Levantamento de Índice Amostral (LIA)

Capacitação sobre o Levantamento de Índice Amostral (LIA) Responsáveis: Gerência de Vigilância das Arboviroses Gerência de Vigilância e Controle das Doenças Tropicais Negligenciadas Diretoria de Vigilância das Doenças Vetoriais e Zoonoses (DVDVZ) Superintendência de Vigilância em Saúde (SVS) Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Tocantins (SES-TO)

Levantamento Rápido de Índices para Aedes Aegypti (LIRAa)

Capacitação sobre o Levantamento Rápido de Índices para Aedes Aegypti (LIRAa) Responsáveis: Gerência de Vigilância das Arboviroses Gerência de Vigilância e Controle das Doenças Tropicais Negligenciadas Diretoria de Vigilância das Doenças Vetoriais e Zoonoses (DVDVZ) Superintendência de Vigilância em Saúde (SVS) Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Tocantins (SES-TO)

Implementation of a deep learning model for automated classification of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in real time.

Classification of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) by humans remains challenging. We proposed a highly accessible method to develop a deep learning (DL) model and implement the model for mosquito image classification by using hardware that could regulate the development process. In particular, we constructed a dataset with 4120 images of Aedes mosquitoes that were older than 12 days old and had common morphological features that disappeared, and we illustrated how to set up supervised deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) with hyperparameter adjustment. The model application was first conducted by deploying the model externally in real time on three different generations of mosquitoes, and the accuracy was compared with human expert performance. Our results showed that both the learning rate and epochs significantly affected the accuracy, and the best-performing hyperparameters achieved an accuracy of more than 98% at classifying mosquitoes, which showed no significant difference from human-level performance. We demonstrated the feasibility of the method to construct a model with the DCNN when deployed externally on mosquitoes in real time.

Highlights in Medical Entomology, 2019: Familiar Foes and New Frontiers.

The 2019 Entomological Society of America annual meeting was held in St. Louis, Missouri, just blocks away from the iconic Gateway Arch. Representing a 'gateway to the West', this inspired the theme of the Highlights in Medical Entomology to reflect on the accomplishments of the past year as we move into a 'new frontier' of vector biology research. Papers were selected broadly across arthropods that influence public health, focusing on topics ranging from West Nile virus transmission, ticks and tick-borne disease, to advances in genetics and 'big data' studies. This included current perspectives on West Nile virus ecology and epidemiology, which has now been endemic in the United States for 20 yr. Additional topics such as the advantages of citizen science and the importance of scientific communication were also discussed. Together, these papers demonstrate the achievements of the vector community while emphasizing the challenges that we collectively face to reduce the burden of vector-borne disease.

Highlights of Veterinary Entomology, 2019.

Research in the field of veterinary entomology is dominated by studies concerning arthropods that affect animal health. In 2019, this research primarily addressed the overwhelming industry need to manage detrimental species such as biting flies and ticks and the ongoing problems caused by insecticide/acaricide resistance evolution in these pests. Research also included evidence supporting the need for the conservation of beneficial species, such as biological control organisms. Many studies in a variety of pest systems have demonstrated the potential detrimental effects of insecticide use on nontarget organisms, and those of veterinary importance are no exception. An emphasis also was placed on research regarding alternative management strategies for veterinary pests. The presentation herein provides a descriptive summary of selected research that contributed greatly to the body of knowledge regarding arthropods of veterinary importance. This included several studies that will pave the way towards more effective veterinary pest management in an effort to improve animal health and welfare and, therefore, the sustainability of animal agriculture.

Urban Entomology Highlights From 2019 Help Create Integrated Pest Management Plans.

