Estudio Cualitativo: Prácticas Sexuales Relacionadas con el VIH/SIDA en las Comunidades Shuar de la Parroquia SevillaDon Bosco - Morona Santiago, 2017 / Qualitative Research: Sexual Practices Related to HIV/AIDS in Shuar Communities of Sevilla Don Bosco - Morona Santiago, 2017

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los grupos étnicos de Latinoamérica y el Ecuador por sus diferencias culturales, conductas sexuales, baja escolaridad y menor acceso a la información; estarían expuestos a un mayor riesgo de contraer infecciones de transmisión sexual. La transmisión del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana en las comunidades Shuar está aumentando en los últimos tiempos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar las prácticas sexuales de riesgo vinculadas con la transmisión del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana/síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida en las comunidades Shuar de la parroquia Sevilla Don Bosco de Morona Santiago. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo fenomenológico. El universo incluyó a las comunidades Shuar de la Parroquia Sevilla Don Bosco de la provincia de Morona Santiago del Ecuador, la muestra fue seleccionada por conveniencia. Los criterios de inclusión fueron personas con vida sexual activa y sin diagnóstico de la enfermedad. La información fue recolectada a través de cuatro grupos focales y once entrevistas a profundidad. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron a 35 personas, hombres y mujeres de entre 12 a 50 años de edad. Los datos reflejaron que las prácticas sexuales fueron principalmente heterosexuales, pero se identificaron conductas sexuales de riesgo por el uso esporádico del preservativo y múltiples parejas sexuales. El intercambio de parejas, el sexo ocasional y el sexo oral o anal fueron prácticas sexuales desconocidas e identificadas como ajenas y extrañas para la comunidad. CONCLUSIONES: Se identificaron prácticas sexuales que podrían incrementar el riesgo de transmisión del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana en personas pertenecientes a la comunidad Shuar; siendo la ausencia de uso de métodos de protección y las múltiples parejas sexuales las más representativas. Los métodos de barrera fueron los más conocidos pero la frecuencia de uso es baja.(au)

BACKGROUND: Ethnic groups of Latin America and Ecuador do to their cultural differences, sexual behaviors, low escolarity, and poor access to information; would be exposed to an increased risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections. The transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in Shuar communities is increasing lately. The aim of this study was to identify sexual practices related to the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Shuar communities of the Don Bosco ­ Morona Santiago. METHODS: A qualitative phenomenological study was performed. The universe included Shuar communities of Sevilla Don Bosco ­ Morona Santiago in Ecuador; the sample was selected by convenience. Inclusion criteria were people with active sexual life and not diagnosed with the disease. The information was collected through four focus groups and eleven in-depth interviews. RESULTS: 35 people were included, men and women between 12 to 50 years old. The data showed that sexual practices were mainly heterosexual, high risk sexual behaviors were identified due to the sporadic use of the condom and multiple sexual behaviors. The exchange sexual partners, sporadic sex, and oral or anal sex were unknown sexual practices and were identified as strange to the community. CONCLUSIONS: High risk sexual practices that could increase the risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission were identified in people belonging to the Shuar communities; being the lack of use of contraceptive methods and the multiple sexual partners the most representatives. Barrier methods were the most common known but their use was infrequent.(au)

Médicos matanceros que se relacionaron con el mayor general Máximo Gómez Báez / Physician from Matanzas who were closed to Mayor General Máximo Gómez Báez

Se abordan aspectos de la vida y obra del Generalísimo Máximo Gómez Báez, sus combates y campañas militares, resaltando valores de su personalidad y su relación con varios médicos matanceros, con el propósito de reconocerlos, honrarlos y emplearlos como ejemplos en el alcance de los objetivos educativos de los estudiantes de Ciencias Médicas y en su formación integral sobre la base de la consolidación de valores. Para ello se analiza la literatura disponible y se sintetizan los elementos fundamentales de la relación entre estos patriotas y el contexto social en que se produce. Se citan los textos empleados en la bibliografía para los interesados en profundizar en el tema o replicar el procedimiento empleado para complementar el conocimiento sobre otros patriotas afines con su especialidad (AU).

