REVIEW OF DIOCTOPHYME RENALE: ETIOLOGY, MORPHOLOGY, BIOLOGY, ECOEPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, SYMPTOMATOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION.

Dioctophyme renale has a worldwide distribution and has been diagnosed in several wild and domestic animals as well as in humans. As numerous reports in the literature exist concerning the presence of D. renale in different animal species, as well as its diagnosis, treatment, and confirmation in new geographic areas, we reviewed existing information to contribute to the knowledge of the etiology, biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of D. renale. Results of dioctophymosis may range from asymptomatic infection to even death of the host. Diagnosis is based on data from morphology, imaging, and antibody testing, with surgical treatment being the most effective. A high potential for infection of pets exists when there is overlap with wild parasitized animals; given common risk factors for infections in humans, D. renale should be considered as having zoonotic potential.

Infecção espúria por Capillaria hepatica em canino doméstico, relato de caso / Infection by Capillaria hepatica in a domestic canine, case report / Infección por Capillaria hepatica en canino doméstico, reporte de caso

Capillaria hepatica é um nematódeo hepatotrópico da família Capillariidae, que acomete principalmente roedores, os quais são considerados reservatórios, podendo infectar também, com menor frequência, cães, gatos e o homem, pois possui potencial zoonótico, sendo responsável pela capilariose hepática. A infecção verdadeira ocorre através da ingestão de ovos embrionados infectantes liberados do fígado, após morte e decomposição do hospedeiro, por canibalismo ou por predação. A infecção espúria acorre através da ingestão de ovos não embrionados, encontrados no solo ou pela ingestão de fígado de mamíferos infectados com C. Hepatica, causando um quadro de pseudoparasitismo. Os sinais clínicos nos animais acometidos pela infecção verdadeira, podem ser inespecíficos ou associados a doença hepática como, vômito, diarreia, dor abdominal, icterícia e encefalopatias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso de infecção espúria por C. hepatica em canino doméstico, no município de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, diagnosticado a partir da observação de ovos do parasito em exame coproparasitológico.(AU)

Capillaria hepatica is a hepatotropic nematode of the Capillariidae family, which mainly affects rodents, which are considered reservoirs, and may also infect, less frequently, dogs, cats and humans, as it has zoonotic potential, being responsible for hepatic capillarosis. True infection occurs through ingestion of infective embryonated eggs released from the liver, after death and decomposition of the host, by cannibalism or predation. The spurious infection occurs through the ingestion of non-embryonic eggs, found in the soil or by the consumption of the liver of mammals infected with C. hepatica, causing pseudoparasitism. Clinical signs in animals affected by true infection may be nonspecific or associated with liver disease such as vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, jaundice and encephalopathies. The objective of this study was to report a case of infection by C. hepatica in a domestic canine, in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, diagnosed from the observation of parasite eggs in a coproparasitological examination.(AU)

Capillaria hepatica es un nematodo hepatotrópico de la familia Capillariidae, que afecta principalmente a los roedores, que se consideran reservorios, pudiendo también infectar, con menor frecuencia, a perros, gatos y humanos, ya que tiene potencial zoonótico, siendo responsable de la capilariosis hepática. La verdadera infección se produce por la ingestión de huevos embrionados infecciosos liberados del hígado, después de la muerte y descomposición del huésped, por canibalismo o depredación. La infección espuria se produce por la ingestión de huevos no embrionarios, que se encuentran en el suelo o por el consumo del hígado de mamíferos infectados con C. hepatica, provocando pseudoparasitismo. Los signos clínicos en animales afectados por una infección verdadera pueden ser inespecíficos o estar asociados con enfermedades hepáticas como vómitos, diarrea, dolor abdominal, ictericia y encefalopatías. El objetivo de este estudio fue reportar un caso de infección espuria por C. hepatica en un canino doméstico, en la ciudad de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, diagnosticado a partir de la observación de huevos de parásitos en un examen coproparasitológico.(AU)

Occurrence of ectopic Dioctophyma renale in a Bolivian dog.

