ABSTRACT
With the aging of the global population, the health care burden of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia is considered to increase dramatically in the coming decades. Given the insufficiency of effective interventions for AD and dementia, clinical research on identifying potentially modifiable risk factors and early diagnostic biomarkers becomes a public health priority. Currently, extracerebral manifestations with a large proportion of ocular involvement are usually recognized to precede the symptoms of AD and dementia. Growing epidemiologic evidence also suggests that eye disorders, such as cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and so on, are closely associated with and even have a higher incidence of AD and dementia. The eye, as an extension of the central nervous system, therefore has the potential to provide a feasible approach to detecting structural and functional abnormalities of the brain. Numerous new imaging modalities are developed and give novel insights into the detection of several neurodegenerative, vascular, neuropathological, and other ocular abnormalities of AD and dementia in scientific research and clinical application. This review provides an overview of the epidemiologic associations between eye disorders and AD or dementia and summarizes the recent advances in ocular examinations and techniques employed for the detection of AD and dementia. With more brain-and-eye interconnections being identified, the eye is becoming a noninvasive and easily accessible window for the early diagnosis and prevention of AD and dementia.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease , Eye Diseases , Humans , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology , Alzheimer Disease/complications , Brain/pathology , Aging , Eye Diseases/diagnosis , Eye Diseases/epidemiology , Eye Diseases/complicationsABSTRACT
Objetivo Identificar las enfermedades oculares que se reportan como causas de la baja visión en los niños. Material y métodos La búsqueda sistemática se realizó en Medline (PubMed), Embase y Lilacs. Se seleccionaron estudios observacionales con poblaciones entre 0-18 años de edad, que reportaran datos de agudeza visual entre 20/60-20/400, y que informaran sobre la frecuencia de enfermedades oculares. Se excluyeron los estudios en los que el diagnóstico de la condición no hubiera sido verificado por un profesional, o que abarcaran únicamente casos de ceguera, defectos refractivos no corregidos o ambliopía. La calidad metodológica de los artículos se evaluó mediante el instrumento del Instituto Joanna Briggs para estudios de prevalencia. Resultados Fueron incluidos 27 estudios realizados en Asia (13 publicaciones), África (6 estudios), Oceanía (4 estudios) y Europa y Sudamérica (2 estudios cada uno). Las causas de la baja visión más reportadas fueron: la catarata, con prevalencias comprendidas entre el 0,8 y el 27,2%; el albinismo desde el 1,1 al 47%; el nistagmo, con prevalencias entre el 1,3 y el 22%; las distrofias de retina entre el 3,5 y el 50%; la retinopatía del prematuro (ROP) con prevalencias entre el 1,1 y el 65,8%; la atrofia óptica entre el 0,2 y el 17,6% y el glaucoma entre el 2,4 y el 18,1%. Conclusiones La catarata, el albinismo y el nistagmo son las enfermedades oculares más mencionadas por los estudios como causas de la baja visión en los niños, también enfermedades de la retina tales como la ROP y del nervio óptico como la atrofia. Sin embargo, son numerosas las condiciones oculares que pueden causar la baja visión en la población pediátrica. (AU)
Objective To identify the ocular pathologies that are reported as causes of low vision in children. Material and methods The systematic search was carried out in Medline (PubMed), Embase and Lilacs. Observational studies with populations between 0-18 years of age, reporting visual acuity data between 20/60-20/400 and reporting the frequency of ocular pathologies were selected. Studies in which the diagnosis of the condition had not been verified by a professional, or which covered only cases of blindness, uncorrected refractive errors, or amblyopia, were excluded. The methodological quality of the articles was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute instrument for prevalence studies. Results27 studies conducted in Asia (13 publications), Africa (6 studies), Oceania (4 studies), Europe and South America (2 studies each) were included. The most reported causes of low vision were: cataract, with prevalence between 0.8% and 27.2%; albinism with from 1.1% to 47%; nystagmus, with prevalence between 1.3% and 22%; retinal dystrophies between 3.5% and 50%; retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) with prevalence between 1.1% and 65.8%, optic atrophy between 0.2% and 17.6%, and glaucoma from 2.4% to 18.1%. Conclusions Cataract, albinism and nystagmus are the ocular pathologies most mentioned by studies as a cause of low vision in children, as well as retinal diseases such as ROP and optic nerve diseases such as atrophy. However, there are numerous eye conditions that can result in low vision in the pediatric population. (AU)
