Enfoque hacia el uso de energías alternativas en establecimientos de atención médica / Approach to the use of alternative energies in medical care facilities

Introducción: El tema del cambio climático y sus efectos, en la salud, educación y transporte, es un tema emergente, que pretende la optimización del consumo y la eficiencia energética. Esta investigación se plantea como objetivo,la caracterización del uso y aprovechamiento de energías, en establecimientos de atención médica de la región capital durante el año 2022, considerando la distribución energética, eficiencia y fuentes primarias de energía utilizadas en este país. Métodos: Se trata de una investigación descriptiva, transversal y prospectiva,a través del análisis cuali-cuantitativo, con el uso de informantes clave quienes consideran importante la iluminación natural en los espacios y el mayor aprovechamiento energético en áreas como la quirúrgica y consulta externa. Resultados: Surge el uso de la energía solar, eólica e hidráulica como recursos energéticos aprovechables, así como la sostenibilidad y la mantenibilidad en el diseño y rediseño de infraestructuras hospitalarias. Los tipos de energías utilizados en Venezuela, siguen correspondiendo ala hidráulica y combustibles fósiles, se conoce la tecnología e implementación de paneles solares para la mejoría del cambio climático, la huella del carbono, el uso de energías verdes y reducción de combustibles fósiles. Su aceptación depende de regulaciones y la concientización energética como elementos fundamentales para el cambio.

Introduction: The issue of climate change and itseffects, in health, education and transportation, is an emergingissue, which aims at the optimization of energy consumption andefficiency. e objective of this research is to characterize the useand exploitation of energy in health care facilities in the capitalregion during the year 2022, considering the energy distribution,efficiency and primary energy sources used in this country.Methods: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional and prospectiveresearch, through qualitative-quantitative analysis, with the useof key informants who consider important the natural lightingin the spaces and the greater use of energy in areas such assurgery and outpatient care. Results: The use of solar, windand hydraulic energy emerged as usable energy resources, aswell as sustainability and maintainability in the design andredesign of hospital infrastructures. The types of energy used inVenezuela continue to correspond to hydraulics and fossil fuels; the technology and implementation of solar panels is known forthe improvement of climate change, the carbon footprint, theuse of green energy and reduction of fossil fuels. Their acceptancedepends on regulations and energy awareness as fundamental elements for change.

El reciclaje: Hecho significativo del valor ambiental desde el entorno educativo y su influencia en la salud / Recycling: a significant fact of environmental value from the educational environment and its influence on health

El reciclaje, la reutilización y la reducción en el consumo, es la demostración más concreta de una toma de conciencia en el ser y su papel protagonista en los procesos transformadores de nuestra realidad como especie. En este sentido, vemos que inculcar conocimientos en el área, desde las más jóvenes generaciones, hasta nuestros ancianos, puede lograr positivos cambios para la salud general, tanto del planeta, como del ser humano, siendo el propósito de la investigación conocer la importancia del reciclaje como un hecho significativo para exaltar el valor ambiental en los estudiantes. En cuanto al apartado epistemo­metodológico, se trabajó bajo el paradigma interpretativo, con un método fenomenológico­hermenéutico, usando la observación participante y la entrevista en profundidad, como técnicas de recolección de información, las cuales se aplicaron a un sujeto informante del aula de 4to año, siendo éste seleccionado por ser el más adecuado para el estudio. La técnica de análisis fue reducciones fenomenológicas a los extractos más importantes de la información, la cual fue proporcionada por el sujeto informante durante la entrevista, donde surgieron las categorías que se desglosaron en un cierre eidético que dio a conocer las ideas de la esencia verdadera del pensamiento del informante, así como también se hizo un giro hermenéutico, el cual logró proporcionar sentido a lo que se expresó en la investigación, como un aporte del investigador para dar visión a todo aquello en lo que se puede ir más allá del proceso investigativo(AU)

Recycling, reuse and reduction in consumption is the most concrete demonstration of an awareness of being and its leading role in the transforming processes of our reality as a species. In this sense, we see that instilling knowledge in the area, from the youngest generations, to our elders, can achieve positive changes for the general health, both of the planet and of the human being, the purpose of the research being to know the importance of recycling as a significant fact to exalt the environmental value in students. As for the epistemological-methodological section, we worked under the interpretive paradigm, with a phenomenological-hermeneutic method, using participant observation and in-depth interview, as information collection techniques, which were applied to an informant subject from the classroom of 4th year, this being selected for being the most suitable for the study. The analysis technique was phenomenological reductions to the most important extracts of the information, which was provided by the informant subject during the interview, where the categories emerged that were broken down into an eidetic closure that revealed the ideas of the true essence of the informant's thought, as well as a hermeneutical turn, which managed to provide meaning to what was expressed in the investigation, as a contribution of the researcher to give vision to everything in which one can go beyond the investigative process(AU)

Eficiência energética em sistemas de saneamento básico sob a perspectiva do nexo água, energia e alimentos / Energy efficiency in basic sanitation systems from the perspective of the water-energy nexus

