Current limits for flowmeter resistance in metabolic carts can negatively affect exercise performance.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether a metabolic cart using a flowmeter in the upper range of accepted resistance to airflow (<1.5 cmH2 O∙L-1 ∙s-1 for flows up to 14 L∙s-1 , American Thoracic Society) negatively impacts exercise performance in healthy individuals. METHODS: 16 recreationally active males (age 25 ± 1 years, height 180 ± 6 cm, weight 73.5 ± 5.8 kg, all mean ± SD) performed two incremental tests on a bicycle ergometer on each of two visits, using a metabolic cart with a flowmeter of either low (Oxycon Pro) or high (Innocor) airflow resistance. Mouth pressures, gas exchange, blood lactate concentration [La- ], perception of breathlessness, respiratory, and leg exertion were assessed throughout the tests. RESULTS: Tests performed with the Innocor were significantly shorter (15.3 ± 3.2 vs. 15.8 ± 3.3 min, p < 0.0001) and showed higher maximal flow resistance (1.3 ± 0.2 vs. 0.3 ± 0.0 cmH2 O∙L-1 ∙s-1 , p < 0.0001). At end-exercise, peak oxygen consumption (-200 ± 220 ml.min-1 , p < 0.0001), minute ventilation (-19.9 ± 10.5 L.min-1 , p < 0.0001), breathing frequency (-5.4 ± 5.2 breaths.min-1 , p < 0.0001), heart rate (-2.1 ± 3.6 bpm, p = 0.002) and [La- ] (-0.7 ± 1.0 mmol.L-1 , p < 0.0001), but not tidal volume (-0.1 ± 0.2 L, p = 0.172) were lower with the Innocor, while the perception of breathlessness was higher (+3.8 ± 5.1 points, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Airflow resistance in the upper range of current guidelines can significantly affect exercise performance and respiratory pattern in young, healthy males during incremental exercise. The present results indicate the need to revisit guidelines for devices used in ergospirometry.

Bicycle spiroergometry: comparison of standardized examination protocols for adolescents: is it necessary to define own standard values for each protocol?

PURPOSE: To compare performance data of adolescents collected with five different bicycle spiroergometry protocols and to assess the necessity for establishing standard values for each protocol. METHODS: One-hundred-twenty adolescents completed two bicycle spiroergometries within 14 days. One of the two tests was performed based on our institutional weight-adapted protocol (P0). The other test was performed based on one out of four exercise protocols widely used for children and adolescents (P1, 2, 3 or 4) with 30 persons each. The two tests were performed in a random order. Routine parameters of cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPET) such as VO2peak, maximum power, O2 pulse, OUES, VE/VCO2 slope as well as ventilatory and lactate thresholds were investigated. Agreement between protocols was evaluated by Bland-Altman analysis, coefficients of variation (CV) and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). RESULTS: None of the CPET parameters were significantly different between P0 and P1, 2, 3 or 4. For most of the parameters, low biases between P0 and P1-P4 were found and 95% confidence intervalls were narrow. CV and ICC values largely corresponded to well-defined analytical goals (CV < 10% and ICC > 0.9). Only maximal power (Pmax) showed differences in size and drift of the bias depending on the length of the step duration of the protocols. CONCLUSION: Comparability between examination protocols has been shown for CPET parameters independent on step duration. Protocol-dependent standard values do not appear to be necessary. Only Pmax is dependent on the step duration, but in most cases, this has no significant influence on the fitness assessment.

The influence of protocol design on the identification of ventilatory thresholds and the attainment of peak physiological responses during synchronous arm crank ergometry in able-bodied participants.