This is the first scientific report of the ectopic occurrence of Dioctophyma renale in subcutaneous tissue of a domestic dog's paw from Bolivia. An 18-month-old male dog (Pug) from Bolivia (San Matías) was examined on September 15, 2020 presenting limited mobility and apparent swelling in the left pelvic limb. After clinic evaluation, left foot edema was observed from tibio-tarsal to metatarsophalangeal joints which was more pronounced on the dorsolateral face. An incision at the site revealed serosanguinous exudation associated with a wide reddish nematode, which was identified as a female Dioctophyma renale. Epidemiological considerations were highlighted as this disease has zoonotic potential, and the infected dog was kept in a yard to which amphibians (Anura) and reptiles had access. Moreover, there is a lack of information on its occurrence in San Matías, a border city with Brazil.

Abdominal dioctophymosis in a domestic cat from the Peruvian rainforest confirmed morphologically and molecularly.

A case of abdominal dioctophymosis in a domestic cat was found in San Juan Bautista district, the Peruvian rainforest, in the Loreto department of Peru. The pet went to a veterinary clinic for a routine ovariohysterectomy during which a large nematode was found in the abdominal cavity. The nematode was morphologically identified as an adult female of Dioctophyme sp. A few morphological parameters, such as the vagina distance from the anterior part and the egg size, were different than D. renale. Partial sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) and the small subunit 18S ribosomal RNA genes were compared with the references from public sequence database and showed a genetic identifies of 89.25% and 99.65% with D. renale, respectively. This is the first mitochondrial molecular analysis of a Dioctophyme specimen from South America and the results showed up to 12.5% nucleotide sequence variation in cox 1 gene of D. renale.

Técnica para identificação de ovos de Dioctophyme renale em urina de gatos, empregada em sílica / Technique for identifying eggs of Dioctophyme renale in cat urine, employed in silica / Técnica de identificación de huevos de Dioctophyme renale en orina de gato, utilizada en sílice

A dioctofimatose é uma doença parasitária causada pelo helminto Dioctophyme renale, tendo como hospedeiros definitivos, cães, gatos, animais silvestres e também o homem, pois este parasito possui potencial zoonótico. Acomete os rins dos seus hospedeiros definitivos, geralmente o direito, mas podem ser encontrados também em outros locais. Embora seja descrito maior ocorrência de casos em cães, também há relatos desta parasitose em gatos. Uma das formas de diagnóstico é através da visualização de ovos do D. renale através do exame de urina. Porém, pelas características comportamentais dos gatos, a coleta de urina nesta espécie é de difícil execução. Portanto, através do estudo de técnicas para pesquisa de ovos deste parasito na urina dos gatos em sílica, presente nas caixas de areia, procura-se facilitar o diagnóstico nestes animais. Para realização deste trabalho, amostras de sílica foram contaminadas com urina contendo ovos de D. renale. As técnicas utilizadas para pesquisa de ovos foram: centrífugo-flutuação em solução hipersaturada glicosada, em duas densidades: 1.230g/ml e 1.275g/ml; flutuação espontânea em solução hipersaturada glicosada, em duas densidades: 1,230g/ml e 1,275g/ml e centrífugo-sedimentação. A avaliação das amostras foi realizada em diferentes tempos, distribuídos da seguinte forma: momento zero, 6 horas, 12 horas, 18 horas, 24 horas, 36 horas, 48 horas, 72 horas, 120 horas, 168 horas, 240 horas e 336 horas após contaminação do material. A técnica de centrífugo-sedimentação foi a que apresentou o melhor resultado, sendo possível identificar ovos morfologicamente viáveis de D. Renale durante os 14 dias de análise.(AU)

Dioctofimatosis is a parasitic disease caused by the helminth Dioctophyme renale, having as definitive hosts, dogs, cats, wild animals and also man, as this parasite has zoonotic potential. It affects the kidneys of its definitive hosts, usually the right, but can also be found in other places. Although a higher occurrence of cases in dogs has been described, there are also reports of this parasitosis in cats. One of the ways of diagnosing the disease is through the visualization of D. renale eggs through the urine exam. However, due to the behavioral characteristics of cats, urine collection in this species is difficult to perform. Therefore, through the study of techniques to search for eggs of this parasite in the urine of cats in silica, present in litter boxes, we seek to facilitate the diagnosis in these animals. To carry out this work, silica samples were contaminated with urine containing D. renale eggs. The techniques used for egg research were: centrifugal-flotation in glycosated hypersaturated solution, in two densities: 1,230g/ml and 1,275g/ml; spontaneous fluctuation in glycosated hypersaturated solution, in two densities: 1.230g/ml and 1.275g/ml and centrifugal-sedimentation. The evaluation of the samples was carried out at different times, distributed as follows: time zero, 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 120 hours, 168 hours, 240 hours and 336 hours after contamination of the material. The centrifugal-sedimentation technique showed the best result, making it possible to identify morphologically viable eggs from D. renale during the 14 days of analysis.(AU)