Subject(s)
Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Eye Diseases/complications , Vision, Low/etiology , PrevalenceABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Toxic anterior segment syndrome (TASS) is a noninfectious anterior chamber reaction caused by ocular surgeries. It usually develops within the first 12-48 h after surgery. In case of clinical suspicion of TASS, endophthalmitis as a devastating disease should always be excluded. However, the fact that TASS and endophthalmitis can look the same, but the treatment for each is different. Therefore, distinguishing between the two conditions is an important factor in coping with both diseases. It was aimed to describe the features and clinical management that are considered when distinguishing the cause of unexpected inflammatory response after cataract surgery. METHODS: A retrospective review of medical records of 13 patients who developed TASS in our clinic at Ege University Ophthalmology Department on three different days between July 2022 and December 2022 were included in this study. Anterior segment photographs of those 13 patients and the records of ophthalmological examinations of those patients, including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), ocular pressure, biomicroscopic, and fundoscopic examination, were collected. Medical data were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS: The mean time to onset of clinical symptoms was 27.6 h. The main complaint was pain in nine patients. The primary symptom in the remainder of the patients was blurred vision. Severe hypopyon was seen in 5 cases. Despite the presence of pain and hypopyon, patients who were treated with topical steroids were closely followed up (every 2 h) because they were consecutive patients and had relatively acute onset complaints. Inflammation was regressed after an average of 4 h. No factor causing TASS was found. The BCVA was at the minimum level of 8/10 on the 5th day of surgery. CONCLUSION: When distinguishing TASS from endophthalmitis, severe pain, relatively late onset, hyperemia, and the presence of severe hypopyon usually lead ophthalmologists to the clinical diagnosis of endophthalmitis. However, in this study, most of the patients diagnosed with TASS had severe pain, a significant portion of them had hypopyon, and the onset of the symptoms was relatively late. Close follow-up immediately after suspicion plays a vital role in clinical diagnosis and management accordingly.
Subject(s)
Cataract Extraction , Cataract , Endophthalmitis , Eye Diseases , Humans , Retrospective Studies , Anterior Eye Segment/diagnostic imaging , Postoperative Complications , Eye Diseases/complications , Endophthalmitis/diagnosis , Endophthalmitis/epidemiology , Endophthalmitis/etiology , Syndrome , Pain/complications , Cataract/complications , Cataract Extraction/adverse effectsABSTRACT
La epidemia de la enfermedad por coronavirus del año 2019 (COVID-19) comenzó en Wuhan, en la provincia de Hubei, China, y en poco tiempo se extendió a otros continentes.1 El primer médico en alertar sobre esta nueva enfermedad en China fue Li Wenliang, especialista en oftalmología que enfermó y falleció a causa de la enfermedad.2 La transmisión de mayor rapidez se reporta por vía respiratoria, aunque existen estudios que describen la existencia de transmisibilidad del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2 por sus siglas en inglés) mediante la lágrima y la conjuntiva de los pacientes infectados por COVID-19.3 La primera evidencia sobre esta vía de contagio se relata desde el 22 de enero, cuando Guangfa Wang, miembro del panel nacional de expertos en neumonía, informó que fue infectado por el SARS-CoV-2 durante la inspección en Wuhan. Llevaba una máscara N95 pero no usaba equipamiento para proteger sus ojos. Varios días antes del inicio de la neumonía, Wang se quejó de enrojecimiento ocular.4 Varios autores plantean que particularmente el conducto lagrimal funciona como un canal para recoger y transportar el fluido lagrimal desde la superficie ocular hasta el meato nasal inferior. Esto es conveniente para el drenaje del virus desde los tejidos del tracto ocular hasta el tracto respiratorio. Otra teoría propuesta para la afección oftalmológica es la diseminación del virus por vía hematógena a la glándula lagrimal.4,5 Algunos protocolos presentaron casos de aislamiento de cultivos en uno de cada tres pacientes, procedentes de muestras lagrimales, sin precisarse el mecanismo exacto al momento de cómo es que su diseminación culmina a ese nivel. Algunas de las propiedades de afinidad del el SARS-CoV-2 se debe a la alta adherencia de las células diana de la enzima convertidora de angiotensinógeno II (ACE2). De este modo, participan a nivel sistémico en los diferentes ejes, como el sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, para así ejercer su virulencia.3 Sobre su cuadro clínico se describe como característica la presencia de conjuntivitis viral inespecífica. Además se reportan alteraciones atípicas como anosmia, hiposmia y disgeusia. Estas últimas