A systematic review and meta-analysis of diverting loop ileostomy versus total abdominal colectomy for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis.

BACKGROUND: Clostridium difficile is an increasingly common source of in-patient morbidity and mortality. We aim to assess the effects of diverting loop ileostomy (DLI) versus total abdominal colectomy (TAC) for Clostridium difficile colitis (CDC), in terms of mortality and morbidity. METHODS: Systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases for randomized and non-randomized studies comparing DLI and TAC for fulminant CDC. Meta-analysis was carried out for mortality and postoperative complications. RESULTS: Five non-randomized studies qualified for inclusion in the quantitative synthesis. In total, 3683 patients were allocated to DLI (n = 733) or TAC (n = 2950). The overall mortality was equivalent (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.45-1.20; P = 0.22). Regarding secondary outcomes, the pooled analysis revealed the following equivalent rates of postoperative events: thromboembolism (OR 0.45; 95% CI 0.14-1.43; P = 0.18), acute renal failure (OR 1.71; 95% CI 0.91-3.23; P = 0.10), surgical site infection (OR 0.95; 95% CI 0.11-8.59; P = 0.97), pneumonia (OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.36-2.66; P = 0.97), urinary tract infection (OR 0.81; 95% CI 0.26-2.52; P = 0.72), and reoperation (OR 0.95; 95% CI 0.50-1.82; P = 0.78). The ostomy reversal rate was significantly higher in DLI (OR 12.55; 95% CI 3.31-47.55; P = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: The overall morbidity and mortality rates between DLI and TAC for the treatment of CDC seemed to be equivalent. Evidence from a randomized controlled trial is needed to clarify the timing and understand the impact of DLI for CDC.

First report of Clostridium difficile NAP1/027 in a Mexican hospital.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Clostridium difficile NAP1/ribotype 027 is associated with severe disease and high mortality rates. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of NAP1/ribotype 027 among C. difficile isolates in a tertiary care hospital, and review the main clinical data. METHODS: We included 106 stool samples from 106 patients. Samples were tested for A&B toxins and were cultured on CCFA agar. The genes tcdA, tcdB, tcdC, cdtA, and cdtB were amplified using PCR in clinical isolates. The tcdA 3'-end deletion analysis, PCR-ribotyping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were also performed. Stool samples that were positive for culture were tested by the GeneXpert C. difficile assay. Clinical data were collected. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients tested positive for A&B toxins; and 22 patients had positive culture for C. difficile, 14 of which tested positive for the A&B toxins and all 22 patients tested positive by the GeneXpert C. difficile assay. Risk factors included an average hospital stay of 16.1 days prior to toxin detection, average antibiotic use for 16.2 days, and a median of 3 antibiotics used. The 30-day crude mortality rate was 8.4%. Six of the 22 patients died, and 3 of those deaths were directly attributed to C. difficile infection. The majority of isolates, 90.9% (20/22), carried genes tcdB, tcdA, cdtA, and cdtB; and these strains carried the corresponding downregulator gene tcdC, with an 18-bp deletion. PFGE was performed on 17 isolates, and one main pattern was observed. Analysis of the ribotyping data showed similar results. CONCLUSION: The above findings represent the clonal spread of C. difficile in our institution, which mainly includes the NAP1/027 strain. This is the first report of C. difficile ribotype NAP1/027 in Mexico.

Incidence of diarrhea by Clostridium difficile in hematologic patients and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients: risk factors for severe forms and death.

We describe the rate of incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) in hematologic and patients undergone stem cell transplant (HSCT) at HC-FMUSP, from January 2007 to June 2011, using two denominators 1,000 patient and 1,000 days of neutropenia and the risk factors associated with the severe form of the disease and death. The ELISA method (Ridascreen-Biopharm, Germany) for the detections of toxins A/B was used to identify C. difficile. A multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate potential factors associated with severe CDAD and death within 14 days after the diagnosis of CDAD, using multiple logistic regression. Sixty-six episodes were identified in 64 patients among 439 patients with diarrhea during the study period. CDA rate of incidence varied from 0.78 to 5.45 per 1,000 days of neutropenia and from 0.65 to 5.45 per 1,000 patient-days. The most common underlying disease was acute myeloid leukemia 30/64 (44%), 32/64 (46%) patients were neutropenic, 31/64 (45%) undergone allogeneic HSCT, 61/64 (88%) had previously used antibiotics and 9/64 (13%) have severe CDAD. Most of the patients (89%) received treatment with oral metronidazole and 19/64 (26%) died. The independent risk factors associated with death were the severe form of CDAD, and use of linezolid.

[High incidence and complications of Clostridium difficile diarrhea among patients with renal diseases]. / Alta incidencia de diarrea por Clostridium difficile en pacientes nefrológicos.