La dioctofimatosis es una enfermedad parasitaria causada por el helminto Dioctophyme renale, que tiene como hospedadores definitivos, perros, gatos, animales salvajes y también el hombre, ya que este parásito tiene potencial zoonótico. Afecta los riñones de sus huéspedes definitivos, generalmente el derecho, pero también se puede encontrar en otros lugares. Aunque se ha descrito una mayor incidencia de casos en perros, también hay informes de esta parasitosis en gatos. Una de las formas de diagnóstico es a través de la visualización de los huevos de D. renale a través del examen de orina. Sin embargo, debido a las características de comportamiento de los gatos, la recolección de orina en esta especie es difícil de realizar. Por lo tanto, a través del estudio de técnicas para buscar huevos de este parásito en laorina de gatos en sílice, presentes en cajas de arena, buscamos facilitar el diagnóstico en estos animales. Para llevar a cabo este trabajo, las muestras de sílice se contaminaron con orina que contenía huevos de D. renale. Las técnicas utilizadas para investigar los huevos fueron: flotación centrífuga en solución hipersaturada glicosilada, en dos densidades: 1.230 g/ml y 1.275 g/ml; fluctuación espontánea en solución glicosilada hipersaturada, en dos densidades: 1.230 g/ml y 1.275 g/ml y sedimentación centrífuga. La evaluación de las muestras se realizó en diferentes momentos, distribuidos de la siguiente manera: tiempo cero, 6 horas, 12 horas, 18 horas, 24 horas, 36 horas, 48 horas, 72 horas, 120 horas, 168 horas, 240 horas y 336 horas después de la contaminación del material. La técnica de sedimentación centrífuga mostró el mejor resultado, permitiendo identificar huevos morfológicamente viables de D. renale durante los 14 días de análisis.(AU)

Report of rare case of intense parasitism by 34 specimens of Dioctophyme renale in a dog.

Dioctophymosis is caused by Dioctophyme renale, a nematode that usually affects the right kidney of carnivores. The aim of this study was to report on a case of a dog with progressive weight loss and swollen abdomen that was diagnosed as presenting dioctophymosis. The patient underwent surgical treatment through which 34 nematodes were found, of which 18 were female and 16 were male, with a maximum length of 74 centimeters. The parasites were free in the abdominal cavity and inside the right kidney, and had caused peritonitis, free fluid, severe adherences between the abdominal organs and renal perforation. Parasitic diseases with a high number of specimens of this species are uncommon in dogs. The disease progresses with an inflammatory reaction and consequent formation of adherences and granulomatous tissue. This surrounds the eggs that were eliminated in the abdominal cavity by the free parasites. This disease occurs frequently in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, where the patient of this report was living. To the best of authors' knowledge, this is the case with the largest number of specimens of D. renale removed from a single dog in vivo.

Urinary capillariosis in a cat from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - Clinical, morphological and phylogenetic characterization.

Capillaria spp. infections of the urinary tract of domestic carnivores are uncommon worldwide. Infections are rarely diagnosed and are typically asymptomatic. This study aimed to evaluate a case of capillariosis in a cat from the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A seven-year-old female cat with apathy and reduced appetite was presented. Urine analysis revealed C. plica eggs in urine sediment, and cystitis was evidenced by the presence of bacteria, pyuria, proteinuria and hematuria. The subject was treated with 50 mg/kg fenbendazole for five days. Urine samples were frozen for molecular analysis and species confirmation. Polymerase chain reaction for amplification of the 18S rRNA gene followed by sequencing confirmed the occurrence of Capillaria sp. There has been limited phylogenetic study of Capillaria spp. in cats, so further studies are needed to identify the species present in different locations and associated with feline pathogenesis.

