Practice Variation in Vena Cava Filter Use Among Trauma Centers in the National Trauma Database.

BACKGROUND: Agreement regarding indications for vena cava filter (VCF) utilization in trauma patients has been in flux since the filter's introduction. As VCF technology and practice guidelines have evolved, the use of VCF in trauma patients has changed. This study examines variation in VCF placement among trauma centers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was performed using data from the National Trauma Data Bank (2005-2014). Trauma centers were grouped according to whether they placed VCFs during the study period (VCF+/VCF-). A multivariable probit regression model was fit to predict the number of VCFs used among the VCF+ centers (the expected [E] number of VCF per center). The ratio of observed VCF placement (O) to expected VCFs (O:E) was computed and rank ordered to compare interfacility practice variation. RESULTS: In total, 65,482 VCFs were placed by 448 centers. Twenty centers (4.3%) placed no VCFs. The greatest predictors of VCF placement were deep vein thrombosis, spinal cord paralysis, and major procedure. The strongest negative predictor of VCF placement was admission during the year 2014. Among the VCF+ centers, O:E varied by nearly 500%. One hundred fifty centers had an O:E greater than one. One hundred sixty-nine centers had an O:E less than one. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial variation in practice is present in VCF placement. This variation cannot be explained only by the characteristics of the patients treated at these centers but could be also due to conflicting guidelines, changing evidence, decreasing reimbursement rates, or the culture of trauma centers.

Can a simple 'cost-awareness' campaign for laparoscopic hysterectomy change the use and costs of disposable surgical supplies? Pre-post non-controlled study.

OBJECTIVES: Does a cost-awareness campaign for gynaecologists lead to a change in use and costs of disposable surgical supplies for laparoscopic hysterectomy (LH) without increasing hospital utilisation measures (operating room (OR) time or hospital length of stay (LOS))? DESIGN: Pre-post non-controlled study. The OR database was used to identify relevant cases before and after the cost-awareness intervention, and provided information on quantity of each supply item, operative details and LOS. SETTING: Lois Hole Hospital for Women, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. PARTICIPANTS: 12 laparoscopic trained gynaecologists (7 female, 5 male) participated in both phases of the study. Eligible surgical cases were all LH cases for any indication for women aged ≥18 years. 201 cases were undertaken before the intervention (2011-2013) and 229 cases after the intervention (2016-2017). INTERVENTION: The cost-awareness intervention for gynaecologists included site meetings and rounds providing information on costs of disposable and reusable instruments, a full day skills lab, OR posters about cost and effectiveness of disposable and reusable surgical supplies and demonstrations of reusable equipment (2015-2016). PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE: Disposable supplies costs per case (standardised for 2016 unit costs). RESULTS: There was a significant (p<0.05) reduction (unadjusted) in disposable supplies cost per case for LH between cases before and after the intervention: from $C1073, SD 281, to $C943 SD 209. Regression analysis found that the adjusted cost per case after the intervention was $C116 lower than before the intervention (95% CI -160 to -71). Neither OR time nor hospital LOS differed significantly between cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that cost-awareness campaigns may be associated with reduction in the cost of surgery for LH. However, many other factors may have contributed to this cost reduction, possibly including other local initiatives to reduce costs and emerging evidence indicating lack of effectiveness of some surgical practices.

Rehospitalization and resource use after inpatient admission for extracorporeal life support in the United States.

BACKGROUND: With increasing dissemination and improved survival after extracorporeal life support, also called extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, the decrease in readmissions after hospitalization involving extracorporeal life support is an emerging priority. The present study aimed to identify predictors of early readmission after extracorporeal life support at a national level. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study using the Nationwide Readmissions Database. All patients ≥18 years who underwent extracorporeal life support from 2010 to 2015 were identified. Patients were stratified into the following categories of extracorporeal life support: postcardiotomy, primary cardiogenic shock, cardiopulmonary failure, respiratory failure, transplantation, and miscellaneous. The primary outcome of the study was the rate of 90-day rehospitalization after extracorporeal life support admission. A multivariable logistic regression model was developed to predict the odds of unplanned 90-day readmission. Kaplan-Meier analyses were also performed. RESULTS: An estimated 18,748 patients received extracorporeal life support with overall mortality of 50.2%. Of the patients who survived hospitalization, 30.2% were discharged to a skilled nursing facility, and 21.1% were readmitted within 90 days after discharge. After adjusting for patient and hospital characteristics, cardiogenic shock was associated with the greatest odds of mortality (adjusted odds ratio 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-1.46; C-statistic, 0.64). The cohort with respiratory failure had decreased odds of readmission (adjusted odds ratio 0.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.58-0.99). Discharge to skilled nursing facility (adjusted odds ratio 1.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.36-1.97) was independently associated with readmission. Cardiac and respiratory-related readmissions comprised the majority of unplanned 90-day rehospitalizations. CONCLUSION: In this large analysis of readmissions after extracorporeal life support in adults, 21% of extracorporeal life support survivors were rehospitalized within 90 days of discharge. Disposition to a skilled nursing facility, but not advanced age nor female sex, was associated with readmission.