PURPOSE: To examine the effects of stage duration on power output (PO), oxygen uptake (VO2), and heart rate (HR) at peak level and ventilatory thresholds during synchronous arm crank ergometry. METHODS: Nineteen healthy participants completed a ramp, 1-min stepwise, and 3-min stepwise graded arm crank exercise test. PO, VO2, and HR at the first and second ventilatory threshold (VT1, VT2) and peak level were compared among the protocols: a repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to test for systematic differences, while intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots were calculated to determine relative and absolute agreement. RESULTS: Systematic differences among the protocols were found for PO at VT1, VT2, and peak level. At peak level, PO differed significantly among all protocols (ramp: 115 ± 37 W; 1-min stepwise: 108 ± 34 W; 3-min stepwise: 94 ± 31 W, p ≤ 0.01). No systematic differences for HR or VO2 were found among the protocols. VT1 and VT2 were identified at 52% and 74% of VO2peak, respectively. The relative agreement among protocols varied (ICC 0.02-0.97), while absolute agreement was low with small-to-large systematic error and large random error. CONCLUSIONS: PO at VTs and peak level was significantly higher in short-stage protocols compared with the 3-min stepwise protocol, whereas HR and VO2 showed no differences. Therefore, training zones based on PO determined in short-stage protocols might give an overestimation. Moreover, due to large random error in HR at VTs between the protocols, it is recommended that different protocols should not be used interchangeably within individuals.

The effect of test modality on dynamic exercise biomarkers in children, adolescents, and young adults.

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) modalities, treadmill (TM), and cycle ergometer (CE), influence maximal gas exchange and heart rate (HR) responses. Little is known regarding CPET modality effect on submaximal biomarkers during childhood and adolescence. Ninety-four healthy participants (7-34 y.o., 53% female) performed TM and CE CPET to address two major gaps: (1) the effect of modality on submaximal CPET biomarkers, and (2) estimation of work rate in TM CPET. Breath-by-breath gas exchange enabled calculation of linear regression slopes such as V˙ O2 /ΔHR and Δ V˙ E/Δ V˙ CO2 . Lean body mass (LBM) was measured with dual X-ray absorptiometry. We tested a novel TM CPET estimate of work rate based on TM velocity2 , incline, and body mass (VIM). Like the linear relationship between V˙ O2 and work rate in CE CPET, V˙ O2 increased linearly with TM VIM. TM Δ V˙ O2 /ΔHR was highly correlated with CE (r = 0.92), and each increased substantially with LBM (P < 0.0001 for TM and CE). Δ V˙ O2 /ΔHR was to a small (~8.7%) but significant extent larger in TM (1.6 mL/min/beat, P = 0.04). In contrast, TM and CE Δ V˙ E/Δ V˙ CO2 decreased significantly with LBM, supporting earlier observations from CE CPET. For both CE and TM, males had significantly higher Δ V˙ O2 /ΔHR but lower Δ V˙ E/Δ V˙ CO2 than females. Novel TM CPET biomarkers such as ΔVIM/ΔHR and ∆ V˙ O2 /ΔVIM paralleled effects of LBM observed in CE CPET. TM and CE CPET submaximal biomarkers are not interchangeable, but similarly reflect maturation during critical periods. CPET analysis that utilizes data actually measured (rather than estimated) may improve the clinical value of TM and CE CPET.

Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Using Arm Ergometry in Children With Spina Bifida: A Prediction Model for O2peak.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to develop a prediction model for peak oxygen uptake ((Equation is included in full-text article.)O2peak) in children with spina bifida (SB), considering peak workload (Wpeak), peak heart rate, age, sex, anthropometric measures, walking level, physical activity level, and level of the lesion. METHODS: Data of 26 participants with SB performing a graded arm crank test were used to develop the prediction model. An unrelated data set of participants with SB was used for validation. RESULTS: The following equation was developed to predict (Equation is included in full-text article.)O2peak of participants with SB: (Equation is included in full-text article.)O2peak (mL/min) = 194+18 × Wpeak - 110 × sex (adjusted R(2) = 0.933, SEE = 96 mL/min). Bland-Altman analysis showed a nonsignificant mean difference between the measured and predicted values of (Equation is included in full-text article.)O2peak (-0.09 L/min) and limits of agreement of -0.4036 and 0.2236 L/min. CONCLUSIONS: The prediction model shows promising results; however, further validation using the same protocol is warranted before implementation in clinical practice.