Urban insect pests such as ants, termites, cockroaches, and bed bugs are more than just nuisances; they often negatively impact structures, landscapes, animal health, commercial food production, food safety, and public health (mental, physical, and financial). Due to the tremendous burden these insects can inflict, researchers, manufacturers, and pest management professionals work to create solutions that effectively manage urban and structural pests. One solution that has proven useful in agriculture is the development of an integrated pest management (IPM) plan; i.e., a science-based approach to pest control that utilizes multiple tactics such as preventative tools, chemical control (sprays, fumigation, and baits), biological control, and exclusion. There are many permutations of urban IPM plans, but in general they consist of five components: 1) identifying the pest, 2) monitoring the pest, 3) developing an intervention plan (including prevention and control techniques), 4) implementing the program, and 5) recording and evaluating the results. The objectives of the current publication were to 1) highlight urban entomology research published in 2019 and 2) show how the results from these publications help pest management professionals create and implement IPM plans.

Motivations and expectations driving community participation in entomological research projects: Target Malaria as a case study in Bana, Western Burkina Faso.

BACKGROUND: Most field entomology research projects require active participation by local community members. Since 2012, Target Malaria, a not-for-profit research consortium, has been working with residents in the village of Bana, in Western Burkina Faso, in various studies involving mosquito collections, releases and recaptures. The long-term goal of this work is to develop innovative solutions to combat malaria in Africa with the help of mosquito modification technologies. Since the start of the project, Bana residents have played an important role in research activities, yet the motivations and expectations that drive their participation remain under-investigated. This study examines the factors that motivate some members of the local community to contribute to the implementation of Target Malaria's activities, and, more broadly, explores the reasons that animate citizen participation in entomological research work in malaria-endemic regions. METHODS: A qualitative approach was used to survey the factors motivating members of the local community to assist in the implementation of Target Malaria's entomological research activities in Bana. Eighty-five individual in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted, followed by three focus groups, one with youths who had participated in mosquito collections, and two with adult men and women from the village. All data collected were fully transcribed, processed, and subjected to thematic content analysis. RESULTS: Data showed that the willingness of local community members to participate in entomological research activities was informed by a wide range of motivational factors. Although interviewees expressed their motivations under different semantic registers, the data showed a degree of consistency around five categories of motivation: (a) enhance domestic protection from mosquitoes and malaria, (b) contribute to a future world free of the disease, (c) acquire knowledge and skills, (d) earn financial compensation, and (e) gain social prestige for the village. CONCLUSION: These varying motivations reflect a set of differing personal and collective perceptions about the participation process, combining short and long-term, individual and collective motivations. Beyond the specific circumstances of this case, the study highlights the complex reasons that drive collective participation in entomological research and vector control activities. Detailed knowledge of community expectations should underpin any effort to mobilize local participation in field research activities.

A novel entomological index, Aedes aegypti Breeding Percentage, reveals the geographical spread of the dengue vector in Singapore and serves as a spatial risk indicator for dengue.

BACKGROUND: Aedes aegypti is an efficient primary vector of dengue, and has a heterogeneous distribution in Singapore. Aedes albopictus, a poor vector of dengue, is native and ubiquitous on the island. Though dengue risk follows the dispersal of Ae. aegypti, the spatial distribution of the vector is often poorly characterized. Here, based on the ubiquitous presence of Ae. albopictus, we developed a novel entomological index, Ae. aegypti Breeding Percentage (BP), to demonstrate the expansion of Ae. aegypti into new territories that redefined the dengue burden map in Singapore. We also determined the thresholds of BP that render the specific area higher risk of dengue transmission. METHODS: We performed analysis of dengue fever incidence and Aedes mosquito breeding in Singapore by utilizing island-wide dengue cases and vector surveillance data from 2003 to 2013. The percentage of Ae. aegypti breeding among the total Aedes breeding habitats (BP), and the reported number of dengue fever cases in each year were calculated for each residential grid. RESULTS: The BP of grids, for every year over the 11-year study period, had a consistent positive correlation with the annual case counts. Our findings suggest that the geographical expansion of Ae. aegypti to previously "non-dengue" areas have contributed substantially to the recent dengue fever incidence in Singapore. Our analysis further indicated that non-endemic areas in Singapore are likely to be at risk of dengue fever outbreaks beyond an Ae. aegypti BP of 20%. CONCLUSIONS: Our analyses indicate areas with increasing Ae. aegypti BP are likely to become more vulnerable to dengue outbreaks. We propose the usage of Ae. aegypti BP as a factor for spatial risk stratification of dengue fever in endemic countries. The Ae. aegypti BP could be recommended as an indicator for decision making in vector control efforts, and also be used to monitor the geographical expansion of Ae. aegypti.

