Multimodal neurocognitive markers of frontal lobe epilepsy: Insights from ecological text processing.

The pressing call to detect sensitive cognitive markers of frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) remains poorly addressed. Standard frameworks prove nosologically unspecific (as they reveal deficits that also emerge across other epilepsy subtypes), possess low ecological validity, and are rarely supported by multimodal neuroimaging assessments. To bridge these gaps, we examined naturalistic action and non-action text comprehension, combined with structural and functional connectivity measures, in 19 FLE patients, 19 healthy controls, and 20 posterior cortex epilepsy (PCE) patients. Our analyses integrated inferential statistics and data-driven machine-learning classifiers. FLE patients were selectively and specifically impaired in action comprehension, irrespective of their neuropsychological profile. These deficits selectively and specifically correlated with (a) reduced integrity of the anterior thalamic radiation, a subcortical structure underlying motoric and action-language processing as well as epileptic seizure spread in this subtype; and (b) hypoconnectivity between the primary motor cortex and the left-parietal/supramarginal regions, two putative substrates of action-language comprehension. Moreover, machine-learning classifiers based on the above neurocognitive measures yielded 75% accuracy rates in discriminating individual FLE patients from both controls and PCE patients. Briefly, action-text assessments, combined with structural and functional connectivity measures, seem to capture ecological cognitive deficits that are specific to FLE, opening new avenues for discriminatory characterizations among epilepsy types.

Independent predictors and a prognostic model for surgical outcome in refractory frontal lobe epilepsy.

PURPOSE: Refractory frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) remains one of the most challenging surgically remediable epilepsy syndromes. Nevertheless, definition of independent predictors and predictive models of postsurgical seizure outcome remains poorly explored in FLE. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data from 70 consecutive patients with refractory FLE submitted to surgical treatment at our center from July 1994 to December 2006. Univariate results were submitted to logistic regression models and Cox proportional hazards regression to identify isolated risk factors for poor surgical results and to construct predictive models for surgical outcome in FLE. RESULTS: From 70 patients submitted to surgery, 45 patients (64%) had favorable outcome and 37 (47%) became seizure free. Isolated risk factors for poor surgical outcome are expressed in hazard ratio (H.R.) and were time of epilepsy (H.R.=4.2; 95% C.I.=1.5-11.7; p=0.006), ictal EEG recruiting rhythm (H.R.=2.9; 95% C.I.=1.1-7.7; p=0.033); normal MRI (H.R.=4.8; 95% C.I.=1.4-16.6; p=0.012), and MRI with lesion involving eloquent cortex (H.R.=3.8; 95% C.I.=1.2-12.0; p=0.021). Based on these variables and using a logistic regression model we constructed a model that correctly predicted long-term surgical outcome in up to 80% of patients. CONCLUSION: Among independent risk factors for postsurgical seizure outcome, epilepsy duration is a potentially modifiable factor that could impact surgical outcome in FLE. Early diagnosis, presence of an MRI lesion not involving eloquent cortex, and ictal EEG without recruited rhythm independently predicted favorable outcome in this series.

[Psychogenic non epileptic events and frontal lobe seizures]. / Eventos no epilépticos psicogénicos y la clínica de la epilepsia del lóbulo frontal.

The distinction between epilepsy and psychogenic non epileptic events or seizures (PNES) has been made since the middle of the first millennium (B.C.) Psychogenic non epileptic seizures (PNES) resemble epileptic seizures presenting as paroxysmal, involuntary, time-limited alterations in behaviour, motor activity, autonomic function, consciousness, or sensation. However, unlike epilepsy, NES do not result from epileptogenic pathology and are not accompanied by an epileptiform pattern during an ictal electroencephalogram (EEG). This article reviews the concept of psychogenic non epileptic events, its contemporary assessment including diagnostic and therapeutic issues, as well as the complexity related to various nosological topics. The PNES are a hallmark of an ancient illness, hysteria, which wanders between the somatoform and the dissociative disorders in the contemporary classification systems. With the availability of video electroencephalography (video-EEG), it has been possible to define more strictly the limits between epileptic and non epileptic disorders, avoiding unnecessary and even iatrogenic and invasive treatments. We also describe the clinical presentation and diagnosis of frontal lobe seizures, especially those that might be mistakenly diagnosed as psychogenic events. The frontal lobes are the largest cortical region from which seizures can arise; complex and/ or bizarre behavioural clinical presentations are frequent. In addition, some patients with epilepsy can also present non epileptic events.