3-min all-out effort on cycle ergometer is valid to estimate the anaerobic capacity by measurement of blood lactate and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of a single 3-min all-out maximal effort to estimate anaerobic capacity (AC) through the lactate and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) response methods (AC[La-]+EPOCfast) on a cycle ergometer. Eleven physically active men (age = 28.1 ± 4.0 yrs, height = 175.1 ± 4.2 cm, body mass = 74.8 ± 11.9 kg and ⩒O2max = 40.7 ± 7.3 mL kg-1 min-1), participated in the study and performed: i) five submaximal efforts, ii) a supramaximal effort at 115% of intensity of ⩒O2max, and iii) a 3-min all-out maximal effort. Anaerobic capacity was estimated using the supramaximal effort through conventional maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) and also through the sum of oxygen equivalents from the glycolytic (fast component of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption) and phosphagen pathways (blood lactate accumulation) (AC[La-]+EPOCfast), while during the 3-min all-out maximal effort the anaerobic capacity was estimated using the AC[La-]+EPOCfast procedure. There were no significant differences between the three methods (p > 0.05). Additionally, the anaerobic capacity estimated during the 3-min all-out effort was significantly correlated with the MAOD (r = 0.74; p = 0.009) and AC[La-]+EPOCfast methods (r = 0.65; p = 0.029). Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the 3-min all-out effort is valid to estimate anaerobic capacity in physically active men during a single cycle ergometer effort.

Validation of A New Judo-Specific Ergometer System in Male Elite and Sub-Elite Athletes.

Our experimental approach included two studies to determine discriminative validity and test-retest reliability (study 1) as well as ecological validity (study 2) of a judo ergometer system while performing judo-specific movements. Sixteen elite (age: 23 ± 3 years) and 11 sub-elite (age: 16 ± 1 years) athletes participated in study 1 and 14 male sub-elite judo athletes participated in study 2. Discriminative validity and test-retest reliability of sport-specific parameters (mechanical work, maximal force) were assessed during pulling movements with and without tsukuri (kuzushi). Ecological validity of muscle activity was determined by performing pulling movements using the ergometer without tsukuri and during the same movements against an opponent. In both conditions, electromyographic activity of trunk (e.g., m. erector spinae) and upper limb muscles (e.g., m. biceps brachii) were assessed separately for the lifting and pulling arm. Elite athletes showed mostly better mechanical work, maximal force, and power (0.12 ≤ d ≤ 1.80) compared with sub-elite athletes. The receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed acceptable validity of the JERGo© system to discriminate athletes of different performance levels predominantly during kuzushi without tsukuri (area under the curve = 0.27-0.90). Moreover, small-to-medium discriminative validity was found to detect meaningful performance changes for mechanical work and maximal force. The JERGo© system showed small-to-high relative (ICC = 0.37-0.92) and absolute reliability (SEM = 10.8-18.8%). Finally, our analyses revealed acceptable correlations (r = 0.41-0.88) between muscle activity during kuzushi performed with the JERGo© system compared with a judo opponent. Our findings indicate that the JERGo© system is a valid and reliable test instrument for the assessment and training of judo-specific pulling kinetics particularly during kuzushi movement without tsukuri.

[Ergometry - Step by Step]. / Ergometrie ­ Schritt für Schritt.

Exercise testing belongs to the most important cardiologic diagnostic prozedures. Even if sensitivity and specifity of ergometry are low, it is used widely for the following: screening for coronary artery disease, as a component of imaging and cardiopulmonary exercise testing, for assessment of arrhythmias, hypertension and congenital heart diseases.

Association Between Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Plasma BDNF in Adolescents: DADOS Study.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is suggested to play a key role in moderating the benefits of physical activity (PA) on cognition. Previous research found that PA may have an impact on peripheral BDNF expression. The aim of our study was to analyze the association between objectively measured PA with circulating BDNF in a group of active adolescents. Two hundred thirty-four adolescents (132 boys) aged 13.9 ± 0.3 years old from the DADOS study were included in this cross-sectional analysis. PA was assessed by GENEActiv triaxial accelerometer. Participants wore the accelerometer on their non-dominant wrist for 6 consecutive 24-h days, including weekends. PA was expressed as the average (min/day) of light, moderate, and vigorous PA. Fasting plasma BDNF concentrations at rest were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Partial correlations and linear regression analyses were performed with a significance level established at p < 0.05. No correlations were found between BDNF and PA variables. Plasma levels of BDNF at rest were not significantly associated with daily PA in either boys or girls (p > 0.05). Based on previous research and our own data, the association between daily PA and baseline levels of BDNF remains inconclusive. Further research is needed to shed light on the relationship between regular PA and BDNF in adolescents.

