Niebla en agosto (2016) y la sombra del pasado (2018). Aktion T4: el plan de eutanasia nazi para la eliminación de las personas con discapacidad / Fog in August (2016) and Never look away (2018). Aktion T4: The nazi euthanasia plan for the elimination of persons with disabilities

El ascenso al poder del nacionalsocialismo en Alemania y sus consecuencias ha sido una fuente inagotable para la inspiración de producciones cinematográficas. Sin embargo, el programa Aktion T4 más conocido por plan de eutanasia nazi, no había sido tema principal de una película hasta fechas recientes. Niebla en agosto (2016) y La Sombra del pasado (2018) son dos cintas que abordan los métodos empleados para el control y eliminación de las personas con discapacidad o, mejor dicho, de aquellas personas que no cumplían los cánones de la raza aria y además eran una carga económica para el estado alemán. Las leyes de esterilización, primero, el programa de eliminación de bebés nacidos con alguna clase de discapacidad y, por último, el programa Aktion T4 que seleccionaba y ordenaba el asesinato de las personas ingresadas en instituciones son las tres fases de un calculado plan de exterminio. Psiquiatras, personal de enfermería y otros médicos y sanitarios fueron los diseñadores, colaboradores y ejecutores de ese crimen contra la humanidad que fue, sin duda, un ensayo para el posterior genocidio judío. Todavía hoy se reclama en Alemania verdad, justicia y reparación para las casi 300.000 personas víctimas de esos crímenes olvidados. (AU)

The rise to power of National Socialism in Germany and its consequences has been an inexhaustible source of inspiration for film productions. However, the Aktion T4 program, best known for a Nazi euthanasia plan, had not been the main subject of a movie until recently. Fog in august (2016) and Never look away (2018) are two films that address the methods used for the control and elimination of people with disabilities or, rather, of those who did not comply with the canons of the Aryan race and they were also an economic burden for the German state. The sterilization laws, first, the program for the elimination of babies born with some kind of disability and, finally, the Aktion T4 program that selected and ordered the murder of people admitted to institutions are the three phases of a calculated plan of extermination. Psychiatrists, nursing staff and other doctors and health workers were the designers, collaborators and executors of this crime against humanity that was, without a doubt, a trial for the subsequent Jewish genocide. Truth, justice and reparation for the almost 300,000 people of these forgotten crimes are still claimed in Germany today. (AU)

[Training PhD students in ethics and research integrity in France in 2018]. / Formation à l'éthique et à l'intégrité scientifique au sein des écoles doctorales françaises - Un premier état des lieux en 2018.

Since 2016, the national framework for doctoral studies in France states that doctoral schools from the French universities should ensure that every doctoral student receives a training in research ethics and integrity. The doctoral schools can organize the training at their convenience. We have conducted a study among all French doctoral schools about the modalities of this training in 2018. Our inquiry shows that the doctoral schools are well engaged in this effort of training on the whole territory, and are on the verge of reinforcing it. Overall, our inquiry shows a general awareness by the doctoral schools of the importance of these topics for tomorrow research.

Repercusión social de la eutanasia desde el punto de vista ético / Social impact of euthanasia from the ethical point of view

La ciencia de la antigüedad tuvo sus sedes preferentes en Babilonia. Egipto y la India, Grecia constituyó su heredera común. Fue allí donde se desarrolló por primera vez la capacidad de construir y relacionar concepciones abstractas de la realidad y se sentaron las bases de la ciencia. La revolución científica de los siglos XVI y XVII destruyó la imagen medieval de la ciencia hacia la ciencia moderna, anunciada en los trabajos de Copérnico y desarrollada por Galileo y Newton. A partir de fines del siglo XIX, la ciencia comienza a desempeñar un papel socioeconómico de extraordinaria importancia. La técnica comienza a evolucionar y se conforman las ciencias técnicas, las ingenierías lo que da lugar a una relación más estrecha sobre éstas y las ciencias aplicadas(AU)

The 2015 AANS Presidential Address: Neurosurgery's founding principles.

These are turbulent times for American neurosurgery. It is important to look ahead and prepare for the future but it is also important to look back-for it is memory and tradition that prevent the tyranny of the present. It is impossible to know where we are going if we don't remember where we were. In this paper I want to discuss the founding principles of neurosurgery-the principles that have allowed neurosurgery to prosper in its first century-and to stress the importance of adhering to these principles in times of change. I also want to talk to you about how the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) is helping neurosurgeons honor our founding principles, while preparing neurosurgery for its second century.

