Endocrine Fever.

Fever is usually thought to be of an infectious or inflammatory etiology. In this brief communication, we explore the multifaceted connections between fever and endocrine dysfunction. Impaired resistance to infection often leads to fever in conditions like diabetes and Cushing's syndrome. Additionally, several endocrine disorders, including hyperthyroidism, subacute thyroiditis, carcinoid syndrome, and pheochromocytoma, can manifest as fever. Furthermore, fever can be an adverse effect of various endocrine treatments, such as bisphosphonates and antithyroid drugs. We refer to these scenarios as 'endocrine fever.' Increased awareness of these clinical associations can aid in prompt diagnosis and management of these conditions.

Genetic diagnosis of endocrine disorders in Cyprus through the Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics: an ENDO-ERN Reference Center.

The report covers the current and past activities of the department Molecular Genetics-Function and Therapy (MGFT) at the Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics (CING), an affiliated Reference Center for the European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions (Endo-ERN).The presented data is the outcome of > 15 years long standing collaboration between MGFT and endocrine specialists from the local government hospitals and the private sector. Up-to-date > 2000 genetic tests have been performed for the diagnosis of inherited rare endocrine disorders. The major clinical entities included Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) due to pathogenic variants in CYP21A2 gene and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) type 2 due to pathogenic variants in the RET proto-oncogene. Other rare and novel pathogenic variants in ANOS1, WDR11, FGFR1, RNF216, and CHD7 genes were also found in patients with Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. Interestingly, a few patients with Disorders of Sexual Differentiation (DSD) shared rare pathogenic variants in the SRD5A2, HSD17B3 and HSD3B2 while patients with Glucose and Insulin Homeostasis carried theirs in GCK and HNF1A genes. Lastly, MGFT over the last few years has established an esteemed diagnostic and research program on premature puberty with emphasis on the implication of MKRN3 gene on the onset of the disease and the identification of other prognosis biomarkers.As an Endo-ERN member MGFT department belongs to this large European network and holds the same humanistic ideals which aim toward the improvements of health care for patients with rare endocrine conditions in respect to improved and faster diagnosis.

Laboratory Testing for Endocrine Hypertension: Current and Future Perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Secondary hypertension (SH) is a form of high blood pressure caused by an identifiable underlying condition. Although, it accounts for a small fraction of the overall hypertensive population, detection and management of SH is of utmost importance, because SH phenotypes carry a high cardiovascular risk and can possibly be cured by timely treatment. CONTENT: This review focuses on the endocrine causes of SH, such as primary aldosteronism, Cushing syndrome, thyroid disease, pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, acromegaly, and rare monogenic forms. It discusses current biomarkers, analytical methods, and diagnostic strategies, highlighting advantages and limitations of each approach. It also explores the emerging -omics technologies that can provide a comprehensive and multidimensional assessment of SH and its underlying mechanisms. SUMMARY: Endocrine SH is a heterogeneous and complex condition that requires proper screening and confirmatory tests to avoid diagnostic delays and improve patient outcomes. Careful biomarker interpretation is essential due to potential interferences, variability, and method-dependent differences. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is a superior method for measuring low-concentration hormones and metabolites involved in SH, but it requires expertise. Omics approaches have great potential to identify novel biomarkers, pathways, and targets for SH diagnosis and treatment, especially considering its multifactorial nature.

Occult endocrine disorders newly diagnosed in patients with post-COVID-19 symptoms.

Determination of long COVID requires ruling out alternative diagnoses, but there has been no report on the features of alternative diagnoses. This study was a single-center retrospective study of outpatients who visited our clinic between February 2021 and June 2023 that was carried out to determine the characteristics of alternative diagnoses in patients with post-COVID-19 symptoms. In a total of 731 patients, 50 patients (6.8%) were newly diagnosed with 52 diseases requiring medical intervention, and 16 (32%) of those 50 patients (2.2% of the total) were considered to have priority for treatment of the newly diagnosed disorders over long COVID treatment. The proportion of patients with a new diagnosis increased with advance of age, with 15.7% of the patients aged 60 years or older having a new diagnosis. Endocrine and metabolic diseases and hematological and respiratory diseases were the most common, being detected in eight patients (16%) each. Although 35 of the 52 diseases (67%) were related to their symptoms, endocrine and metabolic diseases were the least associated with specific symptoms. Other disorders that require attention were found especially in elderly patients with symptomatic long COVID. Thus, appropriate assessment and differentiation from alternative diagnoses are necessary for managing long COVID.