Segundo a organização Aliança para Economizar Energia (ASE), o consumo de energia elétrica em sistemas de saneamento é de aproximadamente 3% do que é gerado em todo o mundo e no Brasil, de acordo pesquisas realizadas no setor, o que representa o terceiro maior custo em empresas prestadoras de serviços de saneamento (públicas e privadas), precedido somente pelo custo com mão de obra própria e terceirizada. Dessa forma esse trabalho através da metodologia exploratória-explicativa teve como principal objetivo analisar o consumo energético em sistemas de abastecimento de água e de esgotamento sanitário sob o enfoque do nexo água-energia-alimentos. Para isso, foram coletados dados de empresas em cinco estados brasileiros, com principal base de dados os Relatórios de Sustentabilidade. No Brasil, a principal fonte de geração de energia elétrica é de hidroelétricas (considerada fonte renovável) entretanto ainda há considerável fração oriunda de termoelétricas e outras fontes não sustentáveis, especialmente em períodos de estiagem. Nesse sentido, ampliar as fontes geradoras e a eficiência energética é uma necessidade emergente. Em sistemas de saneamento, o consumo de energia elétrica está relacionado principalmente ao consumo em unidades de bombeamento para abastecimento de água permitindo o alcance das pressões estabelecidas por norma, e a manutenção da potabilidade após tratamento. Em sistemas de esgotamento sanitário a energia elétrica é utilizada na coleta e transporte do efluente gerado para tratamento. Diante desse contexto, a racionalidade do nexo água-energia-alimentos corrobora o entendimento de que o consumo de energia elétrica em sistemas de saneamento possui uma relação de interdependência, propiciando mitigar os trade-offs entre setores envolvidos. Isto pode ocorrer por meio de medidas para redução de perdas em sistemas de abastecimento de água, bem como, com o uso de novas tecnologias que permitam a redução do consumo energético ou a própria de geração de energia em sistemas de saneamento, o nexo água-energia-alimentos permite a compreensão de que o uso eficiente e consciente de energia elétrica propicia uma relação onde as sinergias entre os setores sejam promotoras de saúde pública e impulsionem a sustentabilidade na utilização dos recursos hídricos. Através da realização do estudo foi possível obter parâmetros sobre o consumo de energia elétrica nas empresas pesquisadas, proporcionando dessa forma em colaboração com o nexo água- energia-alimentos a análise do emprego, bem como investigação de ações para redução e produção de energia elétrica por meio de tecnologias já adotadas ou com perspectiva para adoção. O Brasil passa atualmente por um momento de transição energética, diante desse contexto a pesquisa realizada corrobora com a compreensão que a sustentabilidade no setor de energia elétrica somente será alcançada mediante a diversificação das fontes produtoras, priorizando sobretudo fontes renováveis e o setor de saneamento possui relevante potencial, ainda pouco explorado para colaborar efetivamente e diretamente com a ampliação sustentável do setor.

According to the organization Alliance to Save Energy (ASE), the electricity consumption in water and sanitation systems is approximately 3% of what is generated worldwide and in Brazil, acoording to research carried out in the sector which represents the third largest cost in companies providing sanitation services (public and private), preceded only by the cost of own and outsourced labor. The main objective of this study, through exploratory methodology, was to analyze the energy consumption in water supply and sanitary sewage systems under the perspective of the water-energy-food nexus. To this end, data were collected from water and sanitation companies in five Brazilian states, with the main database being the Sustainability Reports. In Brazil, the main source of electric power generation is hydroelectric (considered a renewable source). However there is still a considerable fraction coming from thermoelectric plants and other non-sustainable sources, especially in periods of drought. In this sense, expanding the generation sources and increasing energy efficiency is an emerging need. In water supply systems, the consumption of electricity is mainly related to the consumption of pumping units for water supply, allowing the achievement of pressures established by standard, and the maintenance of potability after treatment. In sewage systems, electricity is used in the collection and transport of the effluent generated for treatment. Within this context, the rationality of the water--ood nexus corroborates the understanding that electricity consumption in water and sanitation systems has an interdependent relationship, allowing for the mitigation of trade-offs among the sectors involved. This can occur through measures to reduce losses in water supply systems, as well as the use of new technologies that allow the reduction of energy consumption or the generation of energy itself in water and sanitation systems. The nexus allows the understanding that the efficient and conscious use of electricity provides a relationship where the synergies between the sectors promote public health and boost sustainability in the use of water resources. By carrying out the study, it was possible to obtain parameters on the consumption of electric energy in the companies surveyed, thus providing, in collaboration with the water-energy-food nexus, the analysis of employment, as well as investigation of actions to reduce and produce electric energy by through technologies already adopted or with prospects for adoption. Brazil is currently going through a moment of energy transition, in this context the research carried out corroborates the understanding that sustainability in the electricity sector will only be achieved through the diversification of production sources, prioritizing above all renewable sources and the sanitation sector has relevant potential, still little explored to collaborate effectively and directly with the sustainable expansion of the sector.

Optimization of energy consumption per kg of pure meat by electrical and thermal systems in broiler chicken farms / [Otimização do consumo de energia por kg de carne pura por meio de sistemas térmicos em granjas de frangos de corte]

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of electrical and thermal systems optimization on energy consumption in broiler farms. Experiments were conducted in 4 different climates (cold, hot, dry, and temperate) with four treatments (4 broiler farms in each region) and 5 iterations (5 rearing periods per farm) on the Ross 308 strain of broiler chicken in a completely randomized basic design. The results showed that the solutions applied in cold and dry climates had a significant effect on reducing energy consumption (P<0.05). In the hot climate, although the reduction in energy consumption was observed after the application of the solutions, the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Also, the application of solutions in temperate climates created a significant difference in the specific amount of thermal energy consumption per kilo of meat and total energy (P<0.05). Overall, the results of the present experiment showed that optimizing the electrical and thermal systems of broiler houses could reduce energy consumption in all climates.(AU)

O presente estudo foi realizado para investigar o efeito da otimização de sistemas elétricos e térmicos no consumo de energia em fazendas de frangos de corte. Foram realizadas experiências em 4 climas diferentes (frio, quente, seco e temperado) com quatro tratamentos (4 granjas de frangos de corte em cada região) e 5 iterações (5 períodos de criação por granja) na cepa Ross 308 de frangos de corte em um projeto básico completamente aleatório. Os resultados mostraram que as soluções aplicadas em climas frios e secos tiveram um efeito significativo na redução do consumo de energia (P<0,05). No clima quente, embora a redução no consumo de energia tenha sido observada após a aplicação das soluções, a diferença não foi estatisticamente significativa (P>0,05). Além disso, a aplicação de soluções em climas temperados criou uma diferença significativa na quantidade específica de consumo de energia térmica por quilo de carne e energia total (P<0,05). Em geral, os resultados do presente experimento mostraram que a otimização dos sistemas elétricos e térmicos das casas de frangos de corte poderia reduzir o consumo de energia em todos os climas.(AU)