Does Cost Influence the Choice of Disposable Versus Reusable Instruments? Mailed Survey of Obstetrician/Gynaecologists.

OBJECTIVE: A "cost-awareness" campaign was undertaken at a tertiary hospital from 2015 to 2016 to raise awareness about costs of disposable versus reusable instruments in laparoscopic procedures. We undertook a before and after survey of obstetrician/gynecologists (Ob/Gyns) to find out if the campaign had affected their attitudes about choosing disposable versus less expensive reusable instruments. METHODS: In 2015 (before the cost-awareness campaign) and 2017 (after the cost-awareness campaign), all full-time university-associated Ob/Gyns were mailed a cover letter, questionnaire, and coffee card ($5) with a postage-paid return envelope. Responses (with unique identification) from Ob/Gyns who perform laparoscopic procedures were entered into a password-protected REDCap database on a secure server. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS software version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC) (Canadian Task Force Classification II-3). RESULTS: A total of 35 of 42 eligible Ob/Gyns (85%) with a median 10 years in practice completed questionnaires before and after the intervention. The majority had undertaken minimally invasive surgery training, mainly during residency (80%) and conferences (71%). Before the intervention, the three most important qualities influencing their decision to use a particular instrument were safety (66%), effectiveness (57%), and personal experience (49%). After the intervention, the three most important qualities were effectiveness (57%), safety (57%), and ease of use (46%). Device cost was ranked sixth (26%) before and seventh (17%) after the intervention. The majority (57%) of participants did not change their choice of disposable or reusable instruments, or they would make the choice according to the specific procedure. CONCLUSION: Given the current economy, operative costs are constantly under review. Knowledge about Ob/Gyns' attitudes provides information to design more effective awareness campaigns to encourage use of less costly instruments. To change practice, a campaign increasing Ob/Gyns' exposure to less expensive but safe and effective instruments may help to increase uptake and potentially lead to cost reduction. Cost awareness alone is unlikely to change practice.

Cost of open and laparoscopic distal gastrectomy: surgeon perceptions versus the reality of hospital spending.

BACKGROUND: Rising health care costs have led to increasing focus on cost containment and accountability from health care providers. We sought to explore surgeon awareness of supply costs for open and laparoscopic distal gastrectomy. METHODS: Surveys were sent in 2015 to surgeons at 8 academic hospitals in Toronto who performed distal gastrectomy for gastric adenocarcinoma. Respondents were asked to estimate the total cost, type and number of disposable equipment pieces required to perform open and laparoscopic distal gastrectomy. We determined the accuracy of estimates through comparisons with procedural invoices for distal gastrectomy performed between Jan. 1, 2011, and Dec. 31, 2015. All values are in 2015 Canadian dollars. RESULTS: Of the 53 surveys sent out, 12 were completed (response rate 23%). Surgeon estimates of total supply costs ranged from $500 to $3000 and from $1500 to $5000 for open and laparoscopic cases, respectively. Estimated supply costs for requested equipment ranged from $464 to $2055 for open cases and from $1870 to $2960 for laparoscopic cases. Invoices for actual equipment yielded a mean of $821 (standard deviation $543) (range $89-$2613) for open cases and $2678 (standard deviation $958) (range $835-$4102) for laparoscopic cases. Estimates of total cost were within 25% of the median invoice total in 1 response (9%) for open cases and 3 (27%) of those for laparoscopic cases. CONCLUSION: Respondents failed to accurately estimate equipment costs. The variation in true total costs and estimates of supply costs represents an opportunity for intraoperative cost minimization, efficient equipment selection and value-based purchasing arrangements.

