Surgical management of a case of double optic disc pits with maculopathy.

BACKGROUND: Double optic disc pit maculopathy is a rare entity. It can be difficult to manage because of excessive leakage and chronic maculopathy. PURPOSE: To describe surgical management in a case of double optic disc pits with maculopathy. SYNOPSIS: A 42-year-old male presented with double optic disc pits with macular detachment in the left eye. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/60, N12. Preoperative OCT showed the presence of two disc pits. The macular region had large retinoschisis and subretinal fluid (SRF) with a central foveal thickness of 879 microns and loss of the ellipsoid zone. A shallow communication from the temporal aspect of the disc to the submacular area was also noted. Among the options of observation, laser photocoagulation, and surgery, the patient opted for surgical management. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: A standard-3 port 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy was done. After staining the ILM with brilliant blue, ILM peeling was done with the help of forceps and Finesse loop. ILM flaps were inverted over to cover the optic disc pits and sealed with a drop of fibrin glue. Next, 20% SF6 gas was used for tamponade. Pre- and post-surgery parameters such as visual acuity and OCT were evaluated. POSTOPERATIVE EVALUATION: After 6 weeks, left eye BCVA was 20/40 with OCT showing reduced SRF and reduced intraretinal schisis with a foveal thickness of 546 microns. At 3 months of follow-up, the vision in the left eye had improved to 20/30 with further reduction in the retinoschisis and foveal thickness of 482 microns. HIGHLIGHTS: In this interesting case, we demonstrate a unique way of sealing the defect surgically by vitrectomy and inverted ILM flap with fibrin glue over the disc pits. Despite sealing the maculopathy is slow to resolve. VIDEO LINK: https://youtu.be/s9nY5UPe1s4.

Multicolour® imaging findings in residual emulsified silicone oil bubbles.

PURPOSE: To describe the findings of Multicolour® imaging (MCI) in the presence of residual emulsified silicone oil (SiO) droplets. CASE REPORT: A 62-year-old man had previously undergone surgery for a traumatic retinal detachment in the left eye, followed by SiO removal a few years ago. His presenting visual acuity was 6/60 in the left eye and intraocular pressure was 12 mm Hg. Clinical examination revealed the presence of emulsified residual SiO droplets in the vitreous cavity, 'inverse hyperoleon' at the posterior pole and pathological myopia. Retinal findings were documented using optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), and MCI on the Spectralis (Heidelberg, Germany) machine. RESULTS: On OCT, the emulsified SiO droplets in the preretinal and intraretinal layers appeared as multiple hyperreflective dots with no underlying shadowing trapped beneath the residual posterior hyaloid or preretinal membrane in the region of the posterior staphyloma. Residual emulsified silicon oil on the retinal surface appeared to have greenish hue on the composite multicolour image and was hyperreflective on individual blue and green reflectance images and dark and hyporeflective on the infrared reflectance image. The SiO droplets appeared dark and were difficult to identify on the short wavelength FAF image. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this case report describes the MCI findings in emulsified SiO droplets for the first time.

COMPARISON OF AIR VERSUS PERFLUOROPROPANE INTRAOCULAR TAMPONADE COMBINED WITH VITRECTOMY FOR THE TREATMENT OF MACULAR HOLE IN HIGH MYOPIA.

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy of air and perfluoropropane (C3F8) with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in highly myopic macular holes (HMMHs) and explore the factors related to surgical prognosis. METHODS: A retrospective comparison of a consecutive series of HMMHs undergone vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane peeling. According to tamponade type, they were divided into air group and C3F8 group, which were further divided into subgroups based on hole diameter or axial length (AXL). Anatomical and functional outcomes were compared between tamponades. Related factors of initial closure rate and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were analyzed by logistic regression. RESULTS: The baseline characteristics in air group (n = 63) and C3F8 group (n = 37) were similar except the age of air was older ( P = 0.019). The mean follow-up period was 17.16 ± 17.97 months. After surgery, the initial closure rate of air group was 85.7% and that of C3F8 group was 83.7% ( P = 0.780). And the initial closure rate showed no difference between tamponades in the same subgroup classified by hole diameter or AXL (all P > 0.05). Postoperative BCVA improved significantly in both groups ( P < 0.001), but no difference between them ( P = 0.793). Logistic regression showed that age, minimum linear diameter, and AXL were risk factors of initial closure rate, and preoperative BCVA was the only factor associated with postoperative BCVA (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: With a long-term follow-up of HMMH, we found air had a similar tamponade effect anatomically and functionally compared with C3F8. Air may also be a good choice for patients with HMMH.