Diseño de dietas alimentarias para soldadores y paileros a partir de su gasto energético / Design of food diets for welders and smiths based on their energy expenditure

RESUMEN Introducción: el desempeño laboral en algunos puestos de trabajo, determina un alto nivel de carga física por parte de los trabajadores, por lo que se impone la necesidad de disponer de una adecuada dieta alimentaria para mantener la salud física y mental. Objetivo: se desarrolló una investigación para diseñar una dieta alimentaria para soldadores y paileros a partir del gasto energético en actividades laborales. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio de campo que partió de una muestra no probabilística de soldadores y paileros de la Empresa Industrial Ferroviaria José Valdés Reyes. Se ejecutó un procedimiento que permitió la determinación de la dieta alimentaria de los trabajadores a partir del gasto energético de las actividades que desarrollan. Se aplicaron ciertas técnicas de observación directa, entrevistas, tormenta de ideas, medición directa de variables fisiológicas y ecuaciones para el cálculo del gasto energético. Resultados: se diseñaron tres variantes de dietas ajustadas al gasto energético de tres puestos de trabajo de la mencionada empresa. Conclusiones: se espera que la aplicación de las dietas diseñadas contribuya a mantener una buena salud de los trabajadores de esos puestos de trabajo (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: the working performance of certain jobs determines a high level of physical load from the part of the workers, for what the necessity is imposed of having an appropriate food diet to preserve the physical and mental health. Objective: to design a food diet for welders and smiths starting from the energy expense in working activities. Materials and methods: a field study was carried out starting from a probabilistic sample of welders and smiths from the Industrial Railroad Enterprise Jose Valdes Reyes. A procedure was performed allowing to determine the energy expenditure of the activities they develop. Several techniques like direct observation, interviews, brain storm, direct measure of physiological variable and equations were used to calculate the energy expenditure. Results: three diet variants were designed adjusted to the energy expenditure of the three working places of the before mentioned enterprise. Conclusions: it is expected the application of the designed diets will contribute to keeping good health of the workers in those working places (AU).

Evaluation method of athletes' special physical fitness based on internet of things / Método de avaliação da adequação física especial dos atletas baseado na internet das coisas / Método de evaluación de la aptitud física especial de los atletas basado en la internet de las cosas

ABSTRACT Special physical fitness plays an important role in sports skills, improving athletic performance and preventing injuries. Based on the Internet of Things (IoT), the method of assessing athletes' specific physical fitness is studied using the linear acceleration energy estimation model. After relevant research on the athletes' real training environment, a real-time monitoring platform is designed. Besides, the MQVA algorithm is proposed, and the simulation experiment is designed. Finally, the accuracy of several algorithms is verified by the practical method of evaluating the application. The verification results show that the precision of the algorithm and the model achieve the expected results. An evaluation model is proposed for individual athletes of the training effect based on the energy consumption rate; for multi-athletes, the indicators used are the progress of energy transfer. This model is compared and verified employing examples. The results show that the evaluation model is accurate and reliable. This investigation is part of the contents of the investigation of the physical fitness training system of the potential advantage project in China. It can provide a theoretical basis for coaches to adopt effective special physical training approaches and methods.

RESUMO A aptidão física especial tem um papel importante no domínio das habilidades esportivas, melhorando o desempenho atlético e prevenindo as lesões. Baseado na Internet das Coisas (IoT), o método de avaliação de aptidão física específica dos atletas é estudado usando o modelo de estimativa de energia de aceleração linear. Após uma pesquisa relevante sobre o ambiente de treinamento real dos atletas, é projetada uma plataforma de monitoramento em tempo real adequada para treinamento de atletas. Além disso, o algoritmo MQVA é proposto e é projetado o experimento de simulação. Finalmente, a precisão de vários algoritmos é verificada pelo método prático de avaliação da aplicação. Os resultados da verificação mostram que a precisão do algoritmo e o modelo alcançam os resultados esperados. Propõe-se um modelo de avaliação do efeito de formação baseado na taxa de consumo de energia para atletas individuais. Para multi-atletas se usam os indicadores de avaliação do progresso da transferência de Energia. Este modelo é comparado e verificado por meio de exemplos. Os resultados mostram que o modelo de avaliação é preciso e confiável. Esta investigação faz parte dos conteúdos da investigação do sistema de formação de aptidão física do projeto potencial de vantagem na China. O mesmo pode fornecer uma base teórica para que os treinadores adoptem abordagens e métodos de formação física especial eficazes.

RESUMEN La aptitud física especial tiene un papel importante en el dominio de las habilidades deportivas, mejorando el desempeño atlético y previniendo las lesiones. Basado en la Internet de las Cosas (IoT), el método de evaluación de aptitud física específica de los atletas es estudiado usando el modelo de estimativa de energía de aceleración lineal. Después de una importante investigación sobre el ambiente de entrenamiento real de los atletas, es proyectada una plataforma de monitoreo em tiempo real adecuada para entrenamiento de atletas. Además de eso, el algoritmo MQVA es propuesto y es proyectado el experimento de simulación. Finalmente, la precisión de varios algoritmos es verificada por el método práctico de evaluación de la aplicación. Los resultados de la verificación muestran que la precisión del algoritmo y el modelo alcanzan los resultados esperados. Se propone un modelo de evaluación del efecto de formación basado en la tasa de consumo de energía para atletas individuales. Para multi-atletas se usan los indicadores de evaluación del progreso de la transferencia de energía. Este modelo es comparado y verificado por medio de ejemplos. Los resultados muestran que el modelo de evaluación es preciso y confiable. Esta investigación hace parte de los contenidos de la investigación del sistema de formación de aptitud física del proyecto potencial de ventaja en la China. El mismo puede proporcionar una base teórica para que los entrenadores adopten abordajes y métodos de formación física especial eficaces.