Evolución de la Revista ROL de Enfermería (1978-2008). Un análisis bibliográfico / Evolution of Revista ROL de Enfermería (1978-2008): a bibliographic analysis

Revista ROL de Enfermería fue la primera revista de profesionales de la enfermería dirigida a la enfermería, publicada con el nacimiento de la democracia española e indexada muy pronto en MEDLINE/PubMed. Esta comunicación analiza los cambios producidos en la estructura y función de la revista. Destacan dos hechos: que ROL expresa la transformación de la nueva enfermería universitaria y que la revista se fue adaptando progresivamente a las normas establecidas por la ciencia: aunque no incrementó la proporción de artículos originales, normalizó su estructura, el patrón bibliográfico o de citas, así como el estilo de escritura científica (AU)

Revista ROL de Enfermería was the first journal of nurses and adressed to nursing published with the birth of Spanish democracy, indexed soon Medline/PubMed. This paper analyzes the changes in the structure and function of the magazine. Highlights two facts. The journal ROL expresses the transformation of the new universitary nursing, and how was adapting to scientific standards: although not increased the number of original articles, was normalizing their structure, bibliography or citations pattern, and also the scientific writing style (AU)

La bioética ha muerto. Viva la ética médica / Bioethics is dead. Long live medical ethics

El objeto de este artículo es mostrar la crisis paradigmática que vive la bioética académica. Desde que una parte importante del gremio de los bioeticistas comenzó a relativizar la prohibición ética de dar muerte a un ser humano inocente, de una forma u otra comenzó a aliarse con la industria de la muerte: el negocio del aborto provocado y, después, de la eutanasia. La tesis de este trabajo es que al cruzar ese Rubicón la bioética se ha corrompido, y ha perdido su conexión con el discurso ético, político y jurídico. Sólo cabe esperar que resurja de sus cenizas si recupera el «tabú» de la sacralidad de la vida humana, algo para lo que la Ética Médica podría suministrar una ayuda inestimable, pues aún se conserva ahí la referencia de que «un médico no debe matar», si bien en forma excesivamente discreta, y algo avergonzada. De todos modos, los médicos con conciencia saben más de ética que la mayor parte de los bioeticistas

The purpose of this paper is to show a paradigmatic crisis in academic bioethics. Since an important part of bioethicists began to relativize the ethical prohibition of killing an innocent human being, one way or another they began to ally with the death industry: the business of abortion, and then that of euthanasia. The thesis of this paper is that by crossing that Rubicon bioethics has been corrupted and has lost its connection to the ethical, political and legal discourse. One can only hope that it will revive from its ashes if it retakes the taboo of the sacredness of human life, something for which medical ethics could provide invaluable help, because it still keeps the notion that a doctor should not kill, although in an excessively discreet and somehow «ashamed» way. However, conscientious doctors know more about ethics than most bioethicists

Caciquismo y profesión médica: El caso de Alfredo Alegre, 1915-1924 / 'Caciquismo' and medical profession: the case of Alfredo Alegre, 1915-1924

Las reivindiciones profesionales y la reformas sanitarias que los médicos solicitaron el poder político a lo largo de la etapa constitucional del reinado de Alfonso XIII, fueron continuación de las del siglo XIX. Una de las demandas más importante fue que los médicos rurales dependieran directamente del Estado, especialmente en lo que se refiere a los salarios, y no de los poderes municipales detentados por lo general por caciques. Los problemas entre ambos eran constantes. En este trabajo se presenta el caso del médico del Pobo Alfrede Alegre, cuya condena puso en pie de guerra a los profesionales sanitarios, estudiantes y buena parte de la sociedad durante años que unieron a sus demandas de petición del idulto. Esta historia trágica, aparte de mostrar la importancia de la prensa diaria como fuente, pone de manifiesto las dificultades que ofrecía la práctica profesional en las zonas rurales sumidas en el pasado y la incapacidad de los políticos para resolver problemas durante una de las etapas más agitada de nuestra historia (AU)