Ectopic dioctophymosis in a dog - Clinical, diagnostic and pathological challenges of a silent disease.

A 9-month old, female, stray dog was rescued and conducted to a university veterinary hospital. Moderate anemia was observed and abdominal ultrasound revealed pancreatitis. Right kidney was not visualized due to intestinal gas. Urinalysis was normal. Castration was performed three weeks later. Before discharge, abdominal ultrasound was performed for internal sutures examination. A cyst-like structure was present in the right retroperitoneal space with what appeared to be tubular worms inside it, not observed in previous evaluation. An ectopic dioctophymosis diagnosis was made. Two female Dioctophyme renale were surgically removed from the structure. Right kidney was hyperemic but not removed. No sign of peritonitis was observed. The dog recovered well. Laboratory follow-up showed no abnormalities a year after the episode and Doppler ultrasound revealed a mild right nephropathy. This is the first canine ectopic dioctophymosis case with only an abdominal cyst-like structure containing viable nematodes, successfully treated. It represents the rarity and difficulties in diagnosing ectopic dioctophymosis even in enzootic locations, highlighting the importance of ultrasonographic screening for such silent, potentially zoonotic disease.

Técnica para identificação de ovos de Dioctophyme renale em urina de gatos, empregada em sílica / Technique for identifying eggs of Dioctophyme renale in cat urine, employed in silica / Técnica de identificación de huevos de Dioctophyme renale en orina de gato, utilizada en sílice

A dioctofimatose é uma doença parasitária causada pelo helminto Dioctophyme renale, tendo como hospedeiros definitivos, cães, gatos, animais silvestres e também o homem, pois este parasito possui potencial zoonótico. Acomete os rins dos seus hospedeiros definitivos, geralmente o direito, mas podem ser encontrados também em outros locais. Embora seja descrito maior ocorrência de casos em cães, também há relatos desta parasitose em gatos. Uma das formas de diagnóstico é através da visualização de ovos do D. renale através do exame de urina. Porém, pelas características comportamentais dos gatos, a coleta de urina nesta espécie é de difícil execução. Portanto, através do estudo de técnicas para pesquisa de ovos deste parasito na urina dos gatos em sílica, presente nas caixas de areia, procura-se facilitar o diagnóstico nestes animais. Para realização deste trabalho, amostras de sílica foram contaminadas com urina contendo ovos de D. renale. As técnicas utilizadas para pesquisa de ovos foram: centrífugo-flutuação em solução hipersaturada glicosada, em duas densidades: 1.230g/ml e 1.275g/ml; flutuação espontânea em solução hipersaturada glicosada, em duas densidades: 1,230g/ml e 1,275g/ml e centrífugo-sedimentação. A avaliação das amostras foi realizada em diferentes tempos, distribuídos da seguinte forma: momento zero, 6 horas, 12 horas, 18 horas, 24 horas, 36 horas, 48 horas, 72 horas, 120 horas, 168 horas, 240 horas e 336 horas após contaminação do material. A técnica de centrífugo-sedimentação foi a que apresentou o melhor resultado, sendo possível identificar ovos morfologicamente viáveis de D. Renale durante os 14 dias de análise.

Dioctofimatosis is a parasitic disease caused by the helminth Dioctophyme renale, having as definitive hosts, dogs, cats, wild animals and also man, as this parasite has zoonotic potential. It affects the kidneys of its definitive hosts, usually the right, but can also be found in other places. Although a higher occurrence of cases in dogs has been described, there are also reports of this parasitosis in cats. One of the ways of diagnosing the disease is through the visualization of D. renale eggs through the urine exam. However, due to the behavioral characteristics of cats, urine collection in this species is difficult to perform. Therefore, through the study of techniques to search for eggs of this parasite in the urine of cats in silica, present in litter boxes, we seek to facilitate the diagnosis in these animals. To carry out this work, silica samples were contaminated with urine containing D. renale eggs. The techniques used for egg research were: centrifugal-flotation in glycosated hypersaturated solution, in two densities: 1,230g/ml and 1,275g/ml; spontaneous fluctuation in glycosated hypersaturated solution, in two densities: 1.230g/ml and 1.275g/ml and centrifugal-sedimentation. The evaluation of the samples was carried out at different times, distributed as follows: time zero, 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 120 hours, 168 hours, 240 hours and 336 hours after contamination of the material. The centrifugal-sedimentation technique showed the best result, making it possible to identify morphologically viable eggs from D. renale during the 14 days of analysis.