Energy efficiency in maize crops in different regions of Brazil / Eficiência energética na cultura do milho cultivado em diferentes regiões brasileiras

Assessment of energy efficiency (EE) enables the evaluation of the sustainability of agrosystems, as well as decision-making regarding reduction in production costs and environmental pollution and even to increase production in a sustainable way. In this context, the objective of this study was to assess energy efficiency in maize in different regions of Brazil. For this purpose, 32 areas of maize crop distributed across the major producing states and regions were assessed. Energy inputs and outputs of agricultural operations and/ or agricultural inputs were calculated by multiplying the amount used by their calorific value or energy coefficient at each stage of production. Energy efficiency was calculated as the ratio between the total output energy and the total input energy during the production process. For every megajoule (MJ) of energy consumed in the production of second-crop maize and first-crop maize seasons, 9.9 and 8.7 MJ respectively of renewable energy were produced in the form of grain. In both maize cropping seasons, most of the energy use was attributed to fertilizers, herbicides and fuel. To be representative the evaluation of energy efficiency of the maize crop should be performed in different Brazilian cultivation regions, as it will represent different edaphoclimatic and management conditions spread over the national territory within an agricultural year(AU)

A avaliação da eficiência energética (EE) pode evidenciar a sustentabilidade dos agrossistemas e a tomada de decisões relativas à redução dos custos de produção, poluição do ambiente e até mesmo aumento de produção de forma sustentável. Diante deste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência energética na cultura do milho em diferentes regiões brasileiras. Para isso, foram avaliadas 32 áreas de milho distribuídas pelos principais estados das regiões produtoras desta cultura. As entradas e saídas de energia das operações agrícolas e/ou insumos utilizados foram calculadas pela multiplicação da quantidade utilizada pelo seu poder calorífico ou coeficiente energético em cada etapa de produção. A eficiência energética foi obtida pela razão entre a quantidade de energia total de saída e o consumo total de energia durante o processo produtivo. Para cada 1,0 MJ de energia consumida na produção de milho safrinha e safra, produziu-se respectivamente 9,9 e 8,7 MJ de energia renovável, na forma de grãos desta cultura. Os principais gastos energéticos foram com fertilizantes, herbicidas e combustível. A avaliação da eficiência energética na cultura do milho para ser bem representativa deve ser realizada em diferentes regiões brasileiras de cultivo, pois assim representará diferentes condições edafoclimáticas e de manejo espalhadas pelo território nacional dentro de um ano agrícola.(AU)

Efectos del entrenamiento de intervalos de alta intensidad en altitud simulada. Revisión sistemática / Effects of high-intensity interval training at simulated Altitude. Systematic review

Introducción: en la actualidad, los entrenadores buscan la manera de mejorar las capacidades físicas de los atletas mediante diferentes estrategias de entrenamiento, como la exposición constante o intermitente a la altitud y el entrenamiento de intervalos de alta intensidad. Objetivo: Revisar la literatura actual y describir los efectos sobre el organismo del entrenamiento de intervalos de alta intensidad en altitud simulada en sujetos sedentarios, físicamente activos y entrenados. Resultados: el número de artículos revisados evidencia que, en hipoxia simulada en cámara hipobárica o normobárica (n=13) o máscara de simulación de altitud (n=1), todos utilizaron intensidades altas (n=13) a submáximas (n=1). Los participantes de las investigaciones fueron mujeres con obesidad sedentarias (n=3), hombres y mujeres físicamente activos (n=9) y sujetos entrenados (n=3). El tiempo de intervención de los estudios fue de 3 a 12 semanas, con una altitud simulada de 1824 a 4500 m.s.n.m. Se observaron efectos beneficiosos sobre la composición corporal, aptitud cardiorrespiratoria, aumentos en hemoglobina, eritropoyetina, consumo energético, fuerza máxima concéntrica e isométrica, fuerza absoluta y mejor tolerancia al ejercicio (percepción del esfuerzo). Conclusiones: La combinación de entrenamientos de intervalos de alta intensidad, combinado con una exposición en altitud simulada, puede evidenciar mejoras significativas en el rendimiento cardiorrespiratorio, así como en aspectos de composición corporal, lo que permitiría una mejor predisposición a intensidades más elevadas de actividad y ejercicio físico.

Introduction: Today, coaches are looking for ways to improve athletes' physical abilities through different training strategies, such as constant or intermittent exposu-re to altitude and high intensity interval training. Objective: To review the current literature and describe the effects on the body of simulated high-intensity interval training at altitude in sedentary, physically active, and trained subjects. Results: the number of articles reviewed evidences that, in simulated hypoxia in hypobaric or normobaric chamber (n = 13) or altitude simulation mask (n = 1), all used high intensities (n = 13) to submaximal (n = 1). The research participants were women with sedentary obesity (n = 3), physically active men and women (n = 9), and trained subjects (n = 3). The intervention time of the studies was 3 to 12 weeks, with a simulated altitude of 1824 to 4500 meters. Beneficial effects on body composition were observed, as well as cardiorespiratory fitness, increases in hemoglobin, erythro-poietin, energy consumption, concentric and isometric maximum strength, absolute strength and better exercise tolerance (perception of effort). Conclusions: The combination of high intensity interval training combined with a simulated altitude exposure can show significant improvements in cardiorespiratory performance, as well as in aspects of body composition, which would allow a better predisposition to higher intensities of activity and physical exercise.

Analysis of PV Systems Installed in Paraná

HIGHLIGHTS Comparative study of the operation of eight real cases of systems installed in Paraná. There is a convergence between the values estimated by the Atlas and the ones calculated. It was possible to identify the cities that presented the greatest figures of merit.

