Mice exposure to haloxyfop-p-methyl ester at predicted environmentally relevant concentrations leads to anti-predatory response deficit.

Although the efficiency of haloxyfop-p-methyl ester (HPME) as selective herbicide is acknowledged, its impact on non-target organisms is poorly known. It is not known whether the short exposure of mammals to low HPME concentrations (consistent with a realistic contamination scenario) poses risks to these animals. Thus, the aim of the current study is to evaluate the effects of HPME on the anti-predatory behavior of female Swiss mice exposed to it. The animals were divided in groups: non-exposed (control) and exposed (route: i.p., for 2 days) to different herbicide concentrations (2.7 × 10-4 g/kg and 2.7 × 10-2 g/kg of body weight), which were considered environmentally relevant predicted concentrations. The animals were subjected to the open field and elevated plus-maze tests; results showed that the HPME did not lead to anxiolytic or anxiety behavior, or to locomotive changes in the tested animals, fact that was confirmed through the Basso Mouse Scale for locomotion scores. On the other hand, animals exposed to the herbicide were incapable of recognizing the snake as potential predator. Animals in the control group, exposed to a real snake (Pantherophis guttatus) remained longer in the safety zone of the test device, presented lower frequency of self-grooming behaviors for a shorter period-of-time, besides showing longer freezing time, which was not observed in animals exposed to HPME. Therefore, our study indicates the ecotoxicological potential of the herbicide, since anti-predatory behavior disorders may affect preys' responses and population dynamics.

Hypolipidemic activity of P-methoxycinnamic diester (PCO-C) isolated from Copernicia prunífera against Triton WR-1339 and hyperlipidemic diet in mice.

Carnauba wax is extracted from the leaves of the Copernicia prunífera and contains approximately 80% of esters in its composition. The purpose of the present study was evaluate the hypolipidemic effect of p-methoxycinnamic diesters (PCO-C) extracted from Copernicia prunífera in a model of acute and chronic dyslipidemia in mice. The levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly reduced plasma levels in PCO-C at the dose of 100mg/kg in a model of acute and chronic dyslipidemia. Histological studies showed that PCO-C has no hepatotoxic effect and reduces hepatic steatosis in animals that consumed hyperlipidemic ration. Thus, it was concluded that PCO-C isolated from Copernicia Prunifera was effective in reducing total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in both dyslipidemia induction models. The finding indicates that PCO-C might be beneficial in treatment of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.

Ciprofloxacin Derivatives Affect Parasite Cell Division and Increase the Survival of Mice Infected with Toxoplasma gondii.

Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, is a worldwide disease whose clinical manifestations include encephalitis and congenital malformations in newborns. Previously, we described the synthesis of new ethyl-ester derivatives of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin with ~40-fold increased activity against T. gondii in vitro, compared with the original compound. Cipro derivatives are expected to target the parasite's DNA gyrase complex in the apicoplast. The activity of these compounds in vivo, as well as their mode of action, remained thus far uncharacterized. Here, we examined the activity of the Cipro derivatives in vivo, in a model of acute murine toxoplasmosis. In addition, we investigated the cellular effects T. gondii tachyzoites in vitro, by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). When compared with Cipro treatment, 7-day treatments with Cipro derivatives increased mouse survival significantly, with 13-25% of mice surviving for up to 60 days post-infection (vs. complete lethality 10 days post-infection, with Cipro treatment). Light microscopy examination early (6 and 24h) post-infection revealed that 6-h treatments with Cipro derivatives inhibited the initial event of parasite cell division inside host cells, in an irreversible manner. By TEM and immunofluorescence, the main cellular effects observed after treatment with Cipro derivatives and Cipro were cell scission inhibition--with the appearance of 'tethered' parasites--malformation of the inner membrane complex, and apicoplast enlargement and missegregation. Interestingly, tethered daughter cells resulting from Cipro derivatives, and also Cipro, treatment did not show MORN1 cap or centrocone localization. The biological activity of Cipro derivatives against C. parvum, an apicomplexan species that lacks the apicoplast, is, approximately, 50 fold lower than that in T. gondii tachyzoites, supporting that these compounds targets the apicoplast. Our results show that Cipro derivatives improved the survival of mice acutely infected with T. gondii and inhibited parasite replication early in the first cycle of infection in vitro, highlighting their therapeutic potential for the treatment of toxoplasmosis.