La dioctofimatosis es una enfermedad parasitaria causada por el helminto Dioctophyme renale, que tiene como hospedadores definitivos, perros, gatos, animales salvajes y también el hombre, ya que este parásito tiene potencial zoonótico. Afecta los riñones de sus huéspedes definitivos, generalmente el derecho, pero también se puede encontrar en otros lugares. Aunque se ha descrito una mayor incidencia de casos en perros, también hay informes de esta parasitosis en gatos. Una de las formas de diagnóstico es a través de la visualización de los huevos de D. renale a través del examen de orina. Sin embargo, debido a las características de comportamiento de los gatos, la recolección de orina en esta especie es difícil de realizar. Por lo tanto, a través del estudio de técnicas para buscar huevos de este parásito en laorina de gatos en sílice, presentes en cajas de arena, buscamos facilitar el diagnóstico en estos animales. Para llevar a cabo este trabajo, las muestras de sílice se contaminaron con orina que contenía huevos de D. renale. Las técnicas utilizadas para investigar los huevos fueron: flotación centrífuga en solución hipersaturada glicosilada, en dos densidades: 1.230 g/ml y 1.275 g/ml; fluctuación espontánea en solución glicosilada hipersaturada, en dos densidades: 1.230 g/ml y 1.275 g/ml y sedimentación centrífuga. La evaluación de las muestras se realizó en diferentes momentos, distribuidos de la siguiente manera: tiempo cero, 6 horas, 12 horas, 18 horas, 24 horas, 36 horas, 48 horas, 72 horas, 120 horas, 168 horas, 240 horas y 336 horas después de la contaminación del material. La técnica de sedimentación centrífuga mostró el mejor resultado, permitiendo identificar huevos morfológicamente viables de D. renale durante los 14 días de análisis.

Report of rare case of intense parasitism by 34 specimens of Dioctophyme renale in a dog / Relato de caso raro de parasitismo intenso por 34 exemplares de Dioctophyme renale em um cão

Abstract Dioctophymosis is caused by Dioctophyme renale, a nematode that usually affects the right kidney of carnivores. The aim of this study was to report on a case of a dog with progressive weight loss and swollen abdomen that was diagnosed as presenting dioctophymosis. The patient underwent surgical treatment through which 34 nematodes were found, of which 18 were female and 16 were male, with a maximum length of 74 centimeters. The parasites were free in the abdominal cavity and inside the right kidney, and had caused peritonitis, free fluid, severe adherences between the abdominal organs and renal perforation. Parasitic diseases with a high number of specimens of this species are uncommon in dogs. The disease progresses with an inflammatory reaction and consequent formation of adherences and granulomatous tissue. This surrounds the eggs that were eliminated in the abdominal cavity by the free parasites. This disease occurs frequently in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, where the patient of this report was living. To the best of authors' knowledge, this is the case with the largest number of specimens of D. renale removed from a single dog in vivo.

Resumo A dioctofimose é causada por Dioctophyme renale, um nematódeo que geralmente afeta o rim direito de carnívoros. Este trabalho objetivou relatar o caso de um cão, com perda de peso progressiva e abaulamento abdominal, diagnosticado com dioctofimose. O paciente foi submetido a tratamento cirúrgico, o que permitiu o achado de 34 nematódeos, sendo 18 fêmeas e 16 machos, com tamanho máximo de 74 centímetros. Os parasitos encontravam-se livres na cavidade abdominal e no interior do rim direito, causando peritonite, formação de líquido livre, intensas aderências entre os órgãos abdominais e uma perfuração renal. Parasitoses com alto número de exemplares dessa espécie são incomuns em cães. Cursam com reação inflamatória, com consequente formação de aderências e tecido granulomatoso, envolvendo os ovos eliminados na cavidade abdominal pelos parasitos livres. A doença é frequente na cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, área de origem da paciente afetada. De acordo com a pesquisa realizada, acredita-se que esse é o caso com o maior número de exemplares de D. renale removidos de um cão in vivo.