Abstract With the development of renewable energies in the world, there is also an increase in solar photovoltaic systems globally. In Brazil, and in the state of Paraná, there is an exponential growth of this form of energy generation, which causes the necessity to study the performance of the installed systems. Therefore, this article analyzed eight photovoltaic systems installed in the state of Paraná, under the aspect of figures of merit parameters, through calculations of final yield, performance ratio and capacity factor. In addition, the calculated values were compared to the values estimated by the Solar Energy Atlas of the State of Paraná. As a result, the largest average differences in final yield, between the calculations and the Atlas, were found in the cities of Cascavel, while the smallest were observed in Goioerê.

Robotic Process Automation Extended with Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Power Distribution Utilities

Abstract Robotic Process Automation (RPA) is one of the several important techniques currently available for companies in search of performance improvement. The step forward in RPA is its association with Artificial Intelligence for more skilled robots. This scenario is not different in Power Distribution Utilities, in which a multitude of complex processes must be executed over different data sources. Making such situation even more complex, these processes are frequently regulated and subject to audit by external bodies. However, an old question remains: what should be robotized and what should be done by humans? This paper aims at partially answering the question in the context of data analysis tasks used for making decisions in complex processes. The research development is conducted based on an Artificial Intelligence methodology incorporated into one software robot (RPA) which acquires data automatically, treats and analyzes these data, helping the human professional take decisions in the process. It is applied to a real case process that is important for validating the research. Four approaches are tested in the data analysis, but only two are really used. The robot analyzes a series of information from an energy consumption meter. The detection of possible behavior deviations in the meter data is made by comparison with its data series. The robot is capable of prioritizing the detected occurrences in the energy consumption data, indicating to the human operator the most critical situations that require attention. The association of Artificial Intelligence and RPA is viable and can really apport important benefits to the company and teams, valuing human work and bringing more efficiency to the processes.

Energy use efficiency in soybean crops in different regions of Brazil / Eficiência energética na cultura da soja cultivada em diferentes regiões brasileiras

The soybean crop in Brazil has been growing in area and productivity in recent years and the analysis of its energy efficiency is very important to guarantee the sustainability of the production system. Assessment of energy efficiency (EE) enables the evaluation of the sustainability of agrosystems, as well as decision-making regarding the reduction in production costs and negative environmental impacts. In this context, the objective of this study was to assess energy efficiency of soybean in different regions of Brazil. For this purpose, 29 areas of soybean across the major producing states were assessed. Energy inputs and outputs of agricultural operations and/or agricultural inputs were calculated by multiplying the amount used by their calorific value or energy coefficient at each stage of production. Energy efficiency was calculated as the ratio between the total output energy and the total input energy during the production process. For every MJ of energy consumed in the production of soybean crop, 6.1; 6.7; 7.1 and 7.2 MJ of energy were produced in the form of grain, respectively in the areas assessed in the Midwest, northeast, southeast and south regions of Brazil. Generally, the main energy expenditure on soybean cultivation in different regions of Brazil was with fertilizers, seeds and herbicides. The adverse weather conditions of the year / harvest evaluated in the south-central region of Brazil resulted in low soybean yields and consequently resulted in lower energy efficiency in these regions. The evaluation of energy efficiency in soybean crops to be representative must be carried out in different regions and edaphoclimatic conditions.(AU)

A cultura da soja no Brasil vem crescendo em área e produtividade nos últimos anos e, com isso, a análise de sua eficiência energética é muito importante para garantir a sustentabilidade do sistema produtivo. A avaliação da eficiência energética (EE) pode evidenciar a sustentabilidade dos agrossistemas e a tomada de decisões relativas à redução dos custos de produção e poluição do ambiente. Diante deste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência energética na cultura da soja em diferentes regiões brasileiras. Para isso, foram avaliadas 29 áreas de soja distribuídas pelos principais estados produtores desta cultura. As entradas e saídas de energia das operações agrícolas e/ou insumos utilizados foram calculadas pela multiplicação da quantidade utilizada pelo seu poder calorífico ou coeficiente energético em cada etapa de produção. A eficiência energética foi obtida pela razão entre a quantidade de energia total de saída e o consumo total de energia durante o processo produtivo. Para cada MJ de energia consumida na produção da soja, 6,1; 6,7; 7,1 e 7,2 MJ de energia foram produzidos na forma de grãos de soja, respectivamente nas áreas avaliadas nas regiões Centro-Oeste, Nordeste, Sudeste e Sul do Brasil. Em uma média geral, os principais gastos energéticos no cultivo de soja em diferentes regiões do Brasil foram com fertilizantes, sementes e herbicidas. As condições climáticas adversas do ano/safra avaliado na região centro-sul do Brasil resultaram em baixas produtividades de soja e, consequentemente, interferiram na menor eficiência energética nessas regiões. A avaliação da eficiência energética na lavoura de soja para ser bem representativa deve ser realizada em diferentes regiões e condições edafoclimáticas.(AU)

Energy use efficiency in soybean crops in different regions of Brazil / Eficiência energética na cultura da soja cultivada em diferentes regiões brasileiras

The soybean crop in Brazil has been growing in area and productivity in recent years and the analysis of its energy efficiency is very important to guarantee the sustainability of the production system. Assessment of energy efficiency (EE) enables the evaluation of the sustainability of agrosystems, as well as decision-making regarding the reduction in production costs and negative environmental impacts. In this context, the objective of this study was to assess energy efficiency of soybean in different regions of Brazil. For this purpose, 29 areas of soybean across the major producing states were assessed. Energy inputs and outputs of agricultural operations and/or agricultural inputs were calculated by multiplying the amount used by their calorific value or energy coefficient at each stage of production. Energy efficiency was calculated as the ratio between the total output energy and the total input energy during the production process. For every MJ of energy consumed in the production of soybean crop, 6.1; 6.7; 7.1 and 7.2 MJ of energy were produced in the form of grain, respectively in the areas assessed in the Midwest, northeast, southeast and south regions of Brazil. Generally, the main energy expenditure on soybean cultivation in different regions of Brazil was with fertilizers, seeds and herbicides. The adverse weather conditions of the year / harvest evaluated in the south-central region of Brazil resulted in low soybean yields and consequently resulted in lower energy efficiency in these regions. The evaluation of energy efficiency in soybean crops to be representative must be carried out in different regions and edaphoclimatic conditions.