Evaluation of long-term outcomes associated with extended heavy-silicone oil use for the treatment of inferior retinal detachment.

To evaluate macular status with optical coherence tomography (OCT) in eyes that underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and heavy-silicone oil (HSO) endotamponade for the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with inferior breaks. Twenty eyes of 20 patients who have RRD with inferior breaks included in the study. Oxane HD was used as an intraocular tamponade for all surgeries. Postoperatively, anatomic reattachment, macular status using OCT imaging, and any long-term complications were evaluated. The mean age was 60.4 ± 11.2 years (range, 37-83). The duration of HSO endotamponade was 15.3 ± 11.0 months (range, 6-48) with some postoperative complications such as HSO emulsification, intraocular pressure elevation, and epiretinal membrane (ERM) formation. Mean follow-up time was 19.5 ± 10.5 months (range, 10-59) after HSO removal or ERM surgery. Primary reattachment was achieved in 90% of eyes and the success rate was 100% with further interventions. Ellipsoid zone (EZ) was continuous in 13 of 20 eyes in which OCT imaging performed as well as the fellow eye. PPV and heavy-silicone oil injection for the treatment of eyes with RRD from inferior break(s) have a good long-term EZ continuity. ERM formation and its removal do not affect EZ.

REPORT ON AMNIOTIC MEMBRANE FOR SURGERY OF PERSISTENT MACULAR HOLE.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the results of 3 cases with persistent macular holes (MH) treated by 23-gauge vitrectomy, extension of internal limiting membrane peeling, a human amniotic membrane (hAM) plug insertion into the subretinal space through MH and expanding gas endotamponade. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY: The diagnosis of persistent MH in three patients was unilaterally confirmed using SD-OCT. In the first patient a primary MH was present. In the second patient a secondary MH occurred after cystoid macular edema because of central retinal vein occlusion. The third patient suffered with sustained atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the foveola several years before the development of MH. All patients were females. The first two patients underwent reoperation four months after the primary surgery, the third patient underwent two previous pars plana vitrectomies (PPVs), the last one 11 years ago. First a revision of the periphery and removal the vitreous was performed, the ILM peeling zone was extended. The plug from the dehydrated hAM was prepared. Subsequently, the hAM plug was inserted via MH subretinally. Standard cryopexy behind the sclerotomies, fluid-for-air exchange, and vitreous cavity tamponade with expansile gas were performed. RESULTS: Two patients achieved MH closure, in the third patient surgery significantly reduced cystoid edema of the MH edges and the MH diameter, but the MH remained open. All patients experienced a mild improvement in visual acuity and loss of disturbing visual phenomena. CONCLUSION: We have confirmed that hAM plug insertion is feasible for persistent MH even of large sizes. It is essential to orient the basal membrane of the plug towards the neurosensory part of the retina and the chorionic side to the RPE due to growth factors but also for the concavity of the plug towards the RPE. It is possible that the use of tamponade with perfluoropropane (C3F8) is preferable to tamponade with sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). The time of reoperation approximately 3-4 months after the first failed vitrectomy can be considered optimal.

OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF POSTERIOR SEGMENT STICKY HEAVY SILICONE OIL.

PURPOSE: To describe unique optical coherence tomography observations of adherent preretinal heavy silicone oil after removal. METHODS: Retrospective observational review of files and optical coherence tomography scans of patients who had pars plana vitrectomy with heavy silicone oil. We investigated the possible precipitating preoperative and intraoperative factors and the association with postoperative epiretinal membrane and cystoid macular edema. RESULTS: Forty-one eyes from 39 patients were involved. Two characteristic sticky silicone oil structures were identified in 33 patients (80%): variably reflective macrodroplets (bubbles) and hyperreflective microdroplets (dots). The main contributing variable was the tamponade duration. Other notable associations included postoperative epiretinal membrane and cystoid macular edema formation. Surgical interventions including heavy liquid did not show a strong predilection to their development. We reported two novel findings of sticky prefoveal macrodroplets in five patients and intravitreal macrodroplets and microdroplets casting shadows on the underlying retina in four patients. CONCLUSION: This study confirms previously reported optical coherence tomography observations of sticky emulsified silicone oil remnants after removal. This is the first report of two distinctly different optical coherence tomography appearances after heavy silicone oil removal. The variability in size and reflectivity may be attributed to the amount and nature of the induced inflammatory reaction.