Screening/diagnosis of pediatric endocrine disorders through the artificial intelligence model in different language settings.

This study is aimed at examining the impact of ChatGPT on pediatric endocrine and metabolic conditions, particularly in the areas of screening and diagnosis, in both Chinese and English modes. A 40-question questionnaire covering the four most common pediatric endocrine and metabolic conditions was posed to ChatGPT in both Chinese and English three times each. Six pediatric endocrinologists evaluated the responses. ChatGPT performed better when responding to questions in English, with an unreliable rate of 7.5% compared to 27.5% for Chinese questions, indicating a more consistent response pattern in English. Among the reliable questions, the answers were more comprehensive and satisfactory in the English mode. We also found disparities in ChatGPT's performance when interacting with different target groups and diseases, with improved performance for questions posed by clinicians in English and better performance for questions related to diabetes and overweight/obesity in Chinese for both clinicians and patients. Language comprehension, providing incomprehensive answers, and errors in key data were the main contributors to the low scores, according to reviewer feedback. CONCLUSION: Despite these limitations, as ChatGPT continues to evolve and expand its network, it has significant potential as a practical and effective tool for clinical diagnosis and treatment. WHAT IS KNOWN: • The deep learning-based large-language model ChatGPT holds great promise for improving clinical practice for both physicians and patients and has the potential to increase the speed and accuracy of disease screening and diagnosis, as well as enhance the overall efficiency of the medical process. However, the reliability and appropriateness of AI model responses in specific field remains unclear. • This study focused on the reliability and appropriateness of AI model responses to straightforward and fundamental questions related to the four most prevalent pediatric endocrine and metabolic disorders, for both healthcare providers and patients, in different language scenarios. WHAT IS NEW: • The AI model performed better when responding to questions in English, with more consistent, as well as more comprehensive and satisfactory responses. In addition, we also found disparities in ChatGPT's performance when interacting with different target groups and different diseases. • Despite these limitations, as ChatGPT continues to evolve and expand its network, it has significant potential as a practical and effective tool for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Endocrine features of Langerhans cell histiocytosis in paediatric patients: A 30-year review.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare proliferative disorder characterised as an inflammatory myeloid neoplasia. Endocrine manifestations of LCH, particularly central diabetes insipidus (CDI), have been described from the 1940s, through case studies and small cohort analyses. There are limited Australian paediatric data described in recent literature. AIM: To document the incidence of endocrine features in paediatric patients with LCH, treated at a tertiary paediatric centre in Victoria, Australia. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of electronic medical records and oncology database of patients with LCH managed at a tertiary paediatric centre. Patients were excluded if a biopsy did not suggest LCH or if records were incomplete. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-one patients were identified and 141 records of patients diagnosed with LCH over the last 30 years were assessed for endocrinopathies, from diagnosis to last documented follow-up. Mean age at diagnosis was 5 years 8 months. Of these, 15% (n = 21) had CDI, 7% had growth hormone deficiency (GHD) (n = 10) and 8% (n = 11) had more than one endocrinopathy noted during follow-up. Forty percent (n = 57) were pre-pubertal at the time of audit or upon discharge from tertiary services. CONCLUSIONS: Ongoing pituitary assessment, in addition to CDI, is required to detect evolving deficiencies of GHD and gonadotropins as these can be subtle, late or missed. Close follow-up of growth and progression through puberty, even if discharged from tertiary care, is essential.

The experience of diagnosis announcement in rare endocrine diseases: A survey of the French FIRENDO network.