Several aspects of Generalissimo Maximo Gomez Baez's live and deeds are dealt with, like the battles and military campaigns he fought, making emphasis in his personality's values and his relations with physicians from Matanzas, with the aim of knowing them, rendering them homage, and using their personalities as examples to reach educative objects in the comprehensive training of the students of Medical Sciences on the bases of consolidating values. The available literature is analyzed, and the main elements of the relations among these patriots and their social context are reviewed. The used literature is cited for the interested people to deepen in the theme, or replicating the used procedures to complement knowledge on other patriots related with their specialties (AU).

Médicos matanceros que se relacionaron con el mayor general Máximo Gómez Báez / Physician from Matanzas who were closed to Mayor General Máximo Gómez Báez

Se abordan aspectos de la vida y obra del Generalísimo Máximo Gómez Báez, sus combates y campañas militares, resaltando valores de su personalidad y su relación con varios médicos matanceros, con el propósito de reconocerlos, honrarlos y emplearlos como ejemplos en el alcance de los objetivos educativos de los estudiantes de Ciencias Médicas y en su formación integral sobre la base de la consolidación de valores. Para ello se analiza la literatura disponible y se sintetizan los elementos fundamentales de la relación entre estos patriotas y el contexto social en que se produce. Se citan los textos empleados en la bibliografía para los interesados en profundizar en el tema o replicar el procedimiento empleado para complementar el conocimiento sobre otros patriotas afines con su especialidad (AU).

Several aspects of Generalissimo Maximo Gomez Baez's live and deeds are dealt with, like the battles and military campaigns he fought, making emphasis in his personality's values and his relations with physicians from Matanzas, with the aim of knowing them, rendering them homage, and using their personalities as examples to reach educative objects in the comprehensive training of the students of Medical Sciences on the bases of consolidating values. The available literature is analyzed, and the main elements of the relations among these patriots and their social context are reviewed. The used literature is cited for the interested people to deepen in the theme, or replicating the used procedures to complement knowledge on other patriots related with their specialties (AU).

Moção de reconhecimento nº 012, de 7 de junho de 2018: reconhecer o relevante protagonismo das populações indígena e quilombola em defesa de seus direitos, bem como, reforçar os motivos expostos na "Moção de Repúdio ao Governo Federal e ao Ministério da Educação: contra o sucateamento da FUNAI e os cortes nas bolsas de apoio a permanência de estudantes indígenas e quilombolas na educação superior" aprovada por representantes das populações indígena e quilombola durante o 13º Congresso Internacional da Rede Unida, que ocorreu na Universidade Federal do Amazonas, em Manaus/AM, entre os dias 30 de maio e 02 de junho de 2018 / Recognition motion No. 012, of June 7, 2018: recognize the relevant role of indigenous and quilombola populations in defense of their rights, as well as reinforce the reasons set out in the "Motion to Repudiate the Federal Government and the Ministry of Education: against the scrapping of FUNAI and the cuts in scholarships supporting the permanence of indigenous and quilombola students in higher e

Reconhecer o relevante protagonismo das populações indígena e quilombola em defesa de seus direitos, bem como, reforçar os motivos expostos na "Moção de Repúdio ao Governo Federal e ao Ministério da Educação: contra o sucateamento da FUNAI e os cortes nas bolsas de apoio a permanência de estudantes indígenas e quilombolas na educação superior" aprovada por representantes das populações indígena e quilombola durante o 13º Congresso Internacional da Rede Unida, que ocorreu na Universidade Federal do Amazonas, em Manaus/AM, entre os dias 30 de maio e 02 de junho de 2018.