Determination of Aerobic Capacity via Cycle Ergometer Exercise Testing in Alzheimer's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Older adults with Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be unable to perform treadmill testing due to balance issues. We investigated whether older adults with AD could successfully complete a peak cycle ergometer test. METHODS: Peak oxygen consumption (peak [Formula: see text]) assessed via a cycle ergometer test in 44 participants with AD (age 78.4 ± 6.8). Physical function was assessed via the incremental shuttle walk, 6-minute walk, and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). RESULTS: All participants completed the cycle ergometer test successfully. Peak [Formula: see text] was correlated with SPPB ( r = .35, P = .023), shuttle walk ( r = .35, P = .024), 6-minute walk ( r = .31, P = .05), and inversely with age ( r = -.4, P = .009). There was no correlation between peak [Formula: see text] and cognition. CONCLUSION: Older adults with AD are able to safely complete a peak cycle ergometer exercise testing protocol. We provide an individualized cycle ergometer test for determining aerobic capacity in older adults with AD who may be unable to perform treadmill testing due to balance or gait issues.

Intrarater reliability and agreement of linear encoder derived heel-rise endurance test outcome measures in healthy adults.

A linear encoder measuring vertical displacement during the heel-rise endurance test (HRET) enables the assessment of work and maximum height in addition to the traditional repetitions measure. We aimed to compare the test-retest reliability and agreement of these three outcome measures. Thirty-eight healthy participants (20 females, 18 males) performed the HRET on two occasions separated by a minimum of seven days. Reliability was assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and agreement by a range of measures including the standard error of measurement (SEM), coefficient of variation (CV), and 95% limits of agreement (LoA). Reliability for repetitions (ICC=0.77 (0.66, 0.85)) was equivalent to work (ICC=0.84 (95% CI 0.76, 0.89)) and maximum height (ICC=0.85 (0.77, 0.90)). Agreement for repetitions (SEM=6.7 (5.8, 7.9); CV=13.9% (11.9, 16.8%); LoA=-1.9±37.2%) was equivalent to work (SEM=419J (361, 499J); CV=13.1% (11.2, 15.8%); LoA=0.1±34.8%) with maximum height superior (SEM=0.8cm (0.6, 1.0cm); CV=6.6% (5.7, 7.9%); LoA=1.3±17.1%). Work and maximum height demonstrated acceptable reliability and agreement that was at least equivalent to the traditional repetitions measure.

Impacto de la adherencia a las recomendaciones de hábitos de vida cardiosaludables en la capacidad funcional a largo plazo en pacientes que han completado un programa de rehabilitación cardíaca / Impact of adherence to recommendations on a healthy heart lifestyle on long-term functional capacity in patients completing a cardiac rehabilitation programme

Objetivo. Estudiar el grado de adherencia a largo plazo a los hábitos de vida cardiosaludables en pacientes isquémicos que han completado un programa de rehabilitación cardíaca y prevención secundaria (PRCyPS) y su impacto en la capacidad funcional. Diseño. Estudio analítico de cohortes histórico de pacientes isquémicos de riesgo moderado que completaron un PRCyPS en una Unidad de Rehabilitación Cardíaca en 2006-2007. Material y método. Las variables de estudio se recogieron en 3períodos: antes de empezar, tras terminar y a los 6 años de finalizar el PRCyPS. Como instrumentos de medida se utiliza el cuestionario sobre dieta mediterránea de Trichopoulou, el test de Morisky Green, el cuestionario internacional sobre actividad física y una ergometría. Se consideró cumplidor al paciente que seguía los 4 consejos cardiosaludables. La significación estadística se estableció en p<0,05. Resultados. Un total de 41 pacientes revisados a los 6 años (38 hombres, con 56 años de edad media). La adherencia a las recomendaciones cardiosaludables a los 6 años la cumplían 13 pacientes (32%). Los no cumplidores alcanzaron una capacidad funcional al finalizar el programa y a los 6 años de 10,4 y 8,3 respectivamente, mientras que los cumplidores alcanzaron 9,8 y 8,9. La pérdida de capacidad funcional en los no cumplidores fue del 20% frente a solo el 6% en los cumplidores (p=0,02). Conclusión. La adherencia a las recomendaciones de hábitos de vida cardiosaludables transmitidas en los PRCyPS a los 6 años es bajo (32%). Los pacientes que siguen todas las recomendaciones solo pierden un 6% de la capacidad funcional a los 6 años frente al 20% de la capacidad funcional que pierden los pacientes que no tienen una buena adherencia (AU)