CONTEXT: Diagnosis announcement of a chronic disease is a crucial moment for patients as well as for their families and an important step in the management of severe conditions such as rare endocrine diseases. Little is known of how diagnosis is communicated to patients and families. The FIRENDO network was created by the third French Plan for Rare Diseases, to promote autonomy, care and research on rare endocrine diseases. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to characterize, for the first time, the experience and needs of patients and/or their parents around the announcement of diagnosis to ensure optimal quality of care. METHODS: A quantitative self-administered survey on diagnosis announcement procedures in rare endocrine diseases was launched in April 2017 by the ad hoc FIRENDO thematic working group in collaboration with its 11 partnering patient associations and support groups. The questionnaire was designed and revised by patient support group representatives, adult and pediatric endocrinologists, psychologists and biologists, all expert in rare endocrine diseases. It was made available on the FIRENDO network website and distributed mainly by email with electronic links on their respective websites to members of all affiliated patient support groups. RESULTS: Questionnaires were filled out by 391 patients and 223 parents (median age of patients: 39 years). The following conditions were associated with at least 30 answers: Addison's disease, classical forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), Russell-Silver syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly and craniopharyngioma. Overall, some announcement modalities were judged favorably by patients: physician's empathy, availability and use of clear terms, and presence of family at the time of announcement. However, a lack of psychological care and information documents was reported, as well as some inadequate procedures such as postal mail announcements. CONCLUSION: This work suggests that better knowledge of the patient's experience is useful for improving the diagnosis announcement of rare endocrine disorders. The main recommendations derived from the survey were the need for several announcement visits, information on patient support groups and reference centers, imperatively avoiding impersonal announcement, and the usefulness of a written accompanying document.

Myopathies of endocrine origin: A review for physicians.

Myopathies are a common manifestation of endocrine disorders. Endocrine myopathies are often overlooked while considering differential diagnoses in patients with musculoskeletal symptoms. The hindrance to mobility and the musculoskeletal discomfort owing to these myopathies are important causes of disability and depreciated quality of life in these patients. Endocrine myopathies occur due to the effects of endogenous or iatrogenic hormonal imbalance on skeletal muscle protein and glucose metabolism, disrupting the excitation-contraction coupling. Abnormalities of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and gonadal hormones have all been associated with myopathies and musculoskeletal symptoms. Endocrine myopathies can either be the complication of a secondary endocrine disorder or a presenting symptom of a missed underlying disorder. Therefore, an underlying endocrine abnormality must always be excluded in all patients with musculoskeletal symptoms. This review presents a compilation of various endocrine myopathies, their etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, and treatment protocols.

Endocrine features of primary mitochondrial diseases.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Primary mitochondrial diseases are one of the most prevalent groups of multisystem genetic disorders. Endocrinopathies associated with mitochondrial diseases may have clinical features that are distinct from the more common forms. We provide an overview of mitochondrial disorder genetics and phenotypes, focusing on recent studies regarding identification and treatment of associated endocrinopathies. RECENT FINDINGS: Known endocrine phenotypes of mitochondrial disorders continue to expand, and now include growth hormone deficiency, hypogonadism, precocious puberty, hypoparathyroidism, hypo- and hyperthyroidism, diabetes, and adrenal insufficiency. Recent studies suggest several genotype-phenotype correlations, including those related to nuclear variants. Diagnosis is important, as special considerations should be made in the management of endocrinopathies in mitochondrial patients. Finally, new mitochondrial replacement strategies may soon be available for women interested in preventing mitochondrial disease transmission to offspring. SUMMARY: Patients with multiple endocrinopathies or atypical endocrinopathies should be evaluated for primary mitochondrial disease, as a diagnosis may impact management of these individuals.

Neonatal Endocrine Diseases.

Endocrine diseases are rare and can present very subtly in the neonatal period. Most are diagnosed using newborn screening in the United States; however, some infants may present with false negatives or more subtle findings. Endocrine etiologies should be considered during the management of critically ill infants. This article will give an overview of endocrine emergencies encountered in the neonatal period, including disorders of glucose metabolism, thyroid disorders, adrenal disorders, and pituitary disorders.

Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents with endocrine disorders.