Dioctophyme renale in a domestic cat (Felis catus): Renal location and nephrectomy.

Dioctophymosis is caused by Dioctophyme renale, nematode with indirect life cycle. Its intermediate host is a freshwater oligochaete and its definitive host is a wild or household carnivore. The adult nematode develops in the definite host, generally locating itself in the kidney. This article was meant to describe the first nephrectomy performed in a domestic cat due to renal dioctophymosis in Argentina. The subject showed a non-specific appearance of generally feeling ill, hematuria and mild diarrhea. It was diagnosed through abdominal ultrasound, followed by exploratory celiotomy and nephrectomy. After verifying absence of free specimens, the right kidney was removed. This organ was found to be enlarged in a spheroidal manner in contrast to the left kidney, with significant thickening of the renal capsule, excessive congestion of vessels and adhesions involving the caudal vena cava. An adult nematode was removed from the right kidney and identified as Dioctophyme renale. Reports of feline dioctophymosis are scarce being most of them necropsy findings. In this we are presenting a confirmed case of D. renale removed by surgery from a live cat. The results presented here reinforces the fact that cats are also appropriate definitive hosts for this parasite.

[First report of Dioctophyma renale (Nematoda, Dioctophymatidae) in Colombia].

Dioctophymosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Dioctophyma renale (Goeze, 1782). It is distributed worldwide and it affects a large number of wild and domestic mammals.Here we report the first confirmed case of canine dioctophymosis in Colombia. The animal was found dead in the streets of the municipality of Yondó, Antioquia, and its dead body was taken to the Instituto Universitario de la Paz (UNIPAZ) to carry out a necropsy.A parasite worm was found in the right kidney and sent for identification to the Laboratorio de Parasitología of the Universidad de Santander (UDES). The specimen was identified as a male of D. renale upon observing the typical oval and transversely elongated bell-shaped bursa copulatrix with a spicule and no rays. Another important factor to confirm the diagnosis was the anatomical location in the kidney. This is the first time D. renale is reported in a stray dog in Colombia.

OCCURRENCE OF Calodium hepaticum (BANCROFT, 1893) MORAVEC, 1982 EGGS IN FECES OF DOGS AND CATS IN LAGES, SANTA CATARINA, BRAZIL.

This study aims to report the incidence of Calodium hepaticum among dogs and cats, pets or stray animals, captured by the Zoonosis Control Center (CCZ) in Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Fecal samples from 108 pet dogs and eight pet cats, and from 357 stray dogs and 97 stray cats, captured by CCZ, were analyzed within the period from July 2010 to November 2012. Coproparasitological exams were performed by techniques of sedimentation, centrifuge-flotation, and simple flotation. Among 465 fecal samples from dogs and 105 from cats, the overall spurious infections for C. hepaticum eggs were 1.05%. For dogs, this positivity was 0.43% and for cats it was 3.81%. The two positive dogs were stray and out of the four cats, three were stray and one was a pet. Although the occurrence of C. hepaticum eggs was low, these data reveal the existence of infected rodents, especially in public places, since, out of the six infected animals, five (83.33%) were stray. These results are discussed and analyzed with an emphasis on the risk to public health.

Use of the FLOTAC technique to diagnosing parasites of the urinary tract of dogs.

Among the nematodes that infect the urinary tract of dogs, the Dioctophyma renale and Capillaria plica are those more frequently reported. For a long time, sedimentation was the only method used to detect eggs of these parasites in urine. The aim of this study was to analyze urine samples (n = 54) of dogs, obtained by bladder catheterization or cystocentesis, by using a modified FLOTAC technique. Animals were divided into two groups, i.e., with (n = 20) and without (n = 34) suspicion of urinary disease. The overall positivity herein observed was 3.8 % (2/54), being all animals (10 %; 2/20) from the group with suspicion of urinary disease. In the first positive sample, a single egg of D. renale was detected, whereas in the second sample two trematode-like eggs were observed. This is the first short survey employed to detect eggs of parasites that inhabit the urinary tract of dogs using a modified FLOTAC technique; in addition, for the first time, eggs of D. renale have been detected using this tool.