Objective. To evaluate long-term adherence to healthy heart lifestyle habits in ischemic patients completing a cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention (CR/SP) programme and its impact on functional capacity. Design. Analytic historical cohort study of ischemic patients at moderate-risk who completed a CR/SP programme in a Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit from 2006-2007. Material and method. The study variables were collected in 3periods: Before and after the programme and 6 years later. Measurement instruments included Trichopoulou's Mediterranean diet questionnaire, the Morisky Green test, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and a stress test. Patients following 4 healthy heart recommendations were considered to be adherent. Statistical significance was set at P<.05. Results. A total of 41 patients were evaluated at 6 years; 38 were men and the mean age was 56 years. Thirteen patients (32%) were considered adherent to healthy heart recommendations at 6 years. At the end of the programme and at 6 years, functional capacity was 10.4 and 8.3, respectively, in adherent patients and 9.8 and 8.9 in non-adherent patients. Loss of functional capacity in non-adherent patients was 20% compared with only 6% in adherent patients (P=.02). Conclusion. Adherence to healthy heart recommendations made in a CP/SP programme was low (32%). Patients who adhered to all the recommendations lost only 6% of their functional capacity at 6 years compared with 20% of functional capacity in non-adherent patients (AU)

The validity and reliability of a sample of 10 Wattbike cycle ergometers.

The purpose of the study was to assess the validity and inter-bike reliability of 10 Wattbike cycle ergometers, and to assess the test-retest reliability of one Wattbike. Power outputs from 100 to 1000 W were applied using a motorised calibration rig (LODE) at cadences of 70, 90, 110 and 130 rev · min-1, which created nineteen different intensities for comparison. Significant relationships (P < 0.01, r2 = 0.99) were found between each of the Wattbikes and the LODE. Each Wattbike was found to be valid and reliable and had good inter-bike agreement. Within-bike mean differences ranged from 0.0 W to 8.1 W at 300 W and 3.3 W to 19.3 W at 600 W. When taking into account the manufacturers stated measurement error for the LODE (2%), the mean differences were less than 2%. Comparisons between Wattbikes at each of the nineteen intensities gave differences from 0.6 to 25.5 W at intensities of 152 W and 983 W, respectively. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the measures of power recorded in the test-retest condition. The data suggest that the Wattbike is an accurate and reliable tool for training and performance assessments, with data between Wattbikes being able to be used interchangeably.

The exercise intensity at maximal oxygen uptake (i⩒O2max): Methodological issues and repeatability.

The minimum exercise intensity that elicits ⩒O2max (i⩒O2max) is an important variable associated with endurance exercise performance. i⩒O2max is usually determined during a maximal incremental exercise test; however, the magnitude and duration of the increments used influence the i⩒O2max value produced by a given test. The aims of this study were twofold. The first was to investigate whether the i⩒O2max value produced by a single cycle ergometer test (i⩒O2max(S)) was repeatable. The second was to determine if i⩒O2max(S) represents the minimum intensity at which ⩒O2max is elicited when compared to a refined i⩒O2max value (i⩒O2max(R)) derived from repeated tests. Seventeen male cyclists (age 33.9 ± 7.7 years, body mass 80.9 ± 10.2 kg, height 1.82 ± 0.05 m; VO2max 4.27 ± 0.62 L min(-1)) performed four maximal incremental tests for the determination of i⩒O2max(S) and i⩒O2max(R) (3 min stages; 20 W increments). Trials 1 and 2 were identical and used for assessing the repeatability of i⩒O2max(S), trials 3 and 4 began at different intensities and were used to determine i⩒O2max(R). i⩒O2max(S) showed good test-retest repeatability for i⩒O2max (CV = 4.1%; ICC = 0.93), VO2max (CV = 6.3%; ICC = 0.88) and test duration (CV = 6.7%; ICC = 0.89). There was no significant difference between i⩒O2max(S) and i⩒O2max(R) (303 ± 40 W vs. 301 ± 42 W) (P < .05). The present results suggest that i⩒O2max determined directly during a maximal incremental test is repeatable and provides a very good estimate of the minimum exercise intensity that elicits ⩒O2max.