CONTEXTE: En raison de l'augmentation des coûts des soins de santé on attend des professionnels qu'ils mettent davantage l'accent sur les restrictions budgétaires et l'imputabilité. Nous avons voulu vérifier à quel point les chirurgiens sont conscients du coût des fournitures utilisés dans les cas de gastrectomie distale ouverte et laparoscopique. MÉTHODES: Des questionnaires ont été envoyés en 2015 aux chirurgiens de 8 hôpitaux universitaires de Toronto qui pratiquent la gastrectomie distale pour l'adénocarcinome de l'estomac. On demandait aux participants d'estimé le coût total, le type et le nombre de fournitures jetables requises pour une gastrectomie distale ouverte et laparoscopique. Nous avons déterminé l'exactitude des estimations en comparant les factures pour les interventions de gastrectomie distale effectuées entre le 1er janvier 2011 et le 31 décembre 2015. Toutes les valeurs sont présentées en dollars canadiens. RÉSULTATS: Parmi les 53 questionnaires envoyés, 12 sont revenus complétés (taux de réponse 23 %). Les estimations des chirurgiens pour le coût total des fournitures allaient de 500 $ à 3000 $ et de 1500 $ à 5000 $ pour les interventions ouvertes et laparoscopiques, respectivement. Le coût estimé des fournitures pour l'équipement nécessaire variait de 464 $ à 2055 $ pour les interventions ouvertes et de 1870 $ à 2960 $ pour les interventions laparoscopiques. Les factures soumises pour les équipements réellement utilisés ont été en moyenne de 821 $ (écart-type 543 $) (éventail 89 $-2613 $) pour les interventions ouvertes et de 2678 $ (écart-type 958 $) (éventail 835 $-4102 $) pour les interventions laparoscopiques. Les estimations des coûts totaux se situaient à plus ou moins 25 % du montant total médian des factures dans 1 réponse (9 %) pour les interventions ouvertes et dans 3 réponses (27 %) pour les interventions laparoscopiques. CONCLUSION: Les participants n'ont pas été en mesure d'estimer avec exactitude le coût des fournitures. Cet écart entre les coûts totaux réels et estimés représente une occasion de réduire les coûts peropératoires, de sélectionner les équipements de façon efficiente et de conclure des contrats d'achat en fonction de la valeur.

Impact of Nonconcordance With NCCN Guidelines on Resource Utilization, Cost, and Mortality in De Novo Metastatic Breast Cancer.

Background: The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) have directed the care of patients with cancer for >20 years. Payers are implementing guideline-based pathway programs that restrict reimbursement for non-guideline-based care to control costs, yet evidence regarding impact of guidelines on outcomes, including mortality, Medicare costs, and healthcare utilization, is limited. Patients and Methods: This analysis evaluated concordance of first treatment with NCCN Guidelines for women with de novo stage IV metastatic breast cancer (MBC) included within the SEER-Medicare linked database and diagnosed between 2007 and 2013. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the association between mortality and guideline concordance. Linear mixed-effects and generalized linear models were used to evaluate total cost to Medicare and rates of healthcare utilization by concordance status. Results: We found that 19% of patients (188/988) with de novo MBC received nonconcordant treatment. Patients receiving nonconcordant treatment were more likely to be younger and have hormone receptor-negative and HER2-positive MBC. The most common category of nonconcordant treatment was use of adjuvant regimens in the metastatic setting (40%). Adjusted mortality risk was similar for patients receiving concordant and nonconcordant treatments (hazard ratio [HR], 0.85; 95% confidence limit [CL], 0.69, 1.05). When considering category of nonconcordance, patients receiving adjuvant regimens in the metastatic setting had a decreased risk of mortality (HR, 0.60; 95% CL, 0.43, 0.84). Nonconcordant treatments were associated with $1,867 higher average Medicare costs per month compared with concordant treatments (95% CL, $918, $2,817). Single-agent HER2-targeted therapy was the highest costing category of nonconcordance at $3,008 (95% CL, $1,014, $5,001). Healthcare utilization rates were similar for patients receiving concordant and nonconcordant treatments. Conclusions: Despite a lack of survival benefit, concordant care was associated with lower costs, suggesting potential benefit to increasing standardization of care. These findings may influence policy decisions regarding implementation of pathway programs as health systems transition to value-based models.

Reducing cost and improving operating room efficiency: examination of surgical instrument processing.