A cultura da soja no Brasil vem crescendo em área e produtividade nos últimos anos e, com isso, a análise de sua eficiência energética é muito importante para garantir a sustentabilidade do sistema produtivo. A avaliação da eficiência energética (EE) pode evidenciar a sustentabilidade dos agrossistemas e a tomada de decisões relativas à redução dos custos de produção e poluição do ambiente. Diante deste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência energética na cultura da soja em diferentes regiões brasileiras. Para isso, foram avaliadas 29 áreas de soja distribuídas pelos principais estados produtores desta cultura. As entradas e saídas de energia das operações agrícolas e/ou insumos utilizados foram calculadas pela multiplicação da quantidade utilizada pelo seu poder calorífico ou coeficiente energético em cada etapa de produção. A eficiência energética foi obtida pela razão entre a quantidade de energia total de saída e o consumo total de energia durante o processo produtivo. Para cada MJ de energia consumida na produção da soja, 6,1; 6,7; 7,1 e 7,2 MJ de energia foram produzidos na forma de grãos de soja, respectivamente nas áreas avaliadas nas regiões Centro-Oeste, Nordeste, Sudeste e Sul do Brasil. Em uma média geral, os principais gastos energéticos no cultivo de soja em diferentes regiões do Brasil foram com fertilizantes, sementes e herbicidas. As condições climáticas adversas do ano/safra avaliado na região centro-sul do Brasil resultaram em baixas produtividades de soja e, consequentemente, interferiram na menor eficiência energética nessas regiões. A avaliação da eficiência energética na lavoura de soja para ser bem representativa deve ser realizada em diferentes regiões e condições edafoclimáticas.

Implausibilidade no relato da ingestão energética de idosos: comparação de dados de consumo e gasto energético por meio de marcador biológico / Implausibility of the reported energy intake in older adults: comparison of energy intake and energy expenditure using a biomarker

Introdução: Estudos que avaliam o consumo alimentar da população por meio de métodos baseados no relato do indivíduo são recorrentes. Todavia, a implausibilidade no relato da ingestão energética pode comprometer a validade das associações entre dieta e saúde, prejudicando a interpretação dos resultados. Nesse contexto, a água duplamente marcada (ADM) destaca-se como marcador biológico de recuperação utilizado para validar as estimativas de ingestão energética dos indivíduos. Objetivos: Avaliar a validade de equações preditivas para estimativa de gasto energético total (GET) e do relato implausível da ingestão de energia em idosos. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados de 38 idosos, de ambos os sexos, que tiveram o GET mensurado pela ADM. Uma base de dados composta por 41 idosos com características semelhantes a população desse estudo foi utilizada para modelagem de novas equações preditivas para determinação do GET em idosos. Para a estimativa da ingestão energética foram aplicados dois recordatórios alimentares de 24 horas em dias não consecutivos. A implausibilidade no relato da ingestão energética foi determinada comparando-se a razão entre consumo médio reportado de energia e o gasto energético total, calculando-se o intervalo de 95% de confiança. O relato implausível obtido pelo método de referência foi comparado com as equações preditivas de Goldberg et al., Black, McCrory et al., Huang et al. e Rennie et al. Regressão linear múltipla foi utilizada para a modelagem das novas equações preditivas do GET. Acurácia foi avaliada considerando ±10% da razão entre GET mensurado pela ADM e estimado pelas equações. Concordância entre métodos foi avaliada usando coeficiente de correção intraclasse e gráficos de Bland-Altman. Análises de sensibilidade e especificidade foram realizadas para testar o desempenho das equações preditivas em determinar sub-relato. Resultados: O GET médio pela ADM foi de 2.656,7 (405,6) kcal/dia para homens e 2.168,9 (376,9) para mulheres. Vinken et al. e ambas as equações das Dietary Reference Intake (DRIs) apresentaram concordância moderada a boa, enquanto os modelos desenvolvidos variaram de concordância moderada a muito boa em comparação com a ADM. A acurácia foi a mesma para as equações das DRIs e Vinken et al. (60,53%). As novas equações desenvolvidas neste estudo tiveram acurácia variando de 43,11% a 73,68% na predição do GET de idosos. A prevalência de sub-relato e super-relato foi de 57,9% (n = 22) e 5,3% (n = 2), respectivamente. A equação de Black apresentou a pior concordância enquanto o método proposto por McCrory et al. a melhor concordância em classificar os indivíduos nas três categorias de relato implausível. O método de McCrory et al. também teve o melhor desempenho nas análises de sensibilidade e especificidade para detecção de sub-relato. Conclusão: O estudo mostrou uma grande variação na precisão dos métodos preditivos para determinar relato implausível, com nenhum dos protocolos mostrando concordância excelente comparada a classificação obtida pela ADM. Os resultados deste estudo ressaltam a importância de se considerar o relato implausível da ingestão de energia em estudos que investigam o consumo alimentar de indivíduos, de modo a se obter dados mais acurados e fidedignos em estudos que relacionam alimentação e saúde.