Validity of Power Settings of the Wahoo KICKR Power Trainer.

PURPOSE: To assess the validity of power output settings of the Wahoo KICKR Power Trainer (KICKR) using a dynamic calibration rig (CALRIG) over a range of power outputs and cadences. METHODS: Using the KICKR to set power outputs, powers of 100-999 W were assessed at cadences (controlled by the CALRIG) of 80, 90, 100, 110, and 120 rpm. RESULTS: The KICKR displayed accurate measurements of power of 250-700 W at cadences of 80-120 rpm with a bias of -1.1% (95% limits of agreement [LoA] -3.6% to 1.4%). A larger mean bias in power was observed across the full range of power tested, 100-999 W (4.2%, 95% LoA -20.1% to 28.6%), due to larger biases of 100-200 and 750-999 W (4.5%, 95% LoA -2.3% to 11.3%, and 13.0%, 95% LoA -24.4% to 50.3%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with a CALRIG, the KICKR has acceptable accuracy reporting a small mean bias and narrow LoA in the measurement of power output of 250-700 W at cadences of 80-120 rpm. Caution should be applied by coaches and sports scientists when using the KICKR at power outputs of <200 W and >750 W due to the greater variability in recorded power.

[Factorial structure of physical performance in children aged of 7-8 years].

The given research is devoted to the comprehensive investigation of physical working capability within the whole range of accessible loads in healthy schoolchildren aged of 7-8 years (n=159). During the working process there were identifiedfive important facts determining the structure ofpupils 'physical working capability in the researched aged group. They include common working capability, aerobic alactant working capability, anaerobic glycolytic working capability, aerobic power and aerobic volume. The pointed out facts except the fact of common working capability, are associated with the maximum, sub maximum, large and medium zones of relative capacity respectively. During the study there were found out the expressed differences between boys and girls according to the development level of aerobic and anaerobic components ofphysical working capability. Therewith the most substantial differences were observed concerning the variables characterizing the working capability in zones of large and medium power dealing predominantly with aerobic muscle activity power supply, and the least valuable ones - in accordance with working indices in the sub maximum power dealing with anaerobic glycolytic system. The received data can be applied in solving practical problems of hygienic rating and control ofphysical loads value of different relative power during the process of physical education as well as in prenosological diagnostics of children's health on the base of the evaluation of their organism's adaptative capabilities.

Making Activity Recognition Robust against Deceptive Behavior.

Healthcare services increasingly use the activity recognition technology to track the daily activities of individuals. In some cases, this is used to provide incentives. For example, some health insurance companies offer discount to customers who are physically active, based on the data collected from their activity tracking devices. Therefore, there is an increasing motivation for individuals to cheat, by making activity trackers detect activities that increase their benefits rather than the ones they actually do. In this study, we used a novel method to make activity recognition robust against deceptive behavior. We asked 14 subjects to attempt to trick our smartphone-based activity classifier by making it detect an activity other than the one they actually performed, for example by shaking the phone while seated to make the classifier detect walking. If they succeeded, we used their motion data to retrain the classifier, and asked them to try to trick it again. The experiment ended when subjects could no longer cheat. We found that some subjects were not able to trick the classifier at all, while others required five rounds of retraining. While classifiers trained on normal activity data predicted true activity with ~38% accuracy, training on the data gathered during the deceptive behavior increased their accuracy to ~84%. We conclude that learning the deceptive behavior of one individual helps to detect the deceptive behavior of others. Thus, we can make current activity recognition robust to deception by including deceptive activity data from a few individuals.