Ictal non-forced grasping behaviour.

Our aim was to investigate whether patients with epileptiform foci in the frontal lobe, as revealed by video EEG (VEEG) analysis, exhibit non-forced grasping behaviour and manipulatory movements during seizures. We retrospectively reviewed ictal videotapes of 30 consecutive patients with frontal and 30 with temporal lobe epilepsy undergoing VEEG for the presence and type of grasping and manipulatory movements. Four of the 30 patients with frontal lobe epilepsy (13%) showed unilateral grasping behaviour, three of whom had whole hand prehension (one with manipulation movements as well) and one pinching movements. In all patients, arm abduction and elevation resembling reaching invariably preceded grasping hand movements. The epileptogenic focus was located in the contralateral and ipsilateral frontocentral region in two and one patient, respectively, and in the ipsilateral orbitofrontal region in another. However, none of the patients with temporal lobe epilepsy showed grasping behaviour. Patients with frontal lobe epilepsy may show non-forced grasping with or without manipulatory finger movements as part of ictal phenomena.

Coexistence of epileptic nocturnal wanderings and an arachnoid cyst.

Episodic nocturnal wanderings (ENWs) have rarely been associated with gross abnormalities of brain structures. We describe the case of a patient with ENWs in coexistence with an arachnoid cyst (AC). The patient was a 15-year-old boy who presented with nocturnal attacks characterized by complex motor behaviors. An MRI revealed a left temporal cyst and a SPECT Tc99 scan showed left temporal hypoperfusion and bilateral frontal hyperperfusion, more evident on the right side. During an all-night polysomnographic recording with audiovisual monitoring, dystonic posture followed by sleepwalking-like behavior was documented. The sleepwalking-like behavior was preceded by a spike discharge over the left frontocentral region with contralateral projection and secondary generalization during stage 2 sleep. Treatment with levetiracetam produced a striking remission of seizures. This supports a conservative management of an AC, considering that it may be an incidental finding. In epileptic patients, an AC may not necessarily be related to the location of the seizure focus.

[Congenital bilateral opercular syndrome. Presentation of three cases]. / Síndrome opercular bilateral congénito: presentacion de tres casos.

OBJECTIVE: To present three children with bilateral opercular syndrome and the associated pathology. CASE REPORTS: We describe three patients, two of them are foster children, who have language problems, of chewing, of swallowing as well as continuous dribbling. Moreover, two case showed seizures that started at early age and were resisting to the antiepileptic medication. Motor deficit was disclosed in other two cases. The three patients were studied of the clinic, EEG and image point of view. The opercular bilateral syndrome diagnostic was made by the three dimensional magnetic resonance (3DMR) findings in the three cases. The images revealed open and large sylvian fissures and thickened insular cortex as well as polymicrogyria. CONCLUSION: The opercular syndrome shows peculiar clinical symptoms, but the diagnosis is made by the 3DMR alterations.

Epilepsia do lobo temporal em psiquiatria / Temporal lobe epilepsy in psychiatry

A epilepsia do lobo temporal é uma das principais condiçöes médicas que o psiquiatra deve afastar durante a avaliaçäo de pacientes com transtornos mentais. Os autores realizam breve revisäo da literatura sobre a história, fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e tratamento das crises epilépticas do lobo temporal, enfatizando os aspectos psicopatógicos e o diagnóstico diferencial com transtornos psiquiátricos como o pânico e a esquizofrenia. Dentre os avanços na área, a ressonância nuclear magnética tem demonstrado eficiência diagnóstica superior à da tomografia computadorizada na detecçäo da esclerose temporal mesial - a causa mais freqüente de epilepsia do lobo temporal. A detecçäo da esclerose temporal mesial é importante devido à freqüente indicaçäo de cirurgia nesses casos