corresponden al cuadro del protocolo inicial del interrogatorio por parte de la Sociedad de Oftalmología de México, España e Italia.3 Lu Chen, Meizhou Liu y otros6 del Hospital Chinchen, en China, reportaron en marzo de 2020 manera específica las manifestaciones oculares en relación con el SARS-CoV-2. Se trata de un paciente positivo mediante la prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcriptasa inversa (RT-PCR), con conjuntivitis folicular viral bilateral, con 19 días de evolución, donde se destaca la aparición de manifestaciones oculares como: ojo rojo, sensación de cuerpo extraño, epífora y visión borrosa, todo esto de manera bilateral. A la exploración por biomicroscopia se pueden definir hallazgos como: inyección conjuntival moderada; secreciones acuosas; nodulaciones foliculares conjuntivales en párpado inferior sin presentarse hemorragia; y manifestaciones en córnea, segmento anterior o posterior.3 Científicos brasileños han descrito en The Lancet algunas alteraciones en la retina de pacientes de COVID-19 utilizando la Tomografía de Coherencia Óptica (OCT), y han encontrado microhemorragias y lesiones a nivel de la capa de células ganglionares y de la plexiforme interna.1,2 La presencia de COVID-19 ha determinado la posible progresión de enfermedades tales como: el glaucoma crónico, la retinopatía diabética, la degeneración macular asociada a la edad, enfermedades corneales e inï¬amatorias, entre otras.5 Se ha descrito la presencia del SARS-CoV-2 en las lágrimas de pacientes con COVID-19.3 Algunos estudios confirman que los pacientes con síntomas oculares tenían más probabilidades de tener recuentos más altos de glóbulos blancos y neutrófilos y mayores niveles de procalcitonina, proteína C reactiva y lactato deshidrogenasa que los pacientes sin síntomas oculares, lo cual evidencia mayor gravedad del cuadro.4 En el Tratamiento de la COVID-19 se han estudiado determinados fármacos que pudieran producir alteraciones oftalmológicas.1 La cloroquina y la hidroxicloroquina, con efecto antiviral, causarían toxicidad ocular con altas dosis y tratamientos prolongados la expresión de dicha toxicidad se manifiesta por la aparición de depósitos corneales, catarata subcapsular posterior, disfunción del cuerpo ciliar y retinopatía. Por otra parte se ha confirmado que el Lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra) tiene entre sus efectos adversos sistémicos la hepatopatía, que puede provocar un tinte ictérico conjuntival.5 Consideramos que, al tratarse de un virus con tan fácil diseminación, el contagio por vía ocular es una posibilidad real e inminente, por ello se precisan de manera intencionada las medidas de protección ocular, sobre todo para el personal de salud. Dentro de ellos el personal que brinda atención oftalmológica es especialmente vulnerable por su proximidad a las vías respiratorias y ojos de pacientes. Los sistemas de salud deberán garantizar recursos de desinfección y control necesarios para evitar la propagación de la enfermedad(AU)
Subject(s)
Chloroquine/toxicity , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Tomography, Optical Coherence/methods , Eye Diseases/complications , Lopinavir/toxicity , Hydroxychloroquine/toxicityABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction The manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are not restricted to the gastrointestinal tract. Musculoskeletal conditions are considered the most common extraintestinal manifestations, followed by mucocutaneous and ocular diseases. Many general practitioners are unaware of the variety and severity of the ocular affection in IBD patients. Objective To assess the prevalence of extraintestinal manifestations in IBD patients at Kafrelsheikh governorate, and to evaluate the different ocularmanifestations and their relationship to the severity of the disease. Methods A cross-sectional study evaluating 120 patients treated at the Kafrelsheikh University Hospital. The diagnosis of IBD was made between December 2018 and December 2019 through clinical, endoscopic and histopathological examinations. All patients were assessed for any extraintestinal manifestation or evidence of ocular affection through slit-lamp examinations, tonometry, visual acuity, and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Results The mean age of the sample was 35.5 ± 13.3 years. In total, 52 (43.3%) patients were male and 68 (56.7%) were female. Ocular manifestations represent ~ 22.5% of extraintestinal manifestations. The most common ocular findings were conjunctivitis (25.8%) and anterior uveitis (10.8%), followed by scleritis (9.2%) and cataract (8.3%). Other extraintestinal manifestations were observed in 41 (34.1%) 29 (29.9%) of ulcerative colitis cases, and 12 (52%) of Crohn disease cases. There was no statistically significant difference in the presence of ocular involvement in relation to the two types of IBD included in the Montreal classification. Conclusion Ocular manifestations in cases of IBD are common and usually nonspecific in presentation. The severity of the IBD does not reflect the severity of the ocular affection.