Obesity has become a serious medical condition where many factors can contribute to excess weight gain. The most common type of childhood obesity is simple obesity, which is due to gene-obesogenic environment interaction. Only a minority are due to pathological causes. Secondary causes of obesity, while less common, include these: genetic syndromes, drug-related obesity, as well as endocrine disorders (hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, growth hormone deficiency, hypogonadism, pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia, insulinoma, hypothalamic obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome). Given that some conditions may be treatable, physicians must be aware of obesity due to endocrinopathies and distinguish them from simple obesity, and treat them properly. Although rare among children, early detection of the endocrine cause of obesity leads to reduced morbidity and, in some cases, reduced mortality in these individuals. The aim of this review is to summarize the current findings on obesity-related endocrinopathies in children (illustrated by clinical examples), highlighting aspects of pathogenetic mechanisms, genetics, the clinical diagnosis, growth, body mass index and possible therapeutic approaches. Early detection and correction of endocrine obesity is of paramount importance for obese children who could benefit from timely diagnosis and an improved management of obesity as many disturbances related to obesity can be reversed at the early stage, if weight loss is achieved.

Multi-Branch Attention Learning for Bone Age Assessment with Ambiguous Label.

Bone age assessment (BAA) is a typical clinical technique for diagnosing endocrine and metabolic diseases in children's development. Existing deep learning-based automatic BAA models are trained on the Radiological Society of North America dataset (RSNA) from Western populations. However, due to the difference in developmental process and BAA standards between Eastern and Western children, these models cannot be applied to bone age prediction in Eastern populations. To address this issue, this paper collects a bone age dataset based on the East Asian populations for model training. Nevertheless, it is laborious and difficult to obtain enough X-ray images with accurate labels. In this paper, we employ ambiguous labels from radiology reports and transform them into Gaussian distribution labels of different amplitudes. Furthermore, we propose multi-branch attention learning with ambiguous labels network (MAAL-Net). MAAL-Net consists of a hand object location module and an attention part extraction module to discover the informative regions of interest (ROIs) based only on image-level labels. Extensive experiments on both the RSNA dataset and the China Bone Age (CNBA) dataset demonstrate that our method achieves competitive results with the state-of-the-arts, and performs on par with experienced physicians in children's BAA tasks.

Use of Structured Templates to Improve Completeness of Endocrinology Referrals.

OBJECTIVE: Endocrinology referrals frequently lack important clinical information, which may increase the risk of inefficiency and adverse outcomes. This quality improvement project aimed to improve the completeness of new referrals by utilizing structured referral templates for common endocrine conditions at a large Veterans Health Administration medical center. Our target was of at least a 30% improvement in referral completeness for each condition after the intervention. METHODS: Electronic structured referral templates were designed utilizing existing resources and input from primary care providers and endocrinologists. Essential elements were identified and included in the templates. We conducted a retrospective chart review to compare referrals for 125 patients referred between January 1, 2021 and September 1, 2021 (preintervention) and 125 patients referred between October 1, 2021 and September 30, 2022 (postintervention). Each referral was rated using a scoring system derived from the criteria in the data abstraction tool formulated by the investigators. RESULTS: On average, preintervention referrals included 52% of the essential elements and postintervention referrals included 93%. Improvements in referral scores for each condition all met the prespecified 30% improvement target. The greatest improvement was for the element "type of visit preference." A separate analysis excluding that element showed an average improvement from 64% of essential elements preintervention to 92% postintervention. CONCLUSION: Structured referral templates, designed with the input of primary care providers and endocrinologists and embedded into an electronic referral system, can improve the availability of essential information and increase the quality of referrals. Future work should examine the effect of structured referral templates on efficiency, specialist experience, patient experience of care, and clinical outcomes.

Neurologic Complications of Endocrine Disorders.

OBJECTIVE: This article provides an overview of the neurologic complications of the most prevalent endocrine disorders in adults with an emphasis on relevant neurologic symptoms, signs, and laboratory and neuroimaging findings. LATEST DEVELOPMENTS: Although the mechanisms of many of the neurologic complications discussed here remain unclear, our understanding of the impacts of diabetes and hypothyroidism on the nervous system and muscle, including complications of rapid correction of chronic hyperglycemia, has advanced in recent years. Recent large studies have not demonstrated a convincing association between subclinical or overt hypothyroidism and cognitive decline. ESSENTIAL POINTS: Neurologists must become familiar with the neurologic complications of endocrine disorders not only because they are common and treatable (and often reversible) but also because they may be iatrogenic, as is the case with adrenal insufficiency in the setting of long-term corticosteroid therapy.