Combined Diabetes Prevention and Disease Self-Management Intervention for Nicaraguan Ethnic Minorities: A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: Informed by formative community-based participatory research (CBPR), we developed a combined model of diabetes prevention and self-management. OBJECTIVES: To assess the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of our CBPR-inspired model. METHODS: A mixed methods study was conducted using a pre-experimental design. The setting was a church-based clinic located on Nicaragua's rural Atlantic coast. Miskitos and Creoles with or at risk for diabetes were sampled. Preliminary efficacy was assessed with A1C, weight, and quality of life (QOL) measures at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. An open-ended survey assessed intervention satisfaction. The 8-week, registered nurse (RN)-led intervention emphasized knowledge acquisition and behavioral strategies for dietary, physical activity, and medication regimen adherence. Paired t tests were computed to assess preliminary efficacy. Content analysis was conducted to assess intervention acceptability. RESULTS: A total of 42 participants were enrolled. For participants completing follow-up data collection (n = 33), mean A1C improved from 8.8% to 8.3% (t = -2.19; p = .04) from baseline to 3 months. Among participants with a baseline A1C of greater than 7.5% (n = 24), the mean A1C decreased from 9.7% to 9.0% from baseline to 3 months (t = -2.86; p = .01), and to 8.7% at 6 months (t = -3.00; p = .01). Nonsignificant weight changes were observed. Mental health QOL improved, on average from baseline to 3 months (t = 2.20; p = .04) and 6 months (t = 4.7; p < .01) for the sample. An increase in mean physical health QOL was observed from baseline to 3 months (t = 2.91; p < .01). The intervention was found to be acceptable. Study feasibility was good, with successful research capacitation and achievement of sampling goals. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest our novel intervention holds promise for wider application to reduce diabetes burden among Nicaraguan ethnic minorities.

Por que os adolecentes comem o que comem? Determinantes do consumo alimentar / Why adolescents eat what they eat? Determinants of food choice

Muitos são os estudos que avaliam o consumo alimentar na adolescência entretanto não se sabe quais fatores motivam esses jovens a se alimentarem de forma inadequada. Objetivo: Avaliar, de forma quantitativa e qualitativa, os fatores determinantes do consumo alimentar de adolescentes de escolas técnicas em São Paulo. Métodos: O presente estudo é parte de uma pesquisa matriz, que avaliou 1167 jovens de ambos os gêneros. Os fatores determinantes do consumo alimentar foram avaliados em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa quantitativa foram utilizados dois instrumentos que foram desenvolvidos para a pesquisa matriz, o primeiro um questionário de avaliar atitudes alimentares de adolescentes e o segundo avaliou o consumo alimentar através de um questionário de frequência alimentar baseado na pirâmide dos alimentos. O primeiro instrumento apresenta uma questão onde 15 fatores determinantes do consumo alimentar são apresentados e cada adolescente deveria escolher os 3 mais importantes. O peso e a estatura de todos os indivíduos foi mensurado e posteriormente o Índice de Massa Corporal foi calculado afim de classificar os adolescentes quanto à adequação de seu estado nutricional segundo os critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde. A avaliação qualitativa foi realizada com uma subamostra do projeto matriz (n=45) e contou com a realização de grupos focais. Os 15 fatores determinantes do consumo foram agrupados em 3 grupos a partir da realização da análise de cluster e esses grupos foram comparados com relação ao gênero, estado nutricional, consumo de alimentos e dos grupos alimentares baseados na pirâmide dos alimentos para adolescentes. Resultados: Os 3 fatores determinantes mais referidos pelos adolescentes na etapa quantitativa foram, em ordem de preferência, o sabor, o fato do adolescente gostar do alimento e tentar ter uma alimentação mais saudável, enquanto que a etapa qualitativa mostrou que os fatores de falta de tempo, conveniência e praticidade foram os mais referidos. Os adolescentes que preferiam os fatores determinantes relacionado às características dos alimentos, entre eles o sabor, consumiam significativamente mais alimentos com alto conteúdo de gorduras e açúcares. Conclusão: Conclui-se que para o grupo de adolescentes avaliados o sabor foi o fator mais importante e que ele pode explicar a inadequação dietética nesse grupo etário