Resumo Introdução As manifestações da doença inflamatória intestinal (DII) não se restringem ao trato gastrointestinal. Distúrbios musculoesqueléticos são considerados as manifestações extraintestinais mais comuns, seguidos de doenças oculares e mucocutâneas. Muitos clínicos gerais desconhecem a variedade e a severidade das afecções oculares em casos de DII. Objetivo Determinar a prevalência das manifestações extraintestinais em pacientes com DII na província de Kafrelsheikh, no Egito, e avaliar as diferentes manifestações oculares e sua relação com a gravidade da doença. Métodos Um estudo transversal que avaliou 120 pacientes tratados no Kafrelsheikh University Hospital. O diagnóstico de DII foi feito entre dezembro de 2018 e dezembro de 2019 por meio de exames clínicos, endoscópicos e histopatológicos. Por meio de exames de lâmpada de fenda, tonometria, acuidade visual, e oftalmoscopia indireta, todos os pacientes foram avaliados para se determinar a ocorrência de quaisquer manifestações extraintestinais ou afecções oculares. Resultados Amédia de idade da amostra foi de 35,5 ± 13,3 anos. No total, 52 (43,3%) pacientes com DII eram do sexo masculino, e 68 (56,7%), do sexo feminino. As manifestações oculares representaram ~ 22,5% das manifestações extraintestinais. Os achados oculares mais comuns foram conjuntivite (25,8%) e uveíte anterior (10,8%), seguidas de esclerite (9,2%) e catarata (8,3%). Outras manifestações extraintestinais foram observadas em 41 (34,1%) pacientes, entre elas, 29,9% de casos de colite ulcerativa, e 52% de casos de doença de Crohn. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na presença de envolvimento ocular com relação aos dois tipos de DII descritos na classificação de Montreal. Conclusão Asmanifestações oculares empacientes de DII são comuns e, geralmente, não específicas em termos de apresentação. A gravidade da DII não reflete a gravidade da afecção ocular.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/complications , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/pathology , Risk Factors , Eye Diseases/complications , Eye Diseases/pathologyABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Betacoronavirus , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Pandemics , Glaucoma/complications , Ophthalmology , Eye Diseases/complications , Glaucoma/therapy , Ophthalmic Solutions/administration & dosage , Anti-Infective Agents/administration & dosageABSTRACT
ABSTRACT To identify and classify available information regarding COVID-19 and eye care according to the level of evidence, within four main topics of interest: evidence of the virus in tears and the ocular surface, infection via the conjunctival route, ocular manifestations, and best practice recommendations. A structured review was conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, LILACS, SciELO, the Cochrane Library and Google Scholar on COVID-19 and ophthalmology. The Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine 2011 Levels of Evidence worksheet was used for quality assessments. 1018 items were identified in the search; 26 records were included in the qualitative synthesis, which encompassed 6 literature reviews, 10 case series or cross-sectional studies, 4 case reports, and 6 intervention descriptions. Seventeen out of 26 records (65%) were categorized as level 5 within the Oxford CBME methodology grading system, the rest were level 4. The evidence generated on COVID-19 and ophthalmology to date is limited, although this is understandable given the circumstances. Both the possible presence of viral particles in tears and conjunctiva, and the potential for conjunctival transmission remain controversial. Ocular manifestations are not frequent and could resemble viral infection of the ocular surface. Most recommendations are based on the strategies implemented by Asian countries during previous coronavirus outbreaks. There is a need for substantive studies evaluating these strategies in the setting of SARS-CoV-2. In the meantime, plans for applying these measures must be implemented with caution, taking into account the context of each individual country, and undergo regular evaluation.