BACKGROUND: Operating room efficiency can be compromised because of surgical instrument processing delays. We observed that many instruments in a standardized tray were not routinely used during thyroid and parathyroid surgery at our institution. Our objective was to create a streamlined instrument tray to optimize operative efficiency and cost. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Head and neck surgical instrument trays were evaluated by operating room team leaders. Instruments were identified as either necessary or unnecessary based on use during thyroidectomies and parathyroidectomies. The operating room preparation time, tray weights, number of trays, and number of instruments were recorded for the original and new surgical trays. Cost savings were calculated using estimated reprocessing cost of $0.51 per instrument. RESULTS: Three of 13 head and neck trays were converted to thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy trays. The starting head and neck surgical set was reduced from two trays with 98 total instruments to one tray with 36 instruments. Tray weight decreased from 27 pounds to 10 pounds. Tray preparation time decreased from 8 min to 3 min. The new tray saved $31.62 ($49.98 to $18.36) per operation in reprocessing costs. Projected annual savings with hospitalwide implementation is over $28,000.00 for instrument processing alone. Unmeasured hospital savings include decreased instrument wear and replacement frequency, quicker operating room setup, and decreased decontamination costs. CONCLUSIONS: Optimizing surgical trays can reduce cost, physical strain, preparation time, decontamination time, and processing times, and streamlining trays is an effective strategy for hospitals to reduce costs and increase operating room efficiency.

Relationship between duration of preoperative symptoms and postoperative ileus for small bowel obstruction.

BACKGROUND: Factors associated with postoperative ileus and increased resource utilization for patients who undergo operative intervention for small-bowel obstruction are not extensively studied. We evaluated the association between total duration of preoperative symptoms and postoperative outcomes in this population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of patients who underwent surgery for small-bowel obstruction (2013-2016). Clinical data were recorded. Total duration of preoperative symptoms included all symptoms before operation, including those before presentation. Primary endpoint was time to tolerance of diet. Secondary endpoints included length of stay, total parenteral nutrition use, and intensive care unit admission. Association between variables and outcomes was analyzed using univariable analysis, multivariable Poisson modeling, and t-test to compare groups. RESULTS: Sixty-seven patients were included. On presentation, the median duration of symptoms before hospitalization was 2 d (range 0-18 d). Total duration of preoperative symptoms was associated with time to tolerance of diet on univariable analysis (Pearson's moment correlation: 0.28, 95% confidence interval: 0.028-0.5, P = 0.03). On multivariable analysis, ascites was correlated with time to tolerance of diet (P < 0.01), but total duration of preoperative symptoms (P = 0.07) was not. Length of stay (Pearson's correlation: 0.24, 95% confidence interval: -0.02 to 0.47, P = 0.07) was not statistically different in patients with longer preoperative symptoms. Symptom duration was not statistically associated with intensive care unit (P = 0.18) or total parenteral nutrition (P = 0.3) utilization. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that preoperative ascites correlated with increased time to tolerance of diet, and duration of preoperative symptoms may be related to postoperative ileus.

Development of a Disease-based Hernia Program and the Impact on Cost for a Hospital System.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of developing a hernia program on mesh utilization. BACKGROUND: With the ongoing changes in healthcare, the value of all interventions will see increased scrutiny. Hernia mesh can be one of the most costly components of hernia repairs. A disease-based institutional hernia program that defines roles for mesh utilization and measures outcomes has the potential to add significant value to hospital systems. METHODS: In August 2014, a disease-based hernia program was initiated across a hospital system. In collaboration with hospital administration, surgical operations, and all surgeons involved in the care of hernia patients, general guidelines for mesh utilization based on CDC wound class were created. All hernia repairs performed between January 2013 and November 2015 were reviewed. RESULTS: Approximately, 13,937 hernias were repaired during the study period. Biologic mesh was used in 0.4% of clean, 7.1% of clean-contaminated, 38.5% of contaminated, and 58.8% of dirty cases. After initiation of the hernia program there was a reduction in biologic mesh utilization across the system (clean: 66% reduction; clean-contaminated: 63% reduction; contaminated: 55% reduction; dirty: 47% reduction). Surgeons who participated in the hernia program used significantly less biologic mesh in clean (P < 0.01), clean-contaminated (P = 0.01) and contaminated (P < 0.01) hernia repairs. CONCLUSIONS: The development of a system-wide hernia program based on collaboration with the hospital administration, operating room purchasing and clinicians resulted in a significant reduction in costly mesh utilization. This collaborative effort from all stakeholders involved in the care of a specific disease process could provide a reproducible model to improve the value equation through cost reduction strategies in today's healthcare environment.