Introduction: Studies assessing the population's food intake using methods based on the individual's report are recurrent. However, the implausibility in the reported energy intake can compromise the validity of the associations between diet and health, impairing the interpretation of results. In this context, doubly labeled water (DLW) stands out as a biological recovery marker used to validate individuals' energy intake estimates. Objectives: To evaluate the validity of predictive equations for estimating total energy expenditure (TEE) and the implausible report of energy intake in older adults. Methods: Data from 38 older people of both sexes, who had TEE measured by DLW were used. A database composed of 41 older adults with characteristics similar to the population of this study was used to model new predictive equations for determining TEE. To estimate energy intake, two 24-hour food records were applied on non-consecutive days. The implausibility in reporting energy intake was determined by comparing the ratio between mean reported energy intake and total energy expenditure, calculating the 95% confidence interval. The implausible report obtained by the reference method was compared with the predictive equations of Goldberg et al., Black, McCrory et al., Huang et al., and Rennie et al. Multiple linear regression was used to model the new predictive equations for TEE. Accuracy was assessed considering ± 10% of the ratio between TEE measured by DLW and estimated by the equations. Agreement between methods was assessed using intraclass correction coefficient and Bland-Altman plots. Sensitivity and specificity analyze were performed to test the performance of predictive equations in determining underreporting. Results: The average TEE by DLW was 2,656.7 (405.6) kcal/day for men and 2,168.9 (376.9) for women. Vinken et al. and both Dietary Reference Intake (DRIs) equations showed moderate to good agreement, while the developed models ranged from moderate to very good agreement compared to DLW. The accuracy was the same for the DRI equations and Vinken et al. (60.53%). The new equations developed in this study had accuracy ranging from 43.11% to 73.68% in the prediction of TEE in the elderly. The prevalence of underreporting and overreporting was 57.9% (n = 22) and 5.3% (n = 2), respectively. Black's equation showed the worst agreement while the method proposed by McCrory et al. the best agreement in classifying individuals in the three categories of implausible reporting. The McCrory et al. also had the best performance in the sensitivity and specificity analysis for detecting underreporting. Conclusion: The study showed a wide variation in the accuracy of predictive methods to determine implausible reporting, with none of the protocols showing excellent agreement compared to the classification obtained by the DLW. The results of this study highlight the importance of considering the implausible report of energy intake in studies that investigate the individuals' dietary intake, to obtain more accurate and reliable data in studies that relate food and health.

Psicologia ambiental e recursos em sustentabilidade: revisão integrativa / Environmental psychology and sustainability resources: integrative review / Psicología ambiental y recursos de sostenibilidad: revisión integradora

O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar, por meio de revisão integrativa de artigos empíricos, a produção científica relacionando a Psicologia Ambiental (variáveis de comportamento/cognição) e sustentabilidade, considerando diferentes recursos. Para efeitos deste estudo, foram analisados os artigos que abordam um recurso único. A busca foi realizada nos periódicos Environment and Behavior, Journal of Environmental Psychology e Psyecology, reconhecidos pela relevância internacional em produção científica no campo da Psicologia Ambiental. Foram selecionados 24 artigos, publicados entre os anos de 2012 e 2016, a partir dos critérios de inclusão pré-estabelecidos. Os anos com maior número de publicação foram 2014 (n = 8) e 2015 (n = 8). A maioria dos artigos se refere a estudos realizados na Europa, apenas um trata de pesquisa no Brasil. Os recursos abordados nos estudos abrangeram transporte, produtos, água, energia elétrica, sacola plástica e pastagem natural. Os resultados revisados demonstram que há uma diversidade de conceitos na mediação entre comportamentos/cognições e diferentes recursos, indicando a relevância destas abordagens para a promoção de sustentabilidade. Sugere-se caminhos para pesquisa e intervenção nas relações sustentáveis entre pessoas e recursos disponíveis em seus meios.(AU)

The objective of this study was to examine, through an integrative review of empirical articles, the scientific production on the relation between Environmental Psychology (behavior/cognition variables) and sustainability considering different resources. For that purpose, this analysis considered articles approaching a unique resource. Search was conducted in three journals with international relevance in the scientific production of Environmental Psychology: Environment and Behavior, Journal of Environmental Psychology and Psyecology. Following pre-established inclusion criteria, results included 24 articles published from 2012 and 2016. Years with higher number of publications were 2014 (n = 8) and 2015 (n = 8). The articles found refer mostly to studies conducted in Europe; only one article is a research from Brazil. Resources included transportation, products, water, energy, plastic bag, and natural grassland. Results indicate that there is a diversity of concepts mediating behaviors/cognitions and different resources, which reveals the relevance of these approaches to the promotion of sustainability. Research and intervention paths are suggested to sustainable relations between people and resources available in their surroundings.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar, por medio de una revisión integradora de artículos empíricos, la producción científica que relaciona la Psicología Ambiental (variables de comportamiento/cognición) y la sostenibilidad, considerando diferentes recursos. Para los propósitos de este estudio, se analizaron artículos que abordan un solo recurso. La búsqueda fue realizada en los periódicos Environment and Behavior, Journal of Environmental Psychology y Psyecology, reconocidos por la relevancia internacional en producción científica en el campo de la Psicología Ambiental. Se seleccionaron 24 artículos, publicados entre los años 2012 y 2016, basados en criterios de inclusión preestablecidos. Los años con el mayor número de publicaciones fueron 2014 (n = 8) y 2015 (n = 8). La mayoría de los artículos se refiere a estudios realizados en Europa, sólo uno trata de investigación en Brasil. Los recursos abordados en los estudios incluyeron transporte, productos, agua, energía eléctrica, bolsas de plástico y pastoreo natural. Los resultados revisados demuestran que hay una diversidad de conceptos en la mediación entre comportamientos/cogniciones y diferentes recursos, indicando la relevancia de estos enfoques para la promoción de la sostenibilidad. Se sugieren caminos para la investigación e intervención en las relaciones sostenibles entre personas y recursos disponibles en sus medios.(AU)

State of the Art of the Application of Energy Storage Systems in Photovoltaic Buildings

Abstract Photovoltaic (PV) buildings are increasingly present in urban centers and can generate their own energy becoming independent of the grid, depending on their consumption profile. However, most residential and commercial consumers show their peak demand at night, when there is no photovoltaic generation, needing the electricity grid to meet the demand of these facilities. Peak demand lead to increased costs for these consumers and end up disrupting the power quality of the grid. One possible solution for these listed problems is by applying storage systems to these buildings, which is already being done in some countries and can increase the PV generation. Aiming to seek the state of the art of these systems, this article brings a review of the literature, highlighting the possible modes of operation and a real case of application in PV buildings in the world. Also are described the storage technologies most appropriate for applications in these buildings, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. It is expected to gain greater knowledge of these systems, in order to overcome the challenges of intermittence generated by renewable sources, enabling the reduction of energy demand costs in these customers so that it can also be applied in the Brazilian scenario.