RESUMO Identificar e classificar as informações disponíveis sobre o COVID-19 e o tratamento oftalmológico de acordo com o nível de evidência, dentro de quatro tópicos principais de interesse: evidência do vírus nas lágrimas e na superfície ocular, infecção pela via conjuntival, manifestações oculares e recomendações de melhores práticas. Foi realizada uma revisão estruturada no PubMed, ScienceDirect, LILACS, SciELO, Biblioteca Cochrane e Google Scholar no COVID-19 e oftalmologia. A planilha de Níveis de Evidência 2011 do Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine 2011 foi usada para avaliações de qualidade. Mil e dezoito itens foram identificados na busca; Foram incluídos 26 registros na síntese qualitativa, que incluiu 6 revisões de literatura, 10 séries de casos ou estudos transversais, 4 relatos de casos e 6 descrições de intervenções. Dezessete dos 26 registros (65%) foram classificados como nível 5 no sistema de classificação da metodologia Oxford CBME, o restante foi no nível 4. As evidências geradas no COVID-19 e na oftalmologia até o momento são limitadas, embora isso seja compreensível dadas as circunstâncias. Tanto a possível presença de partículas virais em lágrimas e conjuntiva quanto o potencial de transmissão conjuntival permanecem controversos. As manifestações oculares não são frequentes e podem se assemelhar a infecção viral da superfície ocular. A maioria das recomendações baseia-se nas estratégias implementadas pelos países asiáticos durante surtos anteriores de coronavírus. Há necessidade de estudos aprofundados avaliando essas estratégias no cenário da SARS-CoV-2. Enquanto isso, os planos para a aplicação dessas medidas devem ser implementados com cautela, levando em consideração o contexto de cada país e submetidos a auditorias periódicas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pneumonia, Viral/complications , Coronavirus Infections/complications , Conjunctiva/virology , Eye Diseases/complications , COVID-19 , Ophthalmology , Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control , Pneumonia, Viral/transmission , Tears/virology , Review Literature as Topic , Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control , Coronavirus Infections/transmission , Evidence-Based Medicine , Pandemics/prevention & controlABSTRACT
SUMMARY OBJECTIVES To bring summarized information about what has been published so far regarding Covid-19, facilitating the access to information and a better understanding of this pandemic, and to contribute to the medical community in the decision-making against this virus. METHODS This review article brings collected information from different articles published since the beginning of the pandemic of the 2019 novel coronavirus. KEY RESULTS This paper aggregates and consolidates some epidemiological parameters and clinical knowledge about the novel coronavirus and brings what is new in the search for pandemic control. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Governments and health authorities are under increased pressure to control the COVID-19 spreading. In this scenario, the scientific community is working hard to produce relevant papers which will help in the next steps against coronavirus. Our review summarized the latest news about SARS-CoV2, evidencing what we know about COVID-19 until now.