BACKGROUND: Clostridium difficile is the main agent causing antimicrobial associated nosocomial diarrhea. Chronic renal failure is a risk factor for this type of diarrhea. AIM: To study the incidence and complications of Clostridium difficile diarrhea in a university hospital and among patients with renal diseases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of all cases of Clostridium difficile diarrhea that occurred in a university hospital, between June 2000 and May 2001. RESULTS: In the Nephrology Unit, 48 episodes of Clostridium difficile diarrhea occurred in 35 patients (7 cases per 100 discharges/year). This figure is higher than the global incidence in the hospital (0.53 cases per 100 discharges/year, p < 0.001). The mean age of the 33 patients with renal diseases was 63 years old and 17 of them were female. Their main diagnoses were chronic renal failure in hemodialysis in 48%, uremic syndrome in 36% and renal transplant in 6%. Seventy nine percent had a history of antimicrobial use (42% quinolones and 36% cephalosporins). In 3 patients, the only risk factor was chronic renal failure. Seventy five percent responded to metronidazole and in 27%, diarrhea recidivated, compared with a 6% recurrence rate in other units, p < 0.02). Eight patients died during hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with renal diseases, Clostridium difficile is frequent and associated with a high recurrence rate and mortality. Chronic renal failure may be a risk factor for its development.

Factores de riesgo relacionados a la mortalidad en recién nacidos con Enterocolitis Necrosante (ECN) estadio III / Mortality related risk factors in Newborns with stage III Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)

Lugar de elaboración: Neonatología del Hospital de Pediatría CMN SXXI. Objetivo. Identificar factores de riesgo asociados a muerte en neonatos con enterocolitis necrosante (ECN) estadio III. Material y métodos: Se revisaron 21 casos que ingresaron a esta unidad en el año de 1997. Se realizó un análisis de Casos y Controles. Resultados. Se eliminaron dos casos, en los 19 expedientes revisados se encontró una mortalidad del 52 por ciento. Fueron 10 casos y 9 controles, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en el análisis univariado de las características generales, tales como edad gestacional, peso al nacer y calificación de Apgar, tampoco se encontró diferencia en la proporción de los que se alimentaron con leche materna o fórmula. Los datos radiológicos y la BH no mostraron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos a excepción de bandemia. La perforación intestinal ocurrió en 2/10 casos y en el 100 por ciento de todos los controles (p=0.01) y la presencia de equimosis abdominal en 2/10 de los casos y 7/9 controles (p=0.01). El choque obtuvo una razón de Momios (RM) de 11.25 y la insuficiencia renal una RM de 72. Conclusiones: La mortalidad por ECN en esta unidad es similar a la reportada por diversos autores. La edad gestacional y el peso al nacer de los pacientes del presente análisis son mayores a los reportados en la literatura. Las variables altamente signficativas como factores de riesgo asociados a muerte fueron el choque y la falla renal que corresponde a falla orgánica múltiple; como posibles factores protectores la perforación intestinal y la equimosis de pared abdominal

Factores de riesgo asociados a la mortalidad por enterocolitis necrotizante / Risk factors associated to mortality due to necrotizing enterocolitis

La enterocolitis necrotizante (ECN) es una urgencia gastrointestinal de causa multifactorial muy relacionada con el neonato pretérmino. Su elevada mortalidad radica en la falta de prevención por el médico a cualquier nivel de atención y a su diagnóstico tardío en los grupos de riesgo. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de los 63 pacientes fallecidos por ECN durante un período de 25 años en el Hospital Pediátrico Docente "Centro Habana", donde se encontró que 71,4 porciento de los afectados eran de la raza blanca y el 68,2 porciento del sexo masculino. La edad más frecuente se halló en los menores de 3 meses de edad (36,5 porciento) y el 46 porciento del total de la muestra estudiada tuvo un peso al nacer inferior a los 1 500 g. La prematuridad apareció asociada en el 55,5 porciento de los fallecidos y el 65 porciento tuvo lactancia mixta desde el momento de nacimiento

Factores de riesgo asociados a la mortalidad por enterocolitis necrotizante / Risk factors associated with mortality due to necrotizing enterocolitis

La enterocolitis necrotizante es una urgencia gastrointestinal de causa multifactorial muy relacionada con el neonato pretérmino. Su elevada mortalidad radica en la falta de prevención por el médico a cualquier nivel de atención y a su diagnóstico tardío en los grupos de riesgo. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de los 63 pacientes fallecidos por enterocolitis necrotizante durante un período de 25 años en el Hospital Pediátrico Docente de Centro Habana, donde se encontró que el 71,4 porciento de los afectados era de la raza blanca y el 68,2 porciento el sexo masculino. La edad más frecuente se encontró en los menores de 3 meses de edad (36,5 porciento d) y el 46 porciento del total de la muestra estudiada tuvo un peso al nacer inferior a los 1 500 g. La prematuridad apareció asociada en el 55,5 porciento de los fallecidos y el 65 porciento tuvo lactancia mixta desde el momento de nacimiento