Mind the weather: a report on inter-annual variations in entomological data within a rural community under insecticide-treated wall lining installation in Kwara State, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Entomological indices within a specific area vary with climatic factors such as rainfall, temperature and relative humidity. Contributions of such weather parameter fluctuations to the changes in entomological data obtained within a community under implementation of a promising vector control intervention should be taken into account. This study reports on inter-annual changes in entomological indices within two rural communities, one of which was under insecticide-treated durable wall lining (DL) installation. METHODS: Community-wide DL installation was followed by monthly meteorological data and pyrethrum spray mosquito collections for 2 years in intervention and a similar neighbouring community (control). Human blood meal and sporozoite ELISA tests were conducted on female mosquitoes collected alongside PCR identification of subsamples. Mosquitoes collected at the intervention site were tested in cone susceptibility assays against subsamples of installed DL materials collected on a 6-monthly basis for 2 years. Deltamethrin susceptibility of Anopheles mosquitoes from the intervention site was determined before and after DL installation. Entomological indices in the first and second years were compared within each site. RESULTS: Rainfall in the study area increased significantly (t = -3.45, df = 11, P = 0.005) from first to second year. Correlation between rainfall and Anopheles densities in both sites were significant (r = 0.681, P < 0.001). Mosquitoes collected at the intervention site were susceptible (100%) to deltamethrin at baseline but resistant (92%) in the second year. However, subsamples of installed DL materials remained effective (100% mortality) against Anopheles mosquitoes from the intervention site throughout the 6-monthly cone assay exposures. Monthly pyrethrum spray collections showed significant increase in Anopheles densities from first to second year in the control (6.36 ± 1.61 vs 7.83 ± 2.39; t = -3.47, df = 11, P = 0.005), but not in the intervention (2.83 ± 1.86 vs 4.23 ± 3.31; t = -2.03, df = 11, P = 0.067) community. However, mean annual mosquito man-biting rates increased significantly in both intervention (0.88 ± 0.18 vs 1.06 ± 0.38; F(1, 10) = 9.50, P = 0.012) and control (1.45 ± 0.31 vs 1.61 ± 0.34; F(1, 10) = 10.18, p = 0.010) sites along with increase (≥ 1.6 times) in sporozoite rates within intervention (0-2.13%) and control (2.56-4.04%) communities. CONCLUSIONS: The slight increase in vector density, induced by significant increase in rainfall, led to increased sporozoite infection and significantly increased man-biting rates within the intervention site. These reveal the need for incorporation of integrated vector management strategies to complement DL installation especially in regions with high rainfall and mosquito density. Promising vector control tools such as DL should be evaluated on a long-term basis to reveal the possible effect of weather parameters on control performance and also allow for holistic recommendations.

Caracterización de la infestación de viviendas por Aedes aegypti en el área metropolitana de Cochabamba, Bolivia: nuevos registros altitudinales / Characterization of dwellings' infestation by Aedes aegypti in the metropolitan area of Cochabamba, Bolivia: new altitudinal records

La rápida proliferación del vector en áreas de clima cálido y baja altitud, como el oriente y la amazonia boliviana, generó la necesidad de analizar la adaptabilidad del A. aegypti en zonas templadas, tal es el caso de los valles mesotérmicos de la ciudad metropolitana de Cochabamba. La evaluación entomológica se realizó en una muestra de 264 viviendas seleccionadas al azar en Abril del 2016. El área de estudio abarca zonas urbanas de seis municipios (Cercado, Sacaba, Colcapirhua, Tiquipaya, Quillacollo y Vinto) del departamento de Cochabamba. El diseño para el estudio fue epidemiológico, transversal de diagnóstico comunitario. De la muestra referida, 100 viviendas se encontraron larvas de A. aegypti , que corresponde a un 38% de infestación larvaria y un Índice Breteau de 1,0. Las llantas, turriles y recipientes desechables son un factor de riesgo para la propagación y adaptación del vector en nuestra región. Los hallazgos confirman la dispersión del A. aegypti con algunas regiones con mayor prevalencia (zona sud de cercado urbano, Colcapirhua y Quillacollo en el valle bajo). También se evidenció por primera vez que la dispersión y colonización de larvas de A. aegypti en el área de estudio alcanzó una altura mínima de 2 538 m/s/n/m. y una altura máxima de 2 623 m.s.n.m. La prevención y el control de A. aegypti , en la metrópoli de Cochabamba va a requerir un trabajo mancomunado integral e intersectorial enfocados en una estrategia de intervención de gestión socioambiental de corresponsabilidad y participación comunitaria, generando como resultado un Manejo Integrado del Vector.