Dioctophyma renale in dog's testicle / Dioctophyma renale em testículo de cão

Background: Dioctophyma renale is a giant worm, nematode parasite, which infest dogs, rarely humans or other domestic and wild species. The life cycle is complex and infestation occurs by ingestion of aquatic oligochaete (annelid), fish and frogs. This nematode normally installs in the right kidney of dog, however, there are reports of ectopic migration, such as, for example, in the stomach, abdominal cavity, liver, bladder, ureters, urethra, scrotum, uterus, ovaries, mesenteric lymph nodes, mammary gland, thoracic and pericardial cavity. The aim of this work is to report the location of erratic Dioctophyma renale in the left testicle of a dog. Case: A mongrel dog, about 4 years old, weighing 7.7 kg, rescued from the street after being hit by a car was admitted at the Veterinary Clinical Hospital of CAV / UDESC. Clinical examination showed no significant changes, except for the crackling of pelvic bones, suggesting pelvic fracture. Pelvic radiography and abdominal ultrasound were requested, and complete blood count as pre-anesthetic evaluation was performed. The blood count showed leukocytosis with neutrophilia with a regenerative left shift. The patient was referred for pelvic fixation and in the same procedure orchiectomy was performed. The premedication was acepromazine 0.05 mg/kg and morphine 0.5 mg/kg, administrated intramuscularly. Anesthesia was induced with propofol and [...](AU)

Dioctophyma renale in dog's testicle / Dioctophyma renale em testículo de cão

Background: Dioctophyma renale is a giant worm, nematode parasite, which infest dogs, rarely humans or other domestic and wild species. The life cycle is complex and infestation occurs by ingestion of aquatic oligochaete (annelid), fish and frogs. This nematode normally installs in the right kidney of dog, however, there are reports of ectopic migration, such as, for example, in the stomach, abdominal cavity, liver, bladder, ureters, urethra, scrotum, uterus, ovaries, mesenteric lymph nodes, mammary gland, thoracic and pericardial cavity. The aim of this work is to report the location of erratic Dioctophyma renale in the left testicle of a dog. Case: A mongrel dog, about 4 years old, weighing 7.7 kg, rescued from the street after being hit by a car was admitted at the Veterinary Clinical Hospital of CAV / UDESC. Clinical examination showed no significant changes, except for the crackling of pelvic bones, suggesting pelvic fracture. Pelvic radiography and abdominal ultrasound were requested, and complete blood count as pre-anesthetic evaluation was performed. The blood count showed leukocytosis with neutrophilia with a regenerative left shift. The patient was referred for pelvic fixation and in the same procedure orchiectomy was performed. The premedication was acepromazine 0.05 mg/kg and morphine 0.5 mg/kg, administrated intramuscularly. Anesthesia was induced with propofol and [...]

OCCURRENCE OF Calodium hepaticum (BANCROFT, 1893) MORAVEC, 1982 EGGS IN FECES OF DOGS AND CATS IN LAGES, SANTA CATARINA, BRAZIL

This study aims to report the incidence of Calodium hepaticum among dogs and cats, pets or stray animals, captured by the Zoonosis Control Center (CCZ) in Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Fecal samples from 108 pet dogs and eight pet cats, and from 357 stray dogs and 97 stray cats, captured by CCZ, were analyzed within the period from July 2010 to November 2012. Coproparasitological exams were performed by techniques of sedimentation, centrifuge-flotation, and simple flotation. Among 465 fecal samples from dogs and 105 from cats, the overall spurious infections for C. hepaticum eggs were 1.05%. For dogs, this positivity was 0.43% and for cats it was 3.81%. The two positive dogs were stray and out of the four cats, three were stray and one was a pet. Although the occurrence of C. hepaticum eggs was low, these data reveal the existence of infected rodents, especially in public places, since, out of the six infected animals, five (83.33%) were stray. These results are discussed and analyzed with an emphasis on the risk to public health.