Enterocolitis necrosante en el recien nacido / Necrotizing enterocolitis in the newborn

Determinar las características de neonatos con riesgo a presentar enterocolitis necrosante y los factores que influyen en la elevada mortalidad relacionada con esta patología. Estudio prospectivo, longitudinal y sin exclusión de 47 neonatos con diagnóstico de enterocolitis necrosante. La enterocolitis necrosante se presenta con más frecuencia entre la población de prematuros pequeños para su edad de gestación. La mortalidad fue del 70,21 por ciento significativamente mayor que la mortalidad neonatal institucional. En el grupo de los a término murieron el 100 por ciento y se correlacionó con antecedente de asfixia perinatal. La enterocolitis necrosante es una entidad usualmente fatal, excepto en aquellos casos catalogados como estadio I. No encontramos relación significante entre los factores de riesgo analizados y mortalidad. La prevención es el mejor método para disminuir su incidencia. En nuestro hospital se deben establecer pautas de su asistencia médico-quirúrgica

Atualizaçäo no diagnóstico e tratamento cirúrgico da Enterocolite Necrosante / Necrotizing Enterocolitis: an update

A Enterocolite Necrosante é a emergência gastrointewtinal mais grave que atinge as Unidades de Tratamento Intensivo neonatais, apresentando a segunda maior causa de mortalidade de recém-nascidos prematuros nos centros mais avançados. Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma atualizaçäo bibliográfica quanto ao diagnóstico e tratamento cirúrgico da ECN, correlacionando com a alta mortalidade ainda existente em nosso meio no que se refere ao tratamento cirúrgico

Necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants: biodemographic and clinical correlates. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network.

We studied the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis in 2681 very low birth weight infants during an 18-month period to characterize the biodemographic and clinical correlates. Proven necrotizing enterocolitis (Bell stage II and beyond) occurred in 10.1% of study infants; necrotizing enterocolitis was suspected in 17.2% of study infants. Positivity of blood cultures was related to necrotizing enterocolitis staging. The mortality rate increased only for stage III necrotizing enterocolitis (54% died). Logistic regression identified medical center of birth, race, gender, birth weight, maternal hemorrhage, duration of ruptured membranes, and cesarean section as significant risk factors. For one center the odds ratio was 3.7, whereas for another center it was only 0.3. For black boys, the odds ratio was 2.3 relative to nonblack boys; for girls, race did not affect prevalence of necrotizing enterocolitis. Age at onset was related to birth weight and gestational age. Intercenter differences in necrotizing enterocolitis prevalence were related to time required to regain birth weight and other indicators of fluid management. Gram-positive organisms predominated in positive blood cultures for stage I and II necrotizing enterocolitis; enteric bacteria were isolated more frequently in infants with stage III disease. We conclude that necrotizing enterocolitis prevalence varies greatly among centers; this may be related to early clinical practices of neonatal care.

The hidden mortality in surgically treated necrotizing enterocolitis: fungal sepsis.

From 1979 to 1986, 82 infants underwent surgical treatment for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), with 36 deaths. The records of 30 of the 36 infants who died were available for review. Fungal colonization and sepsis, the sites of infection, and timing of diagnosis and therapy were determined. Sixteen of 30 (53%) neonates had no evidence of fungus. Six (20%) were colonized with Candida species. Eight (27%) had fungal sepsis, with two of these eight found only at necropsy. Positive fungal blood cultures were a late finding. In only four of the six patients with positive blood cultures were the results known in time to initiate treatment with amphotericin B. Two of these four babies received less than 2 days of amphotericin B treatment prior to death. Fungal sepsis is a significant lethal factor in the surgical mortality of NEC. Vigorous efforts at earlier diagnosis are mandatory.

A standard of comparison for acute surgical necrotizing enterocolitis.

We reviewed 187 cases of documented neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) from 1976 to 1988. Of these patients, 111 infants underwent celiotomy for acute surgical complications. The following protocol of operative indications was employed: pneumoperitoneum, localized mass, abdominal wall erythema, portal venous air, and clinical deterioration, singly or in any combination. Clinical deterioration was defined as falling platelet count, rising or falling white blood cell count, left shift in the myeloid series, persistently or progressively low pH, and increasing frequency of apnea or bradycardia. Overall mortality was 15% (28 of 187). For the patients who underwent celiotomy, all had histologic confirmation of NEC. Ninety-five had localized disease, and 16 had diffuse disease. All of the former had resection and diverting enterostomy with 85 (89.5%) surviving; none with diffuse disease survived, P less than 0.0001. Forty-one infants with NEC weighed less than 1,000 g; 25 underwent surgery and 15 (60%) survived. Fifty-one of the 159 surviving neonates (32%) developed intestinal strictures. All neonates with strictures have had resection and successful reconstruction of their gastrointestinal tract. These indications and surgical principles resulted in a high degree of diagnostic accuracy and a low degree of surgical mortality.