Anterior "beaded" emulsification as a late complication of heavy silicone oil in retina surgery.

We report 2 cases of emulsified silicone oil with a "beaded" appearance adherent to the posterior capsule as a long-term complication of heavy silicone oil tamponade in retina surgery. One case demonstrated mobile beaded opacity that has not been described in the literature previously. This heavy silicone oil complication might cause symptoms similar to posterior capsular opacity. Nd:YAG posterior capsulotomy can be considered as a treatment.

An in-vitro study of subretinal perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL) droplets and the physics of their retention and evacuation.

PURPOSE: To investigate the physics associated with the retention and removal of subretinal perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL), as inspired by a series of anecdotal cases of spontaneous 'disappearance' of subretinal PFCL. METHODS: The profiles of subretinal PFCL in situ from published OCT images were studied and compared with that of PFCL droplets resting on a hydrophilic surface in vitro. A mathematical model based on Sampson's and Poiseuille's formula was developed to explain how evacuation of subretinal PFCL without aspiration could occur. RESULTS: The mathematical model suggested that in vivo subretinal PFCL can completely evacuate in less than a second via a 41-guage retinal hole. Perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL) droplets in situ subretinally substantially varied in their aspect ratios (from 0.28 to 2.71) and their contact angles with the retinal pigment epithelium (from 98° to 155°). Conversely, PFCL in vitro had aspect ratios and contact angles close to 1 and 150° respectively. CONCLUSION: This study showed evidence that stretching of the retina to accommodate subretinal PFCL occurs, which might be responsible for the varied profile of the droplets and resultant forces that can cause retinal holes, and spontaneous evacuation of large PFCL droplets. By filling the vitreous cavity with PFCL, a small retinotomy alone might allow spontaneous evacuation without the need for aspiration.

Intraocular Lens Opacification Following Silicone Oil Endotamponade.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To report cases with intraocular lens (IOL) opacification following silicone oil (SO) endotamponade. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Medical charts of 32 eyes with IOL opacification were evaluated retrospectively. All eyes had rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and had a history of previous hydrophilic acrylic IOL implantation. All patients underwent vitrectomy with SO endotamponade. Clinical features of all cases and the results of histochemical evaluation of explanted IOLs were reported. RESULTS: The mean duration of SO endotamponade was 4.6 ± 2.0 months. The mean follow-up was 67.0 ± 23.5 months. The interval between phacoemulsification surgery and IOL opacification was 27.4 ± 18.3 months. With the exception of two eyes, all IOL opacification was detected during the follow-up period after SO removal. IOL exchange was performed in 12 eyes (37.5%). Histochemical analysis revealed significant calcification mostly on the surface of explanted IOL optics. CONCLUSION: Vitreoretinal surgeons should be aware of that some hydrophilic IOLs may have the potential of opacification following SO endotamponade. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2021;52:37-43.].

Central retinal artery occlusion after Descemet membrane reposition by intracameral air: A case report.

PURPOSE: To report a case of central retinal artery occlusion after Descemet membrane reposition by intracameral air. METHODS: An otherwise healthy 60-year-old woman presented with white mature cataract in her left eye. Ocular exam of both eyes was within normal limits. After an uneventful topical phacoemulsification, a moderate-grade striate keratopathy and non-planar Descemet membrane detachment was noted on first postoperative day, which was confirmed on anterior segment optical coherence tomography. The Descemet membrane was repositioned within 24 h of cataract extraction by intracameral air tamponade (pneumatic descematopexy) under topical anesthesia, and partial air release was done after 2 h. The patient was evaluated for decreased immediate postoperative vision of perception of light. RESULTS: After pneumatic descematopexy, the stromal edema relatively cleared. The intraocular pressure before releasing the intracameral air was 38 mmHg and antiglaucoma medication was started. Dilated fundus exam showed retinal pallor and a cherry-red spot over the macula. A diagnosis of central retinal artery occlusion was confirmed, and thorough systemic workup was done. Systemic investigations were within normal limits. The patient was managed conservatively, but the final visual acuity remained at 1/60. CONCLUSION: Central retinal artery occlusion is not a reported complication after pneumatic descematopexy for Descemet membrane detachment management. The possible mechanism could be sudden increase in intraocular pressure due to pupil block by air, and thus, ocular surgeries with use of intracameral air for prolonged duration warrants close monitoring of intraocular pressure and its subsequent management.