Many studies evaluate food consumption in adolescence however little is known about the factors that influence adolescent's food choices. Objective: To evaluate, in a quantitative and qualitative way, the factors that influence adolescent's food choice from technical schools from São Paulo. Methods: This study is part of a research which evaluated 1167 adolescents from both gender. Factors that influence adolescent's food choice were evaluated in two steps, the first one evaluated in a quantitative way used two surveys that were developed to the research. The questionnaire evaluated adolescent's eating attitudes and included a question which included 15 factors which the adolescents should select the 3 more important, and the second survey assessed food consumption through a food frequency questionnaire that was based on the food pyramid. Body weight and height were measured and the Body Mass Index calculated in order to classify their weight status according to the World Health Organization criteria. The second part of this study, the qualitative analyses, used a smaller sample from the main study (n=45) and focus groups were performed. The 15 factors were divided into groups using the cluster analyses method and compared between genders, weight status and food consumption. Results: Taste and liking the food and trying to have a healthier eating were the 3 most referred factors in the quantitative analyses, while in the qualitative research lack of time and convenience were the most reported factors that influence the adolescent's food choices. Adolescents who prefer factors related to the food characteristics, such as taste, eat significantly more high fat and sugar foods. Conclusion: In this group the taste of food was the most important factor and can explain the eating inadequacies seen in this population

Educational inequality by race in Brazil, 1982-2007: structural changes and shifts in racial classification.

Despite overwhelming improvements in educational levels and opportunity during the past three decades, educational disadvantages associated with race still persist in Brazil. Using the nationally representative Pesquisa Nacional de Amostra por Domicílio (PNAD) data from 1982 and 1987 to 2007, this study investigates educational inequalities between white, pardo (mixed-race), and black Brazilians over the 25-year period. Although the educational advantage of whites persisted during this period, I find that the significance of race as it relates to education changed. By 2007, those identified as blacks and pardos became more similar in their schooling levels, whereas in the past, blacks had greater disadvantages. I test two possible explanations for this shift: structural changes and shifts in racial classification. I find evidence for both. I discuss the findings in light of the recent race-based affirmative action policies being implemented in Brazilian universities.

A imagem social de mulheres negras universitárias: a silhueta esculpida durante o processo de formação / The social image of African-descendent college women: the silhouette sculptured during the formation process

Este estudo aborda a temática das relações existentes entre a formação universitária e a imagem social de mulheres negras universitárias da área da saúde e suas possíveis transformações pessoais e sociais. Considerando que a formação universitária produz uma valorização social e os seus desdobramentos influenciam nos papéis sociais vividos por este grupo. Buscamos assim, descrever a imagem social de mulheres negras na perspectiva de mulheres negras universitárias e sua autoimagem social; e analisar a influencia da formação universitária na autoimagem social das mesmas. Metodologia: Pesquisa descritivo-exploratória com abordagem qualitativa, realizada com roteiro de entrevista semi estruturada com dez entrevistadas que se autodeclararam pretas ou pardas matriculadas em Programa de Pós-graduação (Mestrado) de uma universidade pública estadual no município do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil). Os dados produzidos foram analisados e interpretados à luz da análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Deste processo emergiram três categorias. A primeira categoria – A imagem social da mulher negra na perspectiva de mulheres negras universitárias descreve a condição desigual da mulher negra na sociedade a partir da desvalorização do gênero feminino e da raça (sexismo e o racismo) e o corpo da mulher negra como objeto de sensualidade. A segunda categoria - A formação universitária na vida de mulheres negras desdobrou-se em duas categorias intermediárias: Situações positivas vivenciadas durante a formação (formação universitária como veículo para as transformações sociais e pessoais a partir da ampliação do conhecimento científico e a melhora na inserção social); Situações negativas (desigualdades de classes, sentimentos de indecisão, frustração frente à escolha do curso e limitações na aprendizagem e adaptação)...