The fast proliferation of the vector at warm weather and low altitude over the sea level, such as the Bolivian valleys (as Cochabamba city), generates the need to analyze the adaptability of A. aegypti . This study of comunitary diagnosis, was developed at the metropolitan area of Cochabamba city, it confirms an spread A. aegypti , shown by georeferences of identified focus of high prevalence (sud of the city, Colcapirhua and Quillacollo as a low valley). For the first time this vector spread, reached between 2 538 to 2 623 meters over sea level. From 264 inspected houses over the city, 100 cases were found positive for A. aegypti (38%) (Breteau Index: 1,0). According to the study, tires, barrels and small containers are a risk factor for the spread and adaptation of the vector in our region. Prevention and control of A. aegypti in the metropolis of Cochabamba will require an integrated and intersectoral joint work, focused on a strategy of intervention socio-environmental and community participation, generating results in an Integrated Vector Management.

Mapping of courses on vector biology and vector-borne diseases systems: time for a worldwide effort

Major emergency efforts are being mounted for each vector-borne disease epidemiological crisis anew, while knowledge about the biology of arthropods vectors is dwindling slowly but continuously, as is the number of field entomologists. The discrepancy between the rates of production of knowledge and its use and need for solving crises is widening, in particular due to the highly differing time spans of the two concurrent processes. A worldwide web based search using multiple key words and search engines of onsite and online courses in English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian and German concerned with the biology of vectors identified over 140 courses. They are geographically and thematically scattered, the vast majority of them are on-site, with very few courses using the latest massive open online course (MOOC) powerfulness. Over two third of them is given in English and Western Africa is particularity poorly represented. The taxonomic groups covered are highly unbalanced towards mosquitoes. A worldwide unique portal to guide students of all grades and levels of expertise, in particular those in remote locations, is badly needed. This is the objective a new activity supported by the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR).

Mapping of courses on vector biology and vector-borne diseases systems: time for a worldwide effort.

Major emergency efforts are being mounted for each vector-borne disease epidemiological crisis anew, while knowledge about the biology of arthropods vectors is dwindling slowly but continuously, as is the number of field entomologists. The discrepancy between the rates of production of knowledge and its use and need for solving crises is widening, in particular due to the highly differing time spans of the two concurrent processes. A worldwide web based search using multiple key words and search engines of onsite and online courses in English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian and German concerned with the biology of vectors identified over 140 courses. They are geographically and thematically scattered, the vast majority of them are on-site, with very few courses using the latest massive open online course (MOOC) powerfulness. Over two third of them is given in English and Western Africa is particularity poorly represented. The taxonomic groups covered are highly unbalanced towards mosquitoes. A worldwide unique portal to guide students of all grades and levels of expertise, in particular those in remote locations, is badly needed. This is the objective a new activity supported by the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR).