RESUMO OBJETIVOS Trazer de forma resumida as informações que têm sido publicadas sobre o novo coronavírus, facilitando o acesso à informação e o melhor entendimento dessa pandemia, como também contribuir para a comunidade médica nas decisões para conter o vírus. METODOLOGIA Este artigo de revisão coletou informações de diferentes artigos publicados desde o início da pandemia do novo coronavírus. RESULTADOS Este artigo consolida alguns parâmetros clínicos e epidemiológicos do novo coronavírus e traz o que tem de novo no controle da pandemia. CONCLUSÃO Os governos e autoridades de saúde estão sob pressão constante para conter o alastramento do coronavírus. Nesse cenário, a comunidade científica tem trabalhado e produzido muitos estudos e artigos que têm ajudado a guiar os próximos passos na contenção dessa pandemia. Nossa revisão faz um compilado dos últimos artigos e estudos, trazendo o que sabemos até então sobre a Covid-19.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Pneumonia, Viral/complications , Pneumonia, Viral/physiopathology , Review Literature as Topic , Coronavirus Infections , Coronavirus Infections/complications , Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology , Eye Diseases/complications , Eye Diseases/epidemiology , Pandemics , Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , BetacoronavirusABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Herpes Zoster/complications , Herpes Zoster/drug therapy , Eye Diseases/complications , Middle Aged , Sarcoidosis/complications , Sarcoidosis/drug therapy , Pain ManagementABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Uveomeningoencephalitic Syndrome/diagnosis , Uveomeningoencephalitic Syndrome/drug therapy , Uveomeningoencephalitic Syndrome/physiopathology , Eye Diseases/complications , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/administration & dosage , Methotrexate/administration & dosage , Infliximab/administration & dosageABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Purpose: To analyse the concept of Dry Eye Syndrome in patients admitted to Intensive Care Units (ICU). Method: This is a concept analysis, according to Walker's and Avant's method, conducted using an integrative review, through search in the database. Science Direct, Scopus, Cinahl, Pubmed, Lilacs, Cochrane and Web of Science. The following keywords were used: "Keratoconjuntivite Sicca", "Risk Factors", "Dry eye Syndromes" and "Intensive Care Units". After selection, 85 articles have been kept. Results: Antecedents found: age, lagophthalmos, environmental factors, use of medications, systemic diseases, mechanical ventilation and eye surgeries. Attributes: Tear Break-up Time < 10 s, Schirmer's test I < 10 mm, Schirmer's test II < 5 mm and signs and symptoms. Consequents: eye damage and discomfort; unstable vision. The Model Case and the Contrary Case were used to illustrate it. Conclusion: The research provided clarification of the concept and consequent understanding of the Dry Eye Syndrome, which is preventable especially in ICU.
RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar el concepto del Ojo Seco en pacientes hospitalizados en Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Método: Esto es un análisis de concepto, según el método de Walker y Avant, operacionalizado mediante revisión integrativa por medio de la búsqueda en las bases de datos: Science Direct, Scopus, Cinahl, Pubmed, Lilacs, Cochrane e Web of Science. Fueron utilizados los descriptores: "Queratoconjuntivitis Seca", "Factores de Riesgo", "Síndromes del Ojo Seco" y "Unidades de Terapia Intensiva". Después de la selección, resultaron 85 artículos. Resultados: Identificamos como antecedentes: edad, lagoftalmia, factores ambientales, uso de medicamentos, enfermedades sistémicas, ventilación mecánica y cirugías oftalmológicas. Atributos: Tear Break-up Time < 10 s, test de Schirmer I < 10 mm, test de Schirmer II < 5 mm y señales y síntomas. Consecuencias: daño e incomodidad a la superficie ocular, inestabilidad visual. Como representación se presentó el Caso Modelo y el Caso Contrario. Conclusión: El estudio posibilitó clarificación del concepto y consecuente entendimiento del fenómeno, lo cual es evitable, sobre todo en la UTI.
RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o conceito de Olho Seco em pacientes internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Método: Trata-se de uma análise de conceito, segundo método de Walker e Avant, operacionalizada mediante revisão integrativa por meio da busca nas bases de dados: Science Direct, Scopus, Cinahl, Pubmed, Lilacs, Cochrane e Web of Science. Foram utilizados os descritores: "Keratoconjuntivite Sicca", "Risk Factors", "Dry eye Syndromes" e "Intensive Care Units". Após seleção, resultaram 85 artigos. Resultados: Identificaram-se como antecedentes: idade, lagoftalmia, fatores ambientais, uso de medicamentos, doenças sistêmicas, ventilação mecânica e cirurgias oftálmicas. Atributos: Tear Break-up Time < 10 s, teste de Schimer I < 10 mm, teste de Schimer II < 5 mm e sinais e sintomas. Consequentes: dano e desconforto à superfície ocular, instabilidade visual. Como ilustração apresentaram-se o Caso Modelo e o Caso Contrário. Conclusão: O estudo promoveu clarificação do conceito e consequente entendimento do fenômeno, o qual é evitável, sobretudo na UTI.