Comparison of two esters estradiol as inductors on ovulation follicular diameter and pregnancy rate of dairy cattle subject to program of FTAI / Comparação de dois ésteres de estradiol como indutores da ovulação sobre o diâmetro folicular e a taxa de gestação de bovinos leiteiros submetidos a programa de Inseminação Artificial em Tempo Fixo

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of using two estradiol esters, on the diameter of the ovulatory follicle (DFOL), and pregnancy rates of dairy cows submitted to FTAI program. Therefore, 94 females crossbred Dutch-Gir were subjected to the following hormone protocol started on a random day D0, by insertion of an intravaginal device of progesterone (P4) associated to 2.0 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB) intramuscular (im). In D8, the devices were removed and 500 µg of sodium cloprostenol prostaglandin F2 was administered and 300 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) i.m. At this time the animals were divided in two groups: 50 cows were allocated to EC group and received 1 mg of estradiol cypionate i.m., while the other 44 received 1.0 mg of EB i.m. 24 hours after removal of the devices (D9), being called the BE Group. At D10, inseminations were carried out, and prior to each IA procedure were performed trans rectal ultrasonography to measure the DFOL. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed 55 days after the FTAI. There was no significant difference between measurement of DFOL found for the BE and CE groups being, respectively, 11.45 ± 2.34 and 10.71 ± 2,43mm. The BE group also showed a 34.10% pregnancy rate, similar to the EC group which was 40.00%. It is concluded that CE can replace the BE in TAI protocol in dairy cows, representing an alternative to simplify the FTAI

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da utilização de dois ésteres de estradiol, sobre o Diâmetro do Folículo Ovulatório (DFOL) e taxa de gestação de fêmeas bovinas leiteiras submetidas a um programa de Inseminação Artificial em Tempo Fixo (IATF). Para tanto, 94 fêmeas mestiças Holandês-Gir foram submetidas ao seguinte protocolo hormonal, iniciado em um dia aleatório, D0, por meio da inserção de um dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona (P4) associado à 2mg de Benzoato de Estradiol (BE) via intramuscular (i.m.). No D8, os dispositivos foram removidos e administrados 500 µg de Cloprostenol sódico prostaglandina F2 e 300 UI de Gonadotrofina Coriônica equina (eCG) i.m. Neste momento, os animais foram divididos em dois grupos experimentais: 50 vacas foram alocadas no grupo Cipionato de Estradiol (CE) e receberam 1mg dessa substância via i.m., enquanto outras 44 receberam 1mg de BE i.m., 24 horas após a retirada dos dispositivos (D9), sendo chamadas grupo BE. No D10, foram realizadas as inseminações e, previamente a cada procedimento de IA, foi executada a mensuração do DFOL por meio de ultrassonografia transretal. O diagnóstico de gestação foi realizado 55 dias após as IATFs. Não houve diferença significativa entre as médias de DFOL encontradas para os grupos BE e CE sendo, respectivamente, 11,45 ± 2,34 e 10,71 ± 2,43mm. O grupo BE também apresentou um índice de

Comparison of two esters estradiol as inductors on ovulation follicular diameter and pregnancy rate of dairy cattle subject to program of FTAI / Comparação de dois ésteres de estradiol como indutores da ovulação sobre o diâmetro folicular e a taxa de gestação de bovinos leiteiros submetidos a programa de Inseminação Artificial em Tempo Fixo

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of using two estradiol esters, on the diameter of the ovulatory follicle (DFOL), and pregnancy rates of dairy cows submitted to FTAI program. Therefore, 94 females crossbred Dutch-Gir were subjected to the following hormone protocol started on a random day D0, by insertion of an intravaginal device of progesterone (P4) associated to 2.0 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB) intramuscular (im). In D8, the devices were removed and 500 µg of sodium cloprostenol prostaglandin F2 was administered and 300 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) i.m. At this time the animals were divided in two groups: 50 cows were allocated to EC group and received 1 mg of estradiol cypionate i.m., while the other 44 received 1.0 mg of EB i.m. 24 hours after removal of the devices (D9), being called the BE Group. At D10, inseminations were carried out, and prior to each IA procedure were performed trans rectal ultrasonography to measure the DFOL. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed 55 days after the FTAI. There was no significant difference between measurement of DFOL found for the BE and CE groups being, respectively, 11.45 ± 2.34 and 10.71 ± 2,43mm. The BE group also showed a 34.10% pregnancy rate, similar to the EC group which was 40.00%. It is concluded that CE can replace the BE in TAI protocol in dairy cows, representing an alternative to simplify the FTAI(AU)

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da utilização de dois ésteres de estradiol, sobre o Diâmetro do Folículo Ovulatório (DFOL) e taxa de gestação de fêmeas bovinas leiteiras submetidas a um programa de Inseminação Artificial em Tempo Fixo (IATF). Para tanto, 94 fêmeas mestiças Holandês-Gir foram submetidas ao seguinte protocolo hormonal, iniciado em um dia aleatório, D0, por meio da inserção de um dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona (P4) associado à 2mg de Benzoato de Estradiol (BE) via intramuscular (i.m.). No D8, os dispositivos foram removidos e administrados 500 µg de Cloprostenol sódico prostaglandina F2 e 300 UI de Gonadotrofina Coriônica equina (eCG) i.m. Neste momento, os animais foram divididos em dois grupos experimentais: 50 vacas foram alocadas no grupo Cipionato de Estradiol (CE) e receberam 1mg dessa substância via i.m., enquanto outras 44 receberam 1mg de BE i.m., 24 horas após a retirada dos dispositivos (D9), sendo chamadas grupo BE. No D10, foram realizadas as inseminações e, previamente a cada procedimento de IA, foi executada a mensuração do DFOL por meio de ultrassonografia transretal. O diagnóstico de gestação foi realizado 55 dias após as IATFs. Não houve diferença significativa entre as médias de DFOL encontradas para os grupos BE e CE sendo, respectivamente, 11,45 ± 2,34 e 10,71 ± 2,43mm. O grupo BE também apresentou um índice de(AU)

New phenolic esters from the resinous exudate of Haplopappus taeda.