Forecasting the Electricity Consumption in a Higher Education Institution

Abstract The objective of this paper is to present a mathematical representation by Regression Analysis that enables the projection of electricity consumption according to the built area and population in Higher Education Institutions (HEI) and to define an Indicator that contemplates the most significant variable in consumption. of electric power. The Null Hypothesis -H0 is that in a HEI the most appropriate indicator is the Kilo Watt Hour per square meter (kWh / m2) as proposed by the Ministry of Planning and Management - MP. The research universe is 2,368 HEI, identified in a report from the Ministry of Education (2015). As Sample and case study, data from the thirteen Campi of the Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR) are used. As a computational tool we use the IBM SPSS Statistics Base Software for Windows version 23 from SPSS Inc .. For the considered Sample and research design, the conclusion is that the null hypothesis is rejected accepting that the most significant indicator is the kilo. Watt Time per user (kWh / user). This conclusion does not exclude the relationship between constructed area and Energy Consumption, but reveals that it is not as significant as the number of individuals in HEI for this sample.

Energy Potential of Animal Waste in the State of Paraná (Brazil)

Abstract Animal biomass is a source of energy commonly discarded without or with low utilization, but its availability draws attention to its reuse [1]. The utilization can be carried out in different ways, varying in terms of generation time and efficiency. The use of biodigestion requires a relatively small area compared to landfills or natural composting, and it provides other materials besides biogas, that can be recycled as fertilizer and has a short residence time of residues [2]. The energy supplied as biogas can be harnessed as heat or electricity in case of conversion. Considering the energy needs of animal husbandry and the ease of reinsertion of energy in the production cycle, the possibility of distributed generation of biogas was studied as a way to complement the rural energy consumption matrix. Poultry farms require heat for chicks [3], dairy production centers require sterilization of used equipment [4] and pig farms require good heating systems to ensure animal weight gain [5]. In this way, the production can take advantage of the heat of the gas without the conversion into electricity, minimizing losses. Creation centers themselves can also generate electricity, eliminating the need for large transmission lines.

Current Panorama and 2025 Scenario of Photovoltaic Solar Energy in Brazil

Abstract The photovoltaic solar energy in Brazil was boosted by Normative Resolution No. 482/2012 of ANEEL, which regulated the micro and mini generation in the compensation system, and by the specific auctions for photovoltaic plants carried out by the federal government. However, the country still has little representation of the solar energy in its electrical matrix, about 0.13%, with approximately 1% of the installed capacity of electric power generators considering all the sources, both values ​​refer to the year 2017. In the initial moments of a technology, its growth occurs irregularly and because there is little installed capacity, any added value can cause abrupt variations in the percentage from one year to another, that is, its growth still does not follow a sustainable standard, which should be regularized around the year 2025, following the worldwide trend of growth of approximately 30% each year. As a scenario for 2025, the total power of the PVSGC in Brazil will be approximately 75.6 GWp which will represent 98.3 TWh of electric energy produced by this source, considering the estimated electric energy demand for 2025 of 800 TWh, will result in the contribution of 12.3% of the energy by solar photovoltaic source.

Integrated project of a smart microgrid allied with energy management: An initiative to reduce electrical energy costs

Abstract Electricity is undoubtedly one of the most important resources in the modern world. As the demand for electric energy increases, conventional resources that are transformed into electric energy are being exhausted, generating a need to search for alternative sources, resulting in a significant increase in energy costs. This study presents an integrated project of an intelligent microgrid and energy management aimed at reducing energy costs. At the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), electricity represents an annual cost of over BRL 13 million, which is the third largest operating expense of the university. In addition, the public education budget in Brazil has been decreased in recent years. Therefore, this study was conducted within the scope of UFPR and aimed to analyze three alternatives to reduce electric energy costs: i) demand management through an analysis of energy bills, ii) migration to the free energy market, and iii) the development of an in-house photovoltaic generation facility. A computational tool to optimize the contracted demand and simulate the annual savings with the free market and distributed generation projects was developed using Microsoft Excel. Payback, the net present value, and the internal rate of return were calculated. Finally, the economic viability of all alternatives was proven, with demand management demonstrating an economic potential of greater than BRL 500,000 per year, use of the free market saving more than BRL 300,000, and the developed in-house photovoltaic generation system achieving an economic impact of more than BRL 600,000 per year.

Evaluation of the Heat and Energy Performance of a Datacenter Using a New Efficiency Index: Energy Usage Effectiveness Design - EUED

Abstract Data Centers are growing steadily worldwide, and they are expected to continue growing up to 53% in 2020. Energy efficiency, in high power consumption, is a key venue. There are methodologies to measure this efficiency, one example is using the PUE (Power Usage Effectiveness) index. In this paper is proposed a new index for measuring efficiency at the design stage, the EUED (Energy Usage Effectiveness Design). This index allows to evaluate systems using "free cooling" and adiabatic system. A comparison is performed considering the equipment in the worst situation. The thermodynamics parameter enthalpy is used to calculate the results. This new methodology allows to determine differences between the cities of São Paulo and Curitiba (1.21%) and between Rio de Janeiro and Curitiba (10.61%). The values for the EUED index were 1.245 kW/kW for Curitiba, 1.260 kW/kW for São Paulo and 1.377 kW/kW for Rio de Janeiro, respectively, reaching a difference of 16.86% for Curitiba, 16.19% for São Paulo and 10.31% for Rio de Janeiro in relation to PUE COA (Power Usage Effectiveness Constant Outdoor Air). The advantage of the EUED is that it works with the 8,760 hours in the design phase, using psychometric elements to determine when to use free cooling and evaporative system, and more importantly varying the COP according to environmental characteristics.