NECROSIS OF THE RETINA AND UVEAL TRACT SECONDARY TO EXPANDING GAS TAMPONADE.

PURPOSE: To present a case of retinal and uveal necrosis caused by expanding gas tamponade after pars plana vitrectomy. METHODS: Single case report. RESULTS: An otherwise healthy 66-year-old woman underwent pars plana vitrectomy with intended 20% sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tamponade for macular hole repair of her pseudophakic left eye. She developed intractable nausea, emesis and increasing left eye pain in association with gas expanded to totally fill the left eye, just hours after surgery. Extremely elevated intraocular pressure was lowered with a successful paracentesis but recurred within a few hours. She then underwent vitrectomy evacuation of all vitreous cavity gas, reformation of the anterior chamber, and silicone oil placement, normalizing intraocular pressure. Three weeks later, the left eye had no light perception, and devitalization of the retina, choroid, and iris was evident. CONCLUSION: We present a case of blindness and intraocular tissue dissolution/disorganization after vitrectomy with intended 20% SF6. To our knowledge, this is the most detailed report of the under-recognized complication of expanding gas tamponade. Institutions hosting vitrectomy surgery should consider enacting a formal "Time Out" that requires all team members to witness accurate fractionation of potentially expansile gas. In the event of acute postoperative glaucoma in such eyes, a single small volume paracentesis cannot be relied upon to protect against continued gas expansion.

UNEXPLAINED VISUAL LOSS AFTER GAS TAMPONADE FOR MACULA-ON RETINAL DETACHMENT: Incidence and Clinical Characterization.

PURPOSE: To identify the incidence rate and the clinical characteristics of unexplained visual loss after gas tamponade for primary macula-sparing rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. METHODS: Retrospective longitudinal analysis of all subjects undergoing vitrectomy with gas for primary macula-on rhegmatogenous retinal detachment from 2010 to 2019. Outcome was the unexplained visual loss evaluated after gas absorption, defined as a loss of vision to less than 20/200 without evident causes. The diagnostic workup was reviewed. RESULTS: Nine eyes with unexplained visual loss of 357 surgeries were found. The incidence proportion was 2.52 new cases every 1,000 eyes affected by macula-on rhegmatogenous retinal detachment treated with gas per year. All subjects had an absolute central scotoma, with a median postoperative visual acuity of 20/1,600 (counting fingers). Structural findings were consistent with an axonal damage; all eyes had microcystoid macular edema and reduced thickness of both macular ganglion cell and retinal nerve fiber layers. No photoreceptor structural damages were noted. CONCLUSION: The incidence of unexplained visual loss after gas tamponade for primary macula-on rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is 2.52 new cases every 1,000 eyes per year. This rare complication, which findings are suggestive of an axonal damage within retinal ganglion cells, remains a serious and unexplained concern for vitreoretinal surgeons.

Efficacy of Manual Hemostasis for Percutaneous Axillary Artery Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Removal.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of peripheral vascular disease has led to the re-emergence of percutaneous axillary vascular access as a suitable alternative access site to femoral artery. We sought to investigate the efficacy and safety of manual hemostasis in the axillary artery. METHODS: Data were collected from a prospective internal registry of patients who had a Maquet® (Rastatt, Germany) Mega 50 cc intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABP) placed in the axillary artery position. They were anticoagulated with weight-based intravenous heparin to maintain an activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) of 50-80 seconds. Anticoagulation was discontinued 2 hours prior to the device explantation. Manual compression was used to achieve the hemostasis of the axillary artery. Vascular and bleeding complications attributable to manual hemostasis were classified based on the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 (VARC-2) and Bleeding Academic Research Consortium-2 (BARC-2) classifications, respectively. RESULTS: 29 of 46 patients (63%) achieved axillary artery homeostasis via manual compression. The median duration of IABP implantation was 12 days (range 1-54 days). Median compression time was 20 minutes (range 5-60 minutes). There were no major vascular or bleeding complications as defined by the VARC-2 and BARC-2 criteria, respectively. CONCLUSION: Manual compression of the axillary artery appears to be an effective and safe method for achieving hemostasis. Large prospective randomized control trials may be needed to corroborate these findings.