Two new phenolic esters 9-trans-p-coumaroyloxy-alpha-terpineol (1) and 7-trans-p-coumaroyloxy-taedol (2), both endowed with free radical scavenger activity and cleroda-3,13 (E)-dien-15,18-diol (3) for which a cis stereochemistry at the decalin junction was found, were isolated from the resinous exudate from Haplopappus taeda upper parts.

Effect of sucrose ester addition on nucleation and growth behavior of milk fat-sunflower oil blends.

The effects of addition of the sucrose esters (SE) P-1670, P-170, and S-170 to a high-melting fraction of milk fat (HMF) and its blends with sunflower oil (SFO) on nucleation and growth were studied by laser polarized light turbidimetry and polarized light microscopy (PLM). The three SE delayed nucleation of HMF at the temperatures selected. P-1670 did not modify average crystal size after 3 h at crystallization temperature (T(c)) or crystal size distribution and modified crystallization kinetics only slightly. P-170 and S-170, however, markedly diminished crystal size and narrowed crystal size distribution. Activation free energies of nucleation at equivalent supercooling, calculated using the Fisher-Turnbull equation, significantly increased with addition of SE. According to these results, among the mechanisms described in the literature for fats or emulsions, the cocrystallization hypothesis is the one that better described the effects of sucrose esters on crystallization behavior in these systems.

The human cholesteryl ester transfer protein I405V polymorphism is associated with plasma cholesterol concentration and its reduction by dietary phytosterol esters.

We examined the relationships of I405V cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), Taq1B CETP and apolipoprotein (apo)E polymorphisms with the pattern of response to dietary plant sterol ester (PSE) by plasma lipids and CETP concentrations as well as lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity. Subjects with moderate primary hypercholesterolemia (20-60 y old; 50 women; 10 men) consumed margarine (20 g/d) without (placebo) or with PSE (2.8 g/d = 1.68 g/d phytosterols) for 4 wk each period, in a crossover, double-blind study. Plasma CETP concentration was measured by ELISA; endogenous LCAT activity was expressed as the percentage of esterification (30 min incubation) of the subjects' (14)C-unesterified cholesterol HDL. PSE reduced concentrations of plasma total cholesterol (TC) (10%) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) (12%). In relation to the I405V CETP polymorphism, the percentage reductions in TC with consumption of PSE for the II, IV and VV phenotypes were 7.2, 4.2 and not significant, respectively, whereas LDL-C significant reductions occurred only for II (9.5%). However, the CETP concentration diminished only in the II phenotype.

Treatment of outpatients at the British Empire Leprosy Relief Association clinics in British Guiana

Analyses are submitted of 113 cases of incipient leprosy treated as out-patients in British Guiana from 1927 to 1935 and of 73 similar cases treated from 1927 to 1934. The former is concerned with the later history of the cases, that is to say, with whether or not they have later become positive with disappearance of stigmata. The methods of treatment are described. The tables support the view that in these cases regularity of treatment is of equal importance with duration, both being equally essential to a favourable result. No case receiving adequate treatment (about 500 c.c. of Hydnocarpus oil or esters for an adult) over an adequate period (about 4 to 6 years) has become positive up to the present, and most of the cases which have lost all stigmata are to be found within the same group (Summary)

Six years of leprosy work in British Guiana

Extended trial of certain drugs in the treatment of Leprosy in British Guiana has demonstrated the superiority of Hydnocarpus Oil and its products. The standard method of treatment is now Alepol intravenously followed by Hydnocarpus Oil or Esters together with such supplementary aids as Trichloroacetic Acid, Carbonic "Snow," electrical treatment, surgery, etc. The weight chart is used as the guide to dosage. Of 194 early cases treated during the past six years, 168 or 86.6 percent have improved, and out of 63 of those who were open cases, 69.8 percent have become closed after treatment. Of 297 advanced cases, 65 percent have improved, 64 have become arrested, and 59 queiscent. Of 192 advanced cases originally open, 31.8 percent have become closed after treatment. The proportion of relapses has been 4.7 percent. The notification figures reveal a tendency to a decrease in the incidence of leprosy in British Guiana. Nearly all the cases now being discharged leave without any stigmata of Leprosy. In spite of the large number of cases now being treated, and the additional measures instituted, the cost of upkeep of the Leprosy Hospital has decreased from $41,626.85 in 1926 to $31,136.09 in 1931 (Summary)