Study of the prevalence of Capillaria hepatica in humans and rodents in an urban area of the city of Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatic capillariosis, caused by Capillaria hepatica (Calodium hepaticum) (Bancroft, 1893), Travassos, 1915 (Nematoda, Trichinelloidea, Capillariidae), is a common zoonosis in rodents but is rare in humans. Seventy-two cases in humans have been reported worldwide since the first case was described by MACARTHUR in 192417,27. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Capillaria hepatica in humans and rodents in an urban area of Porto Velho, the capital of Rondônia, in Brazil. METHODS: After conducting a census of the area, 490 residents were randomly selected, and, after signing a term of consent, provided blood samples that were screened for anti-Capillaria hepatica antibodies. Simultaneously, rats were captured to assess the prevalence of this parasite in rodents by histopathological examination in liver sections. RESULTS: A prevalence of 1.8% was found among residents who had specific antibodies at a dilution of 1:150, indicating exposure to parasite eggs; 0.8% of the subjects also had positive titers at a dilution of 1:400, indicating true infection. The prevalence in rats was 2%. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of infection with this parasite among humans and rats was low. While the prevalence encountered among humans was within the limits reported in the literature, the prevalence among rodents was much lower.

Study of the prevalence of capillaria hepatica in humans and rodents in an urban area of the city of Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil / Estudo da prevalência da Capillaria hepatica em humanos e roedores em área urbana da cidade de Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil

Introduction: Hepatic capillariosis, caused by Capillaria hepatica (Calodium hepaticum) (Bancroft, 1893), Travassos, 1915 (Nematoda, Trichinelloidea, Capillariidae), is a common zoonosis in rodents but is rare in humans. Seventy-two cases in humans have been reported worldwide since the first case was described by MACARTHUR in 192417,27. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Capillaria hepatica in humans and rodents in an urban area of Porto Velho, the capital of Rondônia, in Brazil. Methods: After conducting a census of the area, 490 residents were randomly selected, and, after signing a term of consent, provided blood samples that were screened for anti-Capillaria hepatica antibodies. Simultaneously, rats were captured to assess the prevalence of this parasite in rodents by histopathological examination in liver sections. Results: A prevalence of 1.8% was found among residents who had specific antibodies at a dilution of 1:150, indicating exposure to parasite eggs; 0.8% of the subjects also had positive titers at a dilution of 1:400, indicating true infection. The prevalence in rats was 2%. Conclusions: The prevalence of infection with this parasite among humans and rats was low. While the prevalence encountered among humans was within the limits reported in the literature, the prevalence among rodents was much lower.

Introdução: Capilaríase hepática é causada pela Capillaria hepatica (syn. Calodium hepaticum) (Bancroft, 1893), Travassos, 1915 (Nematoda, Trichinelloidea, Capillariidae), sendo uma zoonose comum entre roedores, porém rara em humanos. Setenta e dois casos humanos foram relatados na literatura mundial desde o primeiro caso descrito por MACARTHUR em 192417,27. O objetivo desse estudo é determinar a prevalência da Capillaria hepatica em humanos e roedores de área urbana da cidade de Porto Velho, capital de Rondônia, Brasil. Método: Após realizar um censo da área, 490 moradores foram aleatoriamente selecionados e assinaram termo de consentimento, foram colhidas amostras de sangue para testar anticorpos anti-Capillaria hepatica. Simultaneamente, ratos foram capturados para determinação da prevalência deste parasita através do exame histopatológico em cortes de fígado. Resultados: Foi encontrada entre humanos prevalência de 1,8% de positividade para anticorpos específicos em diluição de 1:150, indicando exposição aos ovos do parasito; 0,8% desses também deram testes positivos quando seus soros sofreram diluição de 1:400, indicando infecção verdadeira. Nos ratos, a prevalência foi de 2%. Conclusão: A prevalência encontrada para o parasito entre homens e roedores foi baixa. Enquanto a prevalência encontrada entre humanos esteve dentro dos limites encontrados na literatura, a prevalência entre roedores foi bem menor.

High occurrence of Calodium hepaticum (syn. Capillaria hepatica) spurious infection in a village in the Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil

Calodium hepaticum (syn. Capillaria hepatica) is a nematode of the Capillariidae family that infects rodents and other mammals. In Brazil, human spurious infections of C. hepaticum have been detected in indigenous or rural communities from the Amazon Basin, but not in the southern states of the country. Here, we report the highest occurrence (13.5% of 37 residents) of C. hepaticum human spurious infection detected in Brazil and the first record in a southern region, Guaraqueçaba. The finding is explained by the area being located in the Atlantic Forest of the state of Paraná, surrounded by preserved forests and because the inhabitants consume the meat of wild mammals.