Perfil entomológico e epidemiológico da malária em região garimpeira no norte do Mato Grosso, 2011 / Entomological and epidemiological profile of malaria in a gold mining region in northern Mato Grosso, Brazil, 2011

Objetivo: descrever o perfil entomológico e epidemiológico da malária em área de garimpo do município de Nova Guarita, estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Métodos: estudo descritivo com dados entomológicos e epidemiológicos da localidade Garimpo Grota da Lagoa, registrados no sistema de informação de vigilância epidemiológica da malária (SIVEP-malária) em 2011. Resultados: foram identificados 481 exemplares de vetores do gênero Anopheles; houve predominância de Anopheles darlingi nos ambientes pesquisados (42,6 por cento); entre as fêmeas, 83 por cento eram oníparas; o pico de maior atividade dos vetores ocorreu entre as 18 e as 21 horas; das 50 notificações de casos humanos, duas tiveram diagnóstico laboratorial positivo para Plasmodium vivax. Conclusão: os dados entomológicos e epidemiológicos da região estudada caracterizam os casos notificados como de transmissão autóctone e o município de Nova Guarita-MT com evidências de grande receptividade e possível vulnerabilidade para a transmissão de malária.

Objective: to describe the entomological and epidemiological profile of malaria in mining areas of Nova Guarita, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Methods: this is an entomological and epidemiological descriptive study of malaria cases in Nova Guarita recorded on the Malaria Epidemiological Surveillance System (SIVEP-malária) and municipal entomological notification data in 2011. Results: 481 specimens of the genus Anopheles were identified. An. darlingi (42.6 per cent), was the predominant species in the environments surveyed and 83 per cent of females were omniparous. Highest vector activity was between 6:00 pm and 9:00 pm. Two of the 50 human cases reported had positive results for P vivax. Conclusion: entomological and epidemiological data for the region studied characterize the cases reported as having autochthonous transmission and the municipality of Nova Guarita as having evidence of high receptivity and possible vulnerability to malaria transmission.

Forensic entomologists: an evaluation of their status.

The National Academy of Sciences ( 2009 ) published a review charting several key recommendations on strengthening the forensic sciences as an entity as part of an initiative put forth by the USA Congress to streamline and improve the quality of the forensic sciences and their impact on the judiciary process. Although the review was not totally inclusive, many of its sentiments have permeated into all the forensic sciences. The following paper is designed to determine who is practicing the science of forensic entomology, and in what capacity, by questioning practicing forensic entomologists about the type of education obtained, their countries' standards and accreditation processes, as well as general demographic information such as age and gender. A 28-question survey was sent out to 300 forensic entomologists worldwide in 2009. Of the 70 respondents, 80% had a formal education (either Masters or PhD), and 66% published their research. Approximately 50% of respondents were involved in the delivery of expert evidence and writing up case reports, and countries were actively involved with accrediting personnel, facilities, and entomology kits. Many discrepancies within the reported practices and accreditation processes highlight the need for the adoption of a standard code of practice among forensic entomologists.

Presence of triatoma tiblamaculata (pinto) nymphs in peridomiciles, in Salvador, Bahia

Chagas disease is associated with the domiciliation of infected vectors migrating from their natural ecotopes. The appearance of nymphs in the peridomicile, in Salvador, Bahia, confirms the need for epidemiological surveillance. The vectors were captured from 2006 to 2009, by the population and by epidemiological field agents with the Chagas Disease Control Program. Three hundred and sixty two nymphs of the species Triatoma tibiamaculata (Pinto, 1926) were captured in the peridomicile and 13.5 por cento of these nymphs were infected with Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909). Nymphs were near the houses, a possible risk for colonization. Surveillance of the peridomicile is an important element to prevent colonization by disease vectors...

A doença de Chagas está associada à domiciliação de vetores infectados provenientes dos ecótopos naturais. O surgimento de ninfas no peridomicílio em Salvador, Bahia, reafirma a necessidade de vigilância epidemiológica. Os vetores foram capturados de 2006 a 2009 pela população e por agentes de endemias no contexto do Programa de Controle da Doença de Chagas. Foram capturadas 362 ninfas da espécie Triatoma tibiamaculata (Pinto, 1926) no peridomicílio, 13,5 porcento das quais estavam infectadas com T. cruzi (Chagas, 1909). As ninfas estão próximas aos domicílios, o que representa um possível risco de colonização. A vigilância no peridomicílio constitui importante fator de prevenção da colonização de vetores da doença...

Research and increase of expertise in arachno-entomology are urgently needed.

