Impact of Enterobius vermicularis infection on biochemical parameters in the blood of children in Erbil Province, Iraq.

BACKGROUND: Enterobius vermicularis is an intestinal helminthic parasite that causes a gastrointestinal infection called enterobiasis. Children are more susceptible to infection than adults. The current study aimed to explore the prevalence of E. vermicularis infection among children in Erbil City concerning demographic factors and certain blood parameters. METHODS: A cross-sectional and analytical study was conducted on 505 children (3-10 years). Cellophane tape samples and blood samples were taken from participants. The cellophane tape samples were examined microscopically, whereas blood samples were examined using the auto-analyzer and Cobas. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of E. vermicularis infection was 27.13%, and the infection rate was non-significantly (P = 0.371) higher in females (28.85%) than in males (25.31%). The incidence of enterobiasis was directly proportional to family size. This study demonstrated that the mean serum total protein and iron levels were significantly decreased in infected children, while other trace element levels were not significantly affected. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of E. vermicularis is relatively lower than that in previous studies. Serum total protein and iron levels significantly decreased in the enterobiasis-positive group.

Unusual Etiology for Transaminitis.

An infection with Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) commonly affects the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The ectopic localization of an enterobius infectious is rare, especially in the liver. We report the case of a 37-year-old man who presented to the gastroenterology clinic with abdominal pain and was found to have elevated transaminases. Workup for acute/chronic liver disease was unrevealing. He underwent endoscopic evaluation showing a live pinworm in the colon. He was treated with albendazole with improvement in GI symptoms and resolution of his transaminitis. There are scarce reports in the literature describing pathognomonic, clinical, imaging, and laboratory findings for pinworm infection. Here, we attempt to review the literature for hepatic involvement with an enterobius infection and discuss the findings via this case.

Serum leptin concentrations in patients with intestinal parasites.

Leptin is a protein hormone controlling food intake and energy expenditure. In all infections including parasitic infections there is loss of appetite and anorexia. The aim of the present study was to clarify the relationship between intestinal parasites and serum leptin concentrations in children and adults. Forty patients with intestinal parasites and 34 healthy subjects took part in this study. Body weight, height and body mass index (BMI) were measured for all patients and controls. Patients were grouped according to age and parasitic infections (Giardia intestinalis, Blastocystis hominis, Enterobius vermicularis, Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba coli). Serum leptin concentrations were detected by immunoenzymometric assay using the Biosource Leptin EASIA kit. Statistical analysis was made by Mann-Whitney-U test using SPSS version 10.0. In children, the serum leptin levels were not statistically significant (patient: 1.49+/-1.97 ng/ml, control: 3.48+/-4.97; p=0.854) But for adults, although the BMI of patients were similar to that of the control group; the leptin levels of patients were low. These levels were not significant (patients: 9.06+/-10.34; controls: 4.7+/-9.02 ng/ml; p=0.271). There was no statistical difference for leptin levels in patient groups, children and adults due to intestinal parasitic infections. Further investigations are needed.

Serum levels of zinc, copper, iron, cobalt, magnesium, and selenium elements in children diagnosed with Giardia intestinalis and Enterobiosis vermicularis in Hatay, Turkey.

The intestinal parasites are noted to be an important health problem in Turkey as similarly reported in the globe. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in total content of essential elements, namely, zinc, iron, copper, cobalt, magnesium, and selenium, in children infected with intestinal parasites aged between 6 and 12 years inhabiting in Hatay Province, Turkey. These essential elements were measured in the children/patient who was positive for intestinal parasites, Giardia intestinalis and Enterobius vermicularis. Scores were obtained from the positive study group (SG), and their age matched the healthy children control group (CG). Serological levels of zinc, iron, copper, cobalt, magnesium, and selenium were analyzed by Varian Liberty Series II inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). The mean magnesium concentrations were found to be statistically different at 95% confidence interval level between study groups. As a result of this study, selenium was found to be uncorrelated with all other elements examined; whereas, copper was observed to have statistically significant correlations with cobalt, magnesium, and zinc. In addition, cobalt-magnesium, cobalt-zinc, and magnesium-zinc metal pairs were found to have statistically significant correlations based on study findings.

Serum mineral levels in children with intestinal parasitic infection.

Parasitic infections are highly prevalent in the general population. A relation between a parasitic infection and absorption of minerals is not an easy task. Serum levels of copper, zinc and magnesium were prospectively measured in 64 children with intestinal parasitic infection. Thirty-nine children with Enterobius vermicularis were treated with pyrantel pamoate and 25 children with Giardia lamblia with tinidazole and metronidazole. Three months after treatment, significant differences in serum copper, zinc and magnesium were seen in patients with E. vermicularis infection, and in serum magnesium levels in patients with G. lamblia. Although the pathogenic mechanism is not clear, these findings could reflect a deficiency related to malabsorption due to mucous affection. Early detection and treatment of intestinal parasitosis could avoid these serum mineral deficiencies.

Vitamin B12 and folic acid in children with intestinal parasitic infection.

OBJECTIVE: To determine prospectively plasma levels of vitamin B12 and folic acid in children with intestinal parasitic infection before and three months after antiparasitic treatment. METHODS: 3036 stool samples were collected from 1959 children and 939 cello-tape anal swabs were taken from 688 children for intestinal parasite investigation. Of these, 155 children were identified as having a parasitic infection; however, only 86 were followed up during this study: 26 children with Giardia lamblia infection were treated with tinidazole and metronidazole, pyrantel pamoate was used in the treatment of 40 children with Enterobius vermicularis, and 20 patients infected with Cryptosporidium parvum received only symptomatic treatment. Vitamin B12 and folic acid levels were measured by radioimmunoassay, before and three months after the completion of treatment. RESULTS: Vitamin B12 serum concentrations did not show any significant differences among the three groups. There was a significant increase in vitamin B12 serum concentrations after three months of anti-parasitic treatment (630.57+/-200.97 vs. 667.97+/-181.55 pg/dL, p = 0.002, n = 86). Paired analysis in each group showed only significant increases for vitamin B12 in the Giardia lamblia group and in the Enterobius vermicularis group. No statistically significant differences were found for folic acid serum concentrations before and three months after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with symptomatic infection by Giardia lamblia and Enterobius vermicularis have lower vitamin B12 levels than asymptomatic patients. This could reflect a more affected intestinal mucous. These results could present the opportunity to treat these parasitic infections and to use vitamin B12 supplementation in symptomatic children with Giardia lamblia and Enterobius vermicularis infection.

Serum copper, zinc and magnesium levels in children with enterobiosis.

Levels of serum copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and magnesium (Mg) were determined in the sera of 250 children aged between 6 and 13. Of these children, 180 were infected only with Enterobius vermicularis. The remaining 70 children were without parasitic or bacterial infection and made up the control group. The cellophane tape method was used to detect E.vermicularis infection. The levels of Cu, Zn and Mg in the serum samples were measured with the Perkin- Elmer 2380 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Evaluation by the student-t test showed that the means of the Cu, Zn and Mg in the serum were significantly lower in the infected group than in the control group. Thus, in this study, we found that E. vermicularis adversely affects the level of elements such as Cu, Zn, and Mg in serum.