The profesional recognition and sanitary reforms that physicians sought from the political powers throughout the constitutional era of the reign of Alfonso XIII were a continuation of those from the XIXth century. One of the most improtant demands was that rural physicians should answer directly to the State, especially with reference to salaries, rather tan to municipal authorities generally held by caciques. There were constant problems between them. This wor present the case of the physician from El Pobo, Alfredo Alegre whose convicion put health professionals, students and most of society on the warpath, joining their demands to a petition for pardon. This tragic story, apart from showing the importnace of the daily press as a socurce, highlights th difficulties offered by profesional practice in rural áreas submerged int he past and the inability of politiocians to resolve problems during one of the most hectic periods of our history (AU)

Calidad de los antecedentes personales en la historia clínica electrónica hospitalaria / Quality of individual health history in in-patient electronic medical records

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Broadening engineering education: bringing the community in : commentary on "social responsibility in French engineering education: a historical and sociological analysis".

Two issues of particular interest in the Irish context are (1) the motivation for broadening engineering education to include the humanities, and an emphasis on social responsibility and (2) the process by which broadening can take place. Greater community engagement, arising from a socially-driven model of engineering education, is necessary if engineering practice is to move beyond its present captivity by corporate interests.

A Calvinist account of nursing ethics.

A relatively small but intellectually robust strand in the Christian religion is the Reformed tradition. Especially, its Calvinist sensibilities inform this Protestant stance towards human culture in general and vocations in particular. Correspondingly, there are some small but robust contributions to academic discourse in nursing ethics. So far there has been no attempt to bring those together as a distinct approach. This article suggests such a Reformed Christian, especially Calvinist, account of nursing ethics. Central to the Reformed perspective is the notion that God is sovereign over all of creation and culture and hence that there can be no religiously or morally neutral area in human life. Consequently, nursing is not seen as professional to the extent it is based on research evidence or theoretical models, but to the extent it serves the ultimate purpose of the practice of care. In the Reformed view, this purpose is fostering the well-being of human beings in need as intrinsically valuable. Nurses are professionals who accept this responsibility, that is, the whole of expectations holding for personal qualities, conduct and outcomes, required to serve the purpose of care. As this is a moral purpose, succeeding or failing to live up to these expectations is the source of moral issues in nursing.

Social responsibility in French engineering education: a historical and sociological analysis.

In France, some institutions seem to call for the engineer's sense of social responsibility. However, this call is scarcely heard. Still, engineering students have been given the opportunity to gain a general education through courses in literature, law, economics, since the nineteenth century. But, such courses have long been offered only in the top ranked engineering schools. In this paper, we intend to show that the wish to increase engineering students' social responsibility is an old concern. We also aim at highlighting some macro social factors which shaped the answer to the call for social responsibility in the French engineering "Grandes Ecoles". In the first part, we provide an overview of the scarce attention given to the engineering curriculum in the scholarly literature in France. In the second part, we analyse one century of discourses about the definition of the "complete engineer" and the consequent role of non technical education. In the third part, we focus on the characteristics of the corpus which has been institutionalized. Our main finding is that despite the many changes which occurred in engineering education during one century, the "other formation" remains grounded on a non academic "way of knowing", and aims at increasing the reputation of the schools, more than enhancing engineering students' social awareness.

Profesionalización, vocación y ética de enfermería / Professionalism, dedication and motivation, and ethics in nursing

La profesionalización, en enfermería, es un proceso social complejo; proviene del latín professio; significa profesar, es decir, ejercer una ciencia o un arte de forma voluntaria; se refiere también a una ideología o actividad asociada que se encuentra en diversos grupos de profesionales en los que sus integrantes aspiran a un estatus social. El estatus facilita el desarrollo, el crecimiento y la evolución de la profesión, consolidando el concepto de profesionalización o de ocupación, según cada contexto. El crecimiento de la enfermería, en este proceso, presenta factores económicos, políticos y culturales, en los que existe un nivel de crecimiento de acuerdo a criterios generales como el estatus, la vocación y la ética de cada profesional de enfermería.

Professionalisation in nursing, is a complex social process ; It comes from the Latin professio ; means profess , that is, exercise science or an art voluntarily ; also it refers to an ideology or associated activity found in various professional groups in which its members aspire to a social status. The status facilitates the development , growth and evolution of the profession , consolidating the concept of professional or occupation , depending on the context. The growth of nursing, in this process, has economic, political and cultural factors , in which there is a level of growth according to general criteria such as status , vocation and ethics of each nurse .