSIS) have been utilized. The data were analyzed using multiple regression and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient analysis techniques. The findings showed that social information processing, social skills, and social awareness, which are the sub-dimensions of social intelligence, positively explained 26% of social deprivation. Social skills and social awareness positively explained 13% of social companionship. The findings also showed that the social information processing sub-dimension did not meaningfully explain social companionship (AU)

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The influence of emotional intelligence (EI) on coping and mental health in adolescence: divergent roles for trait and ability EI.

Theoretically, trait and ability emotional intelligence (EI) should mobilise coping processes to promote adaptation, plausibly operating as personal resources determining choice and/or implementation of coping style. However, there is a dearth of research deconstructing if/how EI impacts mental health via multiple coping strategies in adolescence. Using path analysis, the current study specified a series of multiple-mediation and conditional effects models to systematically explore interrelations between coping, EI, depression and disruptive behaviour in 748 adolescents (mean age = 13.52 years; SD = 1.22). Results indicated that whilst ability EI influences mental health via flexible selection of coping strategies, trait EI modifies coping effectiveness; specifically, high levels of trait EI amplify the beneficial effects of active coping and minimise the effects of avoidant coping to reduce symptomotology. However, effects were selective with respect to coping style and outcome. Implications for interventions are discussed alongside directions for future research.

Dealing with feeling: a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation.

The present meta-analysis investigated the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation in modifying emotional outcomes as indexed by experiential, behavioral, and physiological measures. A systematic search of the literature identified 306 experimental comparisons of different emotion regulation (ER) strategies. ER instructions were coded according to a new taxonomy, and meta-analysis was used to evaluate the effectiveness of each strategy across studies. The findings revealed differences in effectiveness between ER processes: Attentional deployment had no effect on emotional outcomes (d(+) = 0.00), response modulation had a small effect (d(+) = 0.16), and cognitive change had a small-to-medium effect (d(+) = 0.36). There were also important within-process differences. We identified 7 types of attentional deployment, 4 types of cognitive change, and 4 types of response modulation, and these distinctions had a substantial influence on effectiveness. Whereas distraction was an effective way to regulate emotions (d(+) = 0.27), concentration was not (d(+) = -0.26). Similarly, suppressing the expression of emotion proved effective (d(+) = 0.32), but suppressing the experience of emotion or suppressing thoughts of the emotion-eliciting event did not (d(+) = -0.04 and -0.12, respectively). Finally, reappraising the emotional response proved less effective (d(+) = 0.23) than reappraising the emotional stimulus (d(+) = 0.36) or using perspective taking (d(+) = 0.45). The review also identified several moderators of strategy effectiveness including factors related to the (a) to-be-regulated emotion, (b) frequency of use and intended purpose of the ER strategy, (c) study design, and (d) study characteristics.

Self-concept differentiation and self-concept clarity across adulthood: associations with age and psychological well-being.

This study focused on the identification of conceptually meaningful groups of individuals based on their joint self-concept differentiation (SCD) and self-concept clarity (SCC) scores. Notably, we examined whether membership in different SCD-SCC groups differed by age and also was associated with differences in psychological well-being (PWB). Cluster analysis revealed five distinct SCD-SCC groups: a self-assured, unencumbered, fragmented-only, confused-only, and fragmented and confused group. Individuals in the self-assured group had the highest mean scores for positive PWB and the lowest mean scores for negative PWB, whereas individuals in the fragmented and confused group showed the inverse pattern. Findings showed that it was psychologically advantageous to belong to the self-assured group at all ages. As hypothesized, older adults were more likely than young adults to be in the self-assured cluster, whereas young adults were more likely to be in the fragmented and confused cluster. Thus, consistent with extant theorizing, age was positively associated with psychologically adaptive self-concept profiles.

La evaluación del apego romántico en adolescentes españoles: validación de la versión reducida del Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) / Measuring romantic attachment in Spanish adolescents: Validation of the brief form of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) questionnaire

Este trabajo aborda el desarrollo y validación de una versión abreviada del cuestionario Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) en población adolescente. A través de un muestreo por conglomerados, considerando las aulas de los diferentes centros de enseñanza secundaria de Salamanca como unidades muestrales, se seleccionó la muestra. Finalmente, un total de 598 adolescentes (35.8% varones y 64.2% mujeres), de edades comprendidas entre 15 y 19 años, participaron en el estudio. El principal resultado que se deduce de este trabajo es que la versión reducida del ECR-R (18 ítems) presenta buenos índices de ajuste y fiabilidad para las subescalas de ansiedad y evitación. Asimismo, la correlación encontrada entre los factores latentes fue muy pequeña. En conclusión, la versión reducida de la ECR-R propuesta en este trabajo, además de estar adaptada a población española, es útil para medir el apego romántico en adolescentes (AU)

This work deals with the development and validation of the brief version of the Experiences in Close Relationships–Revised (ECR-R) Questionnaire for adolescents. The sample was selected using a cluster sampling, considering the classrooms of the different schools of Salamanca as sampling units or clusters. Finally, a total of 598 adolescents (35.8% males and 64.2% females) participated in this study. The main result found was that the original version of ECR-R of 36 items was reduced to 18, presenting appropriate levels of adjustment indexes and reliability for the anxiety and avoidance subscales. In addition, the correlation found between the latent factors was very low. In summary, the short-form of the ECR-R adapted to Spanish population and proposed in this study, has shown to be useful to evaluate and measure romantic attachment in adolescents (AU)

Differentiation in the momentary rating of somatic symptoms covaries with trait emotional awareness in patients at risk for sudden cardiac death.