Peritoneal drainage for necrotizing enterocolitis.

This study evaluates the role of primary peritoneal drainage (PPD) in the management of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Of 169 patients with definite NEC, 92 (55%) underwent operation: primary laparotomy, 41 patients (45%); and PPD, 51 patients (55%). Seventeen (33%) of the PPD infants had subsequent laparotomy within seven days. Pneumoperitoneum was the indication for operation in 37% of the primary laparotomy and 67% of the PPD infants. Following PPD, 34 patients (67%) showed clinical improvement. Operative survivals were as follows: primary laparotomy, 83%; PPD, 53%. Infants who had PPD had a significantly lower mean birth weight, gestational age, preoperative pH and platelet count, and a significantly higher incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage and patent ductus arteriosus. For infants weighing less than 1,000 g at birth, the survival was similar following primary laparotomy (57%) and PPD (52%); this occurred in spite of the higher incidence of adverse risk factors in the PPD infants. For infants weighing greater than 1,000 g, the survival was 86% following primary laparotomy and 62% after PPD; in this group, all the early deaths following PPD occurred in critically ill infants who died within 48 hours of drainage. The late survival rates were as follows: primary laparotomy, 76%; PPD, 35%. More than half of the late deaths following PPD were not related to NEC, reflecting the difference between the two patient populations. Primary peritoneal drainage is a useful adjunct to resuscitation of the critically ill infant with complicated NEC, particularly prematures less than 1,000 g birth weight with intestinal perforation. Primary peritoneal drainage is not an alternative to laparotomy, which is recommended when an optimal clinical response has been achieved.

A randomized, controlled trial of parenteral clindamycin in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.

For an assessment of the efficacy of clindamycin in preventing bowel necrosis (intestinal gangrene or perforation), 42 premature infants with radiographically confirmed necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) (pneumatosis, intraportal gas, or both) were randomly assigned to receive parenterally either ampicillin and gentamicin (control group, n = 22) or ampicillin, gentamicin, and clindamycin (n = 20), 20 mg/kg/d at 8-hour intervals for 10 to 14 days. Infants who had received antibiotics for greater than 24 hours before randomization and those developing intestinal gangrene or perforation less than 12 hours after randomization were excluded. Intestinal gangrene or perforation developed in four infants in the control group and six in the clindamycin group. Four in each group died of NEC. In the control group, one of 18 survivors developed a late stricture requiring surgical resection, whereas six of 15 survivors in the clindamycin group developed such strictures (P = 0.022). Routine inclusion of clindamycin in medical treatment of NEC does not reduce the frequency of intestinal gangrene or perforation and may be associated with an increase in late stricture formation.

Enterocolite necrotizante: análise de um protocolo / Necrotizing enterocolitis: analysis of a protocol

Os autores estudaram retrospectivamente 14 recém-nascidos com enterocolite necrotizante no Serviço de Neonatologia do Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual, no período de março de 1979 a março de 1983. Estudaram a taxa de mortalidade no grupo de acordo com vários fatores e encontraram correlaçäo estatisticamente significante com o tempo de rotura de membranas. Näo houve correlaçäo significante quanto a presençça ou näo de anóxia, tipo de parto, idade gestacional, peso de nascimento, sexo e tratamento cirúrgico. A mortalidade caiu em relaçäo a uma análise de período anterior (28,6% e 58%) respectivamente, interpretada em funçäo do estabelecimento de um protocolo de rotina para diagnóstico precoce e tratamento da enterocolite necrotizante

Epidemiology of necrotizing enterocolitis: a case control study.

All neonates with necrotizing enterocoltis cared for at Grady Memorial Hospital from July, 1977, through February, 1979, were compared with controls matched for birth weight and time of admission to the nursery, to examine risk factors which have been implicated in the etiology of the disease. Data on maternal history, birth history, and hospital course were uniformly collected and contrasted for 35 cases and 98 controls. Low birth weight was associated with an increased incidence of NEC and an increased case fatality rate. All babies 36 weeks or more at birth were diagnosed by seven days. More immature infants developed the disease later in their hospital course. In addition, preterm babies who developed NEC after 2 weeks of age appear to be smaller and sicker. Factors previously thought to predispose an infant to the development of the disease, such as prolonged rupture of membranes, infectious complications of pregnancy, low Apgar scores, patent ductus arteriosus, and use of umbilical catheters, were found with equal frequency in cases and controls and may simply represent the descriptive characteristics of a population of sick premature infants. Feeding history and antibiotic use were examined in depth and were not correlated with the development of NEC.