El foco de atención emerge espontáneamente durante el ejercicio progresivo y máximo / Attention becomes spontaneously focused during progressive and maximum exercise / O Foco Atencional Emerge Espontaneamente Durante O Exercício Progressivo E Máximo

El objetivo de este estudio fue testar un modelo no lineal del foEl objetivo de este estudio fue testar un modelo no lineal del foco de atención imponiendo y sin imponer un pensamiento disociado durante un test cicloergométrico progresivo y máximo. Doce estudiantes previamente familiarizados con los procedimientos experimentales realizaron dos veces un test progresivo y máximo en cicloergómetro en dos condiciones diferentes: la primera, orientada a establecer su dinámica intrínseca, sin imponer ningún tipo de pensamiento, y la segunda imponiendo un pensamiento disociado (PD). Durante los test los participantes informaron cada 30s sobre su tipo de pensamiento (PD o PA -pensamiento asociado) a través de señales previamente convenidas. Las series individuales se dividieron en 10 intervalos temporales de intensidad creciente y se calcularon los porcentajes de PD y PA en cada una de ellas. Se encontraron porcentajes significativamente superiores de PA a partir del 6º intervalo de intensidad en el test con PD no impuesto (PDNI) (χ2 (12, 9) = 39.75; p < .001) y a partir del 8º intervalo en el test con PD impuesto (PDI) (χ2 (12, 9) = 70.65; p < .001). Los porcentajes de PD fueron superiores en el test PDI en 6 de los 10 intervalos de intensidad (p < .05). Los resultados demuestran la emergencia espontánea de PA durante el ejercicio progresivo y máximo confirmando el modelo no lineal del foco de atención

The objective of this study was to test a non-linear focus-of-attention model, with the imposition and non-imposition of dissociative thinking during a progressive and maximum bicycle ergometer test. Twelve students who were familiar with experimental procedures performed a progressive and maximum bicycle ergometer test twice under two different conditions: first so as to encourage the emergence of intrinsic dynamics, without imposing any type of thinking and, second, imposing dissociative thinking (DT). During the test, through previously agreed signals, the participants reported on their type of thinking every 30 seconds (DT or AT - dissociative or associative thinking). The individual series were divided into 10 temporary intervals of increasing intensity and the percentage of DT and AT in each one of them was calculated. The median percentage of AT was significantly higher from the 6th interval of intensity onwards in the non-imposed DT test (NIDT) (χ2 (12, 9) = 39.75; p < .001) and from the 8th interval onwards in the imposed DT test (IDT) (χ2 (12, 9) = 70.65; p < .001). The percentage of PD was higher in the PDI test in 6 of the 10 intervals of intensity (p < .05). The results demonstrate the spontaneous emergence of PA during a progressive and maximum cycling exercise, confirming the nonlinear focus-of-attention model

O objectivo deste estudo foi testar um modelo não linear do foco de atenção impondo e sem impor um pensamento dissociativo durante um teste cicloergométrico progressivo e máximo. Doze estudantes previamente familiarizados com os procedimentos experimentais realizaram duas vezes um teste progressivo e máximo num cicloergómetro em duas condições diferentes: a primeira, orientada para estabelecer a sua dinâmica intrínseca, sem impor nenhum tipo de pensamento, e a segunda impondo um pensamento dissociado (PD). Durante os testes os participantes informaram cada 30s sobre o seu tipo de pensamento (PD ou PA –pensamento associado) através de sinais previamente convencionados. As séries individuais dividiram-se em 10 intervalos temporais de intensidade crescente e foram calculadas as percentagens de PD e PA em cada uma delas. Verificaram-se percentagens significativamente superiores de PA a partir do 6º intervalo de intensidade no teste com PD não imposto (PDNI) (χ2 (12, 9) = 39.75; p < .001) e a partir do 8º intervalo no teste com PD imposto (PDI) (χ2 (12, 9) = 70.65; p < .001). As percentagens de PD foram superiores no teste de PDI em 6 dos 10 intervalos de intensidade (p < .05). Os resultados demonstram a emergência espontânea de PA durante o exercício progressivo e máximo, confirmando o modelo não linear do foco atencional

Time of exercise as indicator of quality control in ergometry services.