OBJECTIVES: Somatic symptom ratings covary with neuroticism. Yet, people vary from one another in their ability to report their own emotions and differentiate them from bodily sensations. We hypothesized that stressed individuals with greater emotional awareness would experience somatic symptoms in a more differentiated way independent of neuroticism. METHODS: Over 3 days, ecological momentary assessments were completed in 161 patients (72.6% female; mean age, 35 years) with Long QT Syndrome, a genetic disorder associated with increased risk for sudden cardiac death. Patients were paged randomly ten times per day to report their momentary experience of nine somatic symptoms (e.g., headache, sore throat, tiredness) as well as other variables. We examined the intercorrelation between somatic symptom ratings, reasoning that greater intercorrelation among ratings indicated less differentiation. Subjects completed measures of neuroticism, depression, and the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale, a trait measure of the tendency to experience emotions in a complex and differentiated way. RESULTS: Higher Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale-Self scores were associated with greater differentiation in the momentary rating of somatic symptoms (p < .001) in men and women independently. This association did not change after removing variance due to neuroticism, depression, or symptom intensity. CONCLUSIONS: Among individuals stressed by having a life-threatening condition, those who are more emotionally aware report somatic symptoms in a more differentiated way. These findings regarding symptoms largely unrelated to the disorder are consistent with other evidence that medically unexplained physical symptoms, which tend to be nonspecific, may be accompanied by relatively undifferentiated negative affect.

Self-reported emotional dysregulation but no impairment of emotional intelligence in borderline personality disorder: an explorative study.

Emotional dysfunction is a key feature of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) but emotional intelligence (EI) has rarely been investigated in this sample. This study aimed at an investigation of ability EI, general intelligence, and self-reported emotion regulation in BPD. We included 19 patients with BPD and 20 healthy control subjects in the study. EI was assessed by means of the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso emotional intelligence test and the test of emotional intelligence. For the assessment of general intelligence, we administered the multidimensional "Leistungsprüfsystem-Kurzversion." The emotion regulation questionnaire and the difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale were used to assess emotion regulation. The patients with BPD did not exhibit impairments of ability EI and general intelligence but reported severe impairments in emotion regulation. Ability EI was related both to general intelligence (patients and controls) and to self-reported emotion regulation (patients). In conclusion, emotional dysfunction in BPD might primarily affect self-perceived behavior rather than abilities. Intense negative emotions in everyday life may trigger dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies in BPD although patients possess sufficient theoretical knowledge about optimal regulation strategies.

Relación entre inteligencia emocional percibida, personalidad y capacidad empática en estudiantes de enfermería / Relationship between perceived emotional intelligence, personality and empathic behavior in nursing students

El objetivo de este estudio ha sido examinar la relación entre la inteligencia emocional percibida (IEP), los rasgos de personalidad y la empatía en estudiantes de enfermería. Además, se examinó la contribución de la inteligencia emocional y de la personalidad como predictores de las dimensiones de empatía. Para ello fue seleccionada una muestra de 135 estudiantes de enfermería de la Universidad de Jaén (España), quienes contestaron a las escalas de medida TMMS-24, NEO-FFI e IRI. Los resultados indican que existen relaciones positivas entre las dimensiones de la IEP, rasgos de personalidad y empatía. Además, la atención y reparación emocional se muestran como predictores de la implicación empática. En conclusión, los resultados hallados ponen de manifiesto la importancia que, para estos futuros profesionales, tiene el manejo de las propias emociones en relación a la Implicación empática. Se sugiere incluir en la formación de los estudiantes de enfermería, programas destinados al entrenamiento en inteligencia emocional (AU)

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived emotional intelligence (PEI), personality traits and empathy in nursing students. In addition, the contribution of emotional intelligence and personality as predicting factors in the dimensions of empathy was analyzed. In order to carry out the experiment, a sample of 135 nursing student of the University of Jaen (Spain) was selected to answer the TMMS-24, NEO-FFI and the IRI questionnaires. The results indicate a positive relationship between the dimensions of the IEP, characteristics of personality and empathy. In addition, the emotional attention and repair are like good a predicting one of the empathy implication. In sum, the results obtained show the importance of handling one’s emotions in relation to empathy for a career in nursing. In consequence programs for training emotional intelligence would prove useful as part of the curriculum of nursing students