This study approaches the theme of existing relationships between college background and social image for African-descendant women in the health care field and its possible personal and social transformations. We bear in mind that college background results in social appreciation and its consequences influence the social roles played by this group. Therefore, we seek to describe African-descendant women's social image from the perspective of African-descendant college women and their social self-image; we further seek to analyze the influence of college background in their social self-image. Methodology: Descriptive exploratory research with qualitative approach, carried out with partially-structured interview scripts with ten interviewees who have self-declared African-descendants or dark-skinned individuals enrolled in Graduate Programs (Master's Degree) from a public state university in the district of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). The data produced were analyzed and interpreted according to Bardin's content analysis technique. Three categories emerged from this process. The first category – African-descendant women's social image from the perspective of African-descendant college women describes the unequal condition of from the perspective of African-descendant women in society from the depreciation of female gender and race (sexism and racism), as well as the African-descendant women body as sex object. The second category - College background in the life of African-descendant women broke down into two intermediary categories: Positive situations experienced during education (college education as a vehicle for social and personal transformation from the broadening of scientific knowledge and improved social insertion); Negative situations (class inequalities, feelings of indecision, frustration towards the choice for the course and learning and adaptation constraints)...

South Africans and Mexicans in Florida: intergroup conflict.

Newly arriving immigrants from Southern Africa and Mexicans do not get on well in the sunbelt state of Florida. A persistent theme emerging from discussions with South Africans on their relationship with Mexicans is that both sides perceive the other as culturally ethnocentric. The antagonistic relationship between both social groups is due to strong ethnic bonds and the clash of cultures.

Between black and brown: blaxican (black-Mexican) multiracial identity in California.

This article explores the racial/ethnic identities of multiracial Black-Mexicans or "Blaxicans." In-depth interviews with 12 Blaxican individuals in California reveal how they negotiate distinct cultural systems to accomplish multiracial identities. I argue that choosing, accomplishing, and asserting a Blaxican identity challenges the dominant monoracial discourse in the United States, in particular among African American and Chicana/o communities. That is, Blaxican respondents are held accountable by African Americans and Chicanas/os/Mexicans to monoracial notions of "authenticity." The process whereby Blaxicans move between these monoracial spaces to create multiracial identities illustrates crucial aspects of the social construction of race/ethnicity in the United States and the influence of social interactions in shaping how Blaxicans develop their multiracial identities.

"Mulata, Hija de Negro y India": Afro-Indigenous Mulatos in early colonial Mexico.

Since the fifteenth century, the term "mulato" has been used to describe individuals of mixed African and European ancestry. Through an examination of mulatos from sixteenth century New Spain this piece complicates our understanding of the usage and implication of this socio-racial ascription. Both demographic and anecdotal evidence suggests that in the early colonial period mulato frequently described individuals of mixed African-indigenous ancestry. Moreover, these individuals may have represented the majority of individuals so named. Additionally this piece uses several case studies to demonstrate that Afro-indigenous mulatos formed frequent and long-term connections to indigenous society and culture. Through acculturation and familial ties, early mulatos helped to encourage interethnic unions and may have played a key role in the growth of a highly varied, multi-ethnic colonial population in Mexico. By highlighting these important trends, this study challenges our traditional assumptions concerning the category of mulato and suggests that we must avoid the homogenizing tendency inherent in such terminology.

Being Yoruba in nineteenth-century Rio de Janeiro.

Through the experiences of two West Africans shipped to Bahia as slaves, probably in the 1840s, then sold south to Rio de Janeiro where they met, became lovers, bought their freedom, married, and divorced, I comment on an ongoing debate over the refashioning or transfer of African ethnic identities in American slave societies. The sources in this Brazilian case suggest that previous identities were not suddenly erased, but rather, new layers of understanding and ways of responding were added. Whatever the dynamic of cultural formation, it was memory that crucially bridged the distance between the past they carried with them and the present into which they were thrust; and so it becomes illuminating to reconstruct the plausibly remembered African pasts on which this couple drew to make sense of an unfamiliar Brazilian present.

Social status, race, and the timing of marriage in Cuba's first constitutional era, 1902-1940.