BACKGROUND: The search for quality requires assessment tools in the various subdivisions of a health complex. In diagnostic medicine, they are scarce and in ergometry suggestions of indicators were not found. OBJECTIVE: To establish indicator for quality control on ergometry based on III Guidelines of the Brazilian Cardiology Society About Ergometric Test; to verify the percentage of tests that have presented the indicator within the compliance in two services of the same institution before and after the publication of the document. METHODS: A critical analysis of the guidelines in the search for indicator that would present: accuracy, reliability, simplicity, validity, sensitivity and ability to quantitatively measure the variations in the behavior of quality criteria and that would be applicable to all tests. The indicator was applied in tests of 2010 and 2011 prior to the publication, and after it was adopted by two services of the same institution. RESULTS: The indicator that has met the criteria was the percentage of ergometric tests with exercise duration between 8 and 12 minutes. In the years 2010 and 2011, respectively, the percentage of ergometric tests within compliance were 85.5% and 86.1% (p=0.068) at the General Hospital, and 81.5% and 85.7% (p<0.001) the Service of Periodic Health Assessment. CONCLUSION: The exercise time between 8 and 12 minutes can be used as a quality criterion in ergometric and services where it was applied, at least 80% of the ergometric tests were compliant.

Tempo de Exercicio como Indicador de Controle de Qualidade em Servicos de Ergometria / Time of Exercise as Indicator of Quality Control in Ergometry Services

Fundamento: A busca pela qualidade exige ferramentas de avaliação nas diversas subdivisões de um complexo de saúde. Na medicina diagnóstica eles são escassos e em ergometria não foram encontradas sugestões de indicadores. Objetivo: Estabelecer indicador para controle de qualidade em ergometria baseado nas III Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia Sobre Teste Ergométrico; verificar o percentual dos testes que apresentaram o indicador dentro da conformidade em dois serviços de uma mesma instituição, antes e após a publicação do documento. Métodos: Foi realizada análise crítica das diretrizes em busca de indicador que apresentasse: exatidão, confiabilidade, simplicidade, validade, sensibilidade e capacidade de medir quantitativamente as variações no comportamento dos critérios de qualidade e que fosse aplicável a todos os testes. O indicador foi aplicado nos testes de 2010, anterior à publicação e 2011, depois que ele foi adotado, por dois serviços de uma mesma instituição. Resultados: O indicador que preencheu os critérios foi o de percentual de exames ergométricos com duração do exercício entre 8 e 12 minutos. Nos anos 2010 e 2011, respectivamente, os percentuais de testes ergométricos dentro da conformidade foram 85,5% e 86,1% (p = 0,068) no Hospital Geral, e 81,5% e 85,7% (p < 0,001) no Serviço de Avaliação Periódica de Saúde. Conclusão: O tempo do exercício entre 8 e 12 minutos pode ser utilizado como critério de qualidade em ergometria e nos serviços onde ele foi aplicado, pelo menos 80% dos testes ergométricos estiveram conformes. .

Background: The search for quality requires assessment tools in the various subdivisions of a health complex. In diagnostic medicine, they are scarce and in ergometry suggestions of indicators were not found. Objective: To establish indicator for quality control on ergometry based on III Guidelines of the Brazilian Cardiology Society About Ergometric Test; to verify the percentage of tests that have presented the indicator within the compliance in two services of the same institution before and after the publication of the document. Methods: A critical analysis of the guidelines in the search for indicator that would present: accuracy, reliability, simplicity, validity, sensitivity and ability to quantitatively measure the variations in the behavior of quality criteria and that would be applicable to all tests. The indicator was applied in tests of 2010 and 2011 prior to the publication, and after it was adopted by two services of the same institution. Results: The indicator that has met the criteria was the percentage of ergometric tests with exercise duration between 8 and 12 minutes. In the years 2010 and 2011, respectively, the percentage of ergometric tests within compliance were 85.5% and 86.1% (p = 0.068) at the General Hospital, and 81.5% and 85.7% (p <0.001) the Service of Periodic Health Assessment. Conclusion: The exercise time between 8 and 12 minutes can be used as a quality criterion in ergometric and services where it was applied, at least 80% of the ergometric tests were compliant. .