Equine Endocrine Disease: Challenges With Case Definition for Research.

Equine endocrine disease is an important area for equine research, requiring an appropriate case definition for inclusion and criteria for exclusion from disease. Defining a case for research may be different from criteria for clinical diagnosis. Further, clinical diagnosis recommendations have been changing regularly, making this area challenging for equine scientists. This review discusses the diagnosis of major equine endocrine diseases, pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, equine metabolic syndrome and insulin dysregulation, focusing on the most appropriate diagnostic methods for research case definitions. Different diagnostic methods, including use of reference intervals and clinical decision limits, will be discussed with their relative merits for use in case definition for research.

Endocrine Disorders in a Newborn with Heterozygous Galactosemia, Down Syndrome and Complex Cardiac Malformation: Case Report.

Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal abnormality diagnosed in newborn babies. Infants with Down syndrome have characteristic dysmorphic features and can have neuropsychiatric disorders, cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal abnormalities, eye problems, hearing loss, endocrine and hematologic disorders, and many other health issues. We present the case of a newborn with Down syndrome. The infant was a female, born at term through c-section. She was diagnosed before birth with a complex congenital malformation. In the first few days of life, the newborn was stable. In her 10th day of life, she started to show respiratory distress, persistent respiratory acidosis, and persistent severe hyponatremia, and required intubation and mechanical ventilation. Due to her rapid deterioration our team decided to do a screening for metabolic disorders. The screening was positive for heterozygous Duarte variant galactosemia. Further testing on possible metabolic and endocrinologic issues that can be associated with Down syndrome was performed, leading to hypoaldosteronism and hypothyroidism diagnoses. The case was challenging for our team because the infant also had multiple metabolic and hormonal deficiencies. Newborns with Down syndrome often require a multidisciplinary team, as besides congenital cardiac malformations they can have metabolic and hormonal deficiencies that can negatively impact their short- and long-term prognosis.

Novel Role of the SIRT1 in Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases.

Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1), a highly conserved NAD+-dependent deacetylase, is a cellular regulator that has received extensive attention in recent years and regarded as a sensor of cellular energy and metabolism. The accumulated evidence suggests that SIRT1 is involved in the development of endocrine and metabolic diseases. In a variety of organisms, SIRT1 regulates gene expression through the deacetylation of histone, transcription factors, and lysine residues of other modified proteins including several metabolic and endocrine signal transcription factors, thereby enhancing the therapeutic effects of endocrine and metabolic diseases. These evidences indicate that targeting SIRT1 has promising applications in the treatment of endocrine and metabolic diseases. This review focuses on the role of SIRT1 in endocrine and metabolic diseases. First, we describe the background and structure of SIRT1. Then, we outline the role of SIRT1 in endocrine and metabolic diseases such as hyperuricemia, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, osteoporosis, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Subsequently, the SIRT1 agonists and inhibitors in the above diseases are summarized and future research directions are proposed. Overall, the information presents here may highlight the potential of SIRT1 as a future biomarker and therapeutic target for endocrine and metabolic diseases.

A one-health approach to identifying and mitigating the impact of endocrine disorders on human and equine athletes.

Endocrinopathies affect multiple species in ever-increasing percentages of their populations, creating an opportunity to apply one-health approaches to determining creative preventative measures and therapies in athletes. Obesity and alterations in insulin and glucose dynamics are medical concerns that play a role in whole-body health and homeostasis in both horses and humans. The role and impact of endocrine disorders on the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems are of particular interest to the athlete. Elucidation of both physiologic and pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in disease processes, starting in utero, is important for development of prevention and treatment strategies for the health and well-being of all species. This review focuses on the unrecognized effects of endocrine disorders associated with the origins of metabolic disease; inflammation at the intersection of endocrine disease and related diseases in the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems; novel interventions; and diagnostics that are informed via multiomic and one-health approaches. Readers interested in further details on specific equine performance conditions associated with endocrine disease are invited to read the companion Currents in One Health by Manfredi et al, JAVMA, February 2023.