This article examines the practice of marriage among whites, "mestizos," blacks, Cubans, and Spaniards during the first constitutional era, focusing upon the reported ages of brides and grooms. The study consists of a quantitative examination of trends found in the records of 900 Catholic marriages celebrated in Havana during the opening decades of independence. The first major finding of the research is that according to most major indicators of status, age was negatively correlated with rank. Thus, contrary to the conclusions of studies conducted in many other contexts, those in the highest strata of society married young. Furthermore, very significant differences were detected in the marital patterns of those identified as mixed-race and those labeled as black. This finding offers empirical weight to the notion that the early-mid twentieth-century Cuban racial structure would best be characterized as tripartite, rather than binary in nature.

Monitoring gender equity in health using gender-sensitive indicators: a cross-national study.

BACKGROUND: As gender is known to be a major determinant of health, monitoring gender equity in health systems remains a vital public health priority. Focusing on a low-income (Peru), middle-income (Colombia), and high-income (Canada) country in the Americas, this study aimed to (1) identify and select gender-sensitive health indicators and (2) assess the feasibility of measuring and comparing gender-sensitive health indicators among countries. METHODS: Gender-sensitive health indicators were selected by a multidisciplinary group of experts from each country. The most recent gender-sensitive health measures corresponding to selected indicators were identified through electronic databases (CINAHL, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, LIPECS, Latindex, and BIREME) and expert consultation. Data from population-based studies were analyzed when indicator information was unavailable from reports. RESULTS: Twelve of the 17 selected gender-sensitive health indicators were feasible to measure in at least two countries, and 9 of these were comparable among all countries. Indicators that were available were not stratified or adjusted by age, education, marital status, or wealth. The largest between-country difference was maternal mortality, and the largest gender inequity was mortality from homicides. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that gender inequities in health exist in all countries, regardless of income level. Economic development seemed to confer advantages in the availability of such indicators; however, this finding was not consistent and needs to be further explored. Future initiatives should include identifying health system factors and risk factors associated with disparities as well as assessing the cost-effectiveness of including the routine monitoring of gender inequities in health.

The color of child mortality in Brazil, 1950-2000: social progress and persistent racial inequality.

Now that racism has been officially recognized in Brazil, and some universities have adopted affirmative-action admission policies, measures of the magnitude of racial inequality and analyses that identify the factors associated with changes in racial disparities over time assume particular relevance to the conduct of public debate. This study uses census data from 1950 to 2000 to estimate the probability of death in the early years of life, a robust indicator of the standard of living among the white and Afro-Brazilian populations. Associated estimates of the average number of years of life expectancy at birth show that the 6.6-year advantage that the white population enjoyed in the 1950s remained virtually unchanged throughout the second half of the twentieth century, despite the significant improvements that accrued to both racial groups. The application of multivariate techniques to samples selected from the 1960, 1980, and 2000 census enumerations further shows that, controlling for key determinants of child survival, the white mortality advantage persisted and even increased somewhat in 2000. The article discusses evidence of continued racial inequality during an era of deep transformation in social structure, with reference to the challenges of skin color classification in a multiracial society and the evolution of debates about color, class, and discrimination in Brazil.

Reconstructing Indigenous ethnicities: the Arapium and Jaraqui peoples of the lower Amazon, Brazil.

In Latin America, indigenous identity claims among people not previously recognized as such by the state have become a key topic of anthropological and sociological research. Scholars have analyzed the motivations and political implications of this trend and the impacts of indigenous population's growth on national demographic indicators. However, little is known about how people claiming indigenous status constructs the meaning of their indigenous ethnicity. Drawing from sixty-four indepth interviews, focus-group analyses, and participant observation, this article explores the double process of identity construction: the reconstruction of the Arapium indigenous identity and the creation of the Jaraqui indigenous identity in Brazil's Lower Amazon. The findings reveal six themes that contribute to the embodiment of a definition of indigenous identity and the establishment of a discursive basis to claim recognition: sense of rootedness, historical memory, historical transformation, consciousness, social exclusion, and identity politics.