The effect of silicone oil presence time on macular and choroidal thickness with macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of silicone oil (SiO) on macular thickness (MT) and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in patients with macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) undergoing pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this prospective study, 70 eyes of 70 patients who received SiO tamponade for the treatment of macula-off RRD were treated with PPV and a 5000-cSt SiO endotamponade followed by subsequent SiO removal. MT and SFCT were measured 1 day before and 3 months after SiO removal using spectral-domain optical tomography (SD-OCT) and enhanced depth imaging optical tomography (EDI-OCT). The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the length of time that the SiO was present: group 1 (3-6 months), group 2 (6-9 months), and group 3 (9-18 months). RESULTS: A total of 70 eyes of 70 patients with a mean age of 57.22±9.83 years (range: 30 years to 75 years) were included in the SiO (5000-cSt) study. SiO was extracted after a mean duration of 8.67±5.33 months (range, 3-18 months) after PPV. In the 1st group, BCVA increased from 1.83±0.32 log MAR before PPV to 0.85±0.41 log MAR at 3 months after silicone removal (P<0.001). In the 2nd group, BCVA increased from 1.76±0.38 log MAR before PPV to 0.86±0.48 log MAR at 3 months after silicone removal (P<0.001). In the 3rd group, BCVA increased from 1.89±0.28 log MAR before PPV to 1.08±0.63 log MAR at 3 months after SiO removal (P=0.001). There was no statistically significant change in MT in the difference values of each group. As the length of SiO presence in the eye increased, significant thinning was observed on measurement of SFCT. Differences in the SFCT values were -14.91µm, -18.76µm, and -51.50µm in groups 1, 2, and 3 respectively (P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: A significant decrease in macular and choroidal thicknesses after SiO removal was observed. Presence of SiO endotamponade for 9 months was associated with subfoveal choroidal thinning and decreased final visual acuity in eyes undergoing RRD surgery. SD-OCT and EDI-OCT may be recommended for the treatment and follow-up of patients with complications caused by the use of SiO tamponade.

First Reported Case of Skin Necrosis Due to Prolonged Mechanical Compression After Transradial Catheterization.

We present a patient under triple-antithrombotic therapy who underwent prolonged mechanical compression after radial intervention; the subsequent necrosis at the access site required surgical repair.

Submacular perfluorocarbon liquid: long-term follow-up.

PURPOSE: To report the long-term follow-up of patients with inadvertent retained submacular perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL) bubbles after vitrectomy surgery. BACKGROUND: PFCL has unique chemical and physical features which facilitate displacement of subretinal fluid from central toward periphery allowing intraoperative reattachment of the mobile retina and manipulation of the anterior part of the detached retina without performing drainage retinotomy. Despite these advantages, PFCL droplets may be inadvertently retained in the submacular space. METHODS: A retrospective case series study was conducted. We reviewed 1224 consecutive patients who had undergone primary pars plana vitrectomy at one vitreoretinal center operated by single surgeon (Hammouda Ghoraba). Chart review was performed to identify patients and procedural factors that could predispose to retained submacular PFCL with anatomical and functional outcomes with follow-up at least 18 months. RESULTS: The retina was completely attached in 97% of eyes where PFCL was used after one or two vitrectomy surgeries. Submacular PFCL was found in 12 (0.98%) eyes. There was no statistical difference between perfluorodecalin and perfluoro-n-octane as regards retention rate. The possible risk factors associated with submacular retention of PFCL phenomenon are the presence of post-equatorial retinal breaks in six patients (50%) and large retinal break (2-3 clock hours) in three patients (25%). CONCLUSIONS: Submacular PFC migration occurs in nearly 1% of cases when it is used. It occurred in cases of RRD with post-equatorial or large breaks. Using perfluoro-n-octane or perfluorodecalin had no statistical difference. Different behaviors of submacular PFC droplets occurred. Some cases of small submacular PFC droplets maintained fair VA for a long period.