Subject(s)
Humans , Dry Eye Syndromes/complications , Dry Eye Syndromes/etiology , Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects , Dry Eye Syndromes/diagnosis , Risk Factors , Age Factors , Eye Diseases/surgery , Eye Diseases/complications , Intensive Care Units/organization & administrationABSTRACT
Abstract Purpose: To identify the prevalence of the most common diseases diagnosed in the Low Vision Service (LVS) Methods: Seven hundred and thirteen patient's clinical records were evaluated. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the better eye was collected. All of the diagnosed diseases related to visual impairment were identified and classified. A total of 220 patients (36.6%) fulfilled the concept of low vision (group 1), and 381 patients (63.39%) presented legal blindness (groups 2, 3, 4 and 5), according to the WHO Study Group on the Prevention of Blindness (Geneva, l972). Results: The most prevalent disorder was the group of Retinal Inherited Distrophies (n=124; 20.63%). Following the first group were Ocular toxoplasmosis with chorioretinal scars (118 cases, representing a prevalence of 19.63%), Myopic Maculopathy (38-6.32%), Age related Macular Degeneration (AMD) (36 cases, representing a prevalence of 6%). Conclusion: Planning and implementing preventive actions in ophthalmology requires appropriate comprehension about regional clinical problems. Social support, and a proper partnership between educational and health systems, are important to improve visual outcomes in patients diagnosed with low vision and legal blindness.
Resumo Objetivo: identificar a prevalência dos distúrbios mais comuns em pacientes do Serviço de Visão Subnormal do Centro de Referência de Oftalmologia (CEROF - UFG). Método: Foram avaliados 713 registros de pacientes, t odos apresentavam erros refrativos corrigidos. Coletaram-se dois elementos: melhor acuidade visual corrigida (MAVC) no melhor olho e o diagnóstico da doença oftalmológica responsável pela deficiência visual. Todos os grupos etários foram incluídos, sem distinção entre sexo ou raça. Resultados: As doenças mais prevalentes foram distrofias retinianas hereditárias (124 pacientes; 20,63%), cicatrizes coriorretinianas por toxoplasmose (118-19,63%), maculopatia miópica (38-6,32%), Degeneração macular relacionada à idade (DMRI) (36-6%). 220 pacientes (36,6%) preencheram critério de baixa visão (grupo 1), e 381 (63,39%) apresentaram definição de cegueira legal (grupos 2, 3, 4 e 5) recomendada pelo Grupo de Estudos para a Prevenção da Cegueira WHO (Genebra, l972). Conclusão: Estudos nacionais mostram resultados semelhantes sobre cicatrizes coriorretinianas. Estudos epidemiológicos mostram maior prevalência de DMRI, provavelmente porque as clínicas oftalmológicas primárias falham no encaminhamento destes pacientes. A proporção de cegueira relacionada à ROP nos países desenvolvidos é maior, possivelmente porque não há plano de ação público oferecendo acompanhamento oftalmológico adequado para essas crianças. Não havia número significativo de pacientes com glaucoma congênito no departamento, o que pode se relacionar com as condições socioeconômicas e saúde no Brasil. Ações preventivas em oftalmologia necessitam de conhecimento científico de problemas oftalmológicos regionais aplicados à realidade, que será foco de tal ação. Um suporte social, incluindo parceria entre escola, família e sistema público de saúde, seria importante para gerar benefícios para a população.
Subject(s)
Humans , Vision, Low/etiology , Visual Acuity , Medical Records , Vision, Low/epidemiology , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Eye Diseases/complications , Eye Diseases/epidemiology , Health Services/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Abstract Background: Numerous genetic syndromes associated with heart disease and ocular manifestations have been described. However, a compilation and a summarization of these syndromes for better consultation and comparison have not been performed yet. Objective: The objective of this work is to systematize available evidence in the literature on different syndromes that may cause congenital heart diseases associated with ocular changes, focusing on the types of anatomical and functional changes. Method: A systematic search was performed on Medline electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Lilacs) of articles published until January 2016. Eligibility criteria were case reports or review articles that evaluated the association of ophthalmic and cardiac abnormalities in genetic syndrome patients younger than 18 years. Results: The most frequent genetic syndromes were: Down Syndrome, Velo-cardio-facial / DiGeorge Syndrome, Charge Syndrome and Noonan Syndrome. The most associated cardiac malformations with ocular findings were interatrial communication (77.4%), interventricular communication (51.6%), patent ductus arteriosus (35.4%), pulmonary artery stenosis (25.8%) and tetralogy of Fallot (22.5%). Conclusion: Due to their clinical variability, congenital cardiac malformations may progress asymptomatically to heart defects associated with high morbidity and mortality. For this reason, the identification of extra-cardiac characteristics that may somehow contribute to the diagnosis of the disease or reveal its severity is of great relevance.