Considering the contents of international journals of parasitology dealing with broader topics inside this field show that rather a few papers appear with studies in the discipline of arachno-entomology. In the journals Journal of Parasitology, Parasitology Research and Trends in Parasitology, the relations of published papers on protozoology, helminthology and arachno-entomology showed that in all three journals, papers on protozoans were the most common, while those on helminths of any kind reached the second place being rather as common as the protozoan papers in Parasitology Research and in the Journal of Parasitology. In Trends of Parasitology, however, the papers on helminths reached only about 25% of the numbers published on protozoan topics. But in all three journals-and this is important-the papers on arachno-entomological themes were scarce reaching less than the half of the protozoan papers in Parasitology Research, and only about 15% in the Journal of Parasitology and in the Trends of Parasitology. These disproportions between the three great subdivisions of targets in the focus of parasitological research are dangerous, since this lack exists already for several decades and thus led to a backlog of unsolved increasing problems that are caused by ticks, mites, insects and/or parasitic crustaceans especially in times of intensive globalization and global warming. Studies on the biology, vectorship, invasion and spreading of wanted vectors and on the control of pests and parasites belonging to the field of arachno-entomology are urgently needed.

Índices larvales de Aedes aegypti antes y después de intervenciones de control en Limón, Costa Rica / Larval indexes of Aedes aegypti before and after control intervention in Limón, Costa Rica

INTRODUCCIÓN: Costa Rica ha sufrido un incremento paulatino en la incidencia del dengue, con la presencia de algunos casos hemorrágicos. OBJETIVO: analizar el comportamiento de los índices entomológicos antes y después de intervenciones de control sobre el vector, así como identificar los sitios de cría de Aedes aegypti. MÉTODOS: se utilizó como fuente de información la base de datos de los trabajadores de vectores del Cantón de Limón en 15 localidades visitadas, antes y después de intervenciones sobre el vector durante septiembre-diciembre de 2007. Las intervenciones realizadas fueron: recogida de basura no convencional, destrucción de criaderos, uso de abate como larvicida y tratamiento térmico adulticida intradomiciliario y extradomiciliario. RESULTADOS: la primera encuesta mostró valores de índice casa por encima de 5 en 12 localidades, mientras que, 5 mostraron un aumento de sus valores después de las intervenciones durante la segunda encuesta. Se encontraron valores por encima de 30 por ciento pertenecientes a viviendas cerradas y renuentes a la visita. Los porcentajes de positividad en los terrenos baldíos fueron bajos, 3,6 y 2,9 por ciento antes y después de las intervenciones, respectivamente. Se reportaron 901 recipientes con larvas y pupas, los más positivos resultaron: diversos, tarros, estañones, llantas, baldes, cubetas y canoas. CONCLUSIÓN: la evaluación crítica de los resultados mostró un impacto significativo sobre los índices entomológicos después de las medidas de intervención, sin embargo, se recomienda para futuras intervenciones una revisión detallada del trabajo de terreno, para disminuir fallos en su implementación e incorporar nuevas medidas(AU)

INTRODUCTION: Costa Rica has undergone a gradual increase of dengue incidence, including some hemorrhagic dengue cases. OBJECTIVE: to analyze the bahaviour of the entomological indexes before and after the control interventions on the vector as well as to identify the breeding sites of Aedes aegypti. METHODS: the source of information was the database from the vector control campaign workers in el Cantón de Limón in 15 visited locations, before and after the interventions from September through December 2007. The interventions comprised non-conventional garbage collection, destruction of breeding sites, use of abate as larvicide and heat treatment for adult vectors inside and outside the house. RESULTS: the first survey showed house-index values over 5 in 12 localities, whereas 5 exhibited increased values after the interventions during the second survey. Values exceeding 30 percent were found due to non-visited closed houses and to families that rejected to be visited. Positivity percentages in swampy places were low, 3,6 and 2,9 percent before and after the interventions, respectively. Nine hundred one reservoirs with larvae and pupas, being the most positive cans, jars, tyres, buckets and canoes. CONCLUSIONS: the critical assessment of the results showed a significant impact on the entomological indexes after the interventions; however, for future interventions, it was recommended to make a detailed review of the in situ work so as to reduce problems in the implementation and introduction of new measures(AU)