Resumo Fundamento: O número de síndromes genéticas descritas que apresentam alguma forma de cardiopatia e manifestações oculares associadas é grande. Contudo, estas síndromes ainda não foram reunidas e sintetizadas para melhor consulta e comparação. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho é sistematizar a literatura, avaliando evidências disponíveis sobre síndromes que cursam com cardiopatia congênita associada a alterações oculares, salientando os tipos de alterações anatômicas e funcionais descritas. Métodos: Dois pesquisadores independentes fizeram uma busca sistemática utilizando as bases eletrônicas Medline (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Lilacs), de trabalhos publicados até o mês de janeiro de 2016. Os critérios de elegibilidade utilizados pelos autores incluíram somente artigos publicados sob a forma de relatos de caso ou revisão, que abordassem a associação de alterações oftalmológicas e cardiológicas em pacientes menores de 18 anos e que apresentassem alguma síndrome genética. Resultados: As síndromes genéticas mais frequentes foram: Síndrome de Down, Síndrome Velo-cardio-facial / DiGeorge, Síndrome de Charge e Síndrome de Noonan. Entre as malformações cardíacas, a comunicação interatrial (77,4%), a comunicação interventricular (51.6%), a persistência do canal arterial (35,4%), estenose da artéria pulmonar (25,8%) e a tetralogia de Fallot (22,5%) foram as mais associadas com achados oculares. Conclusão: Devido à sua variedade clínica, as malformações cardíacas congênitas revelam defeitos que evoluem de maneira assintomática até aqueles que provocam grande morbimortalidade. Dessa forma, encontrar características extra-cardíacas que, de alguma maneira, possam auxiliar no diagnóstico da doença ou revelar a gravidade dessa enfermidade tornam-se de grande relevância.
Subject(s)
Humans , Eye Diseases/complications , Heart Defects, Congenital/complications , Genetic Diseases, Inborn/complications , Syndrome , Heart Defects, Congenital/diagnosisABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to analyze for 120 days, post-operative complications following bimanual phacoemulsification with implantation of hydrophilic or hydrophobic intraocular acrylic lens. The hospital records of 15 dogs were analyzed, and distributed in two groups, being Gfi and Gfo the hydrophilic intraocular lens and hydrophobic intraocular lens group, respectively. On the first day, both groups presented blepharospasm, conjunctival hyperemia and flare. On day 1, fibrin was slightly apparent in two and three eyes of Gfi and Gfo, and on day 7, present in one and two patients from Gfi and Gfo. Synechia was observed on day 1 in one eye from Gfi and Gfo. Two eyes from Gfi developed from 7 to 120 days, and in Gfo, one eye developed from 7 to 90 days, on day 120, two eyes formed them. The presence of posterior capsule opacity of the lens in all periods, there was no statistical significant between the groups. Only one eye, in Gfo, that had no opacity formation. The intraocular pressure of both groups remained within normal range. There was no statistical significance between hydrophilic and hydrophobic intraocular lens, the use of intraocular lens has led to satisfactory results in visual ability.(AU)
Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar por 120 dias as complicações após a facoemulsificação bimanual com implantação de lentes acrílicas hidrofílicas ou hidrofóbicas. Os prontuários de 15 cães foram avaliados, sendo distribuídos em dois grupos, Gfi e Gfo, grupos com lentes intraoculares hidrofílicas e com lentes hidrofóbicas, respectivamente. No primeiro dia, ambos os grupos apresentaram blefarospasmo, hiperemia conjuntiva e flare. No dia 1, fibrina foi discretamente observada em dois e três olhos do Gfi e Gfo; no dia 7, observou-se em um e três olhos nos pacientes do Gfi e Gfo. Foi observada sinéquia no dia 1 em um olho do Gfi e do Gfo; em dois olhos do Gfi ocorreu do dia 7 ao dia 120. No Gfo apenas um olho teve sinéquia do dia 7 ao dia 90, contudo aos 120 dias, dois olhos formaram-na. A opacidade de cápsula posterior da lente esteve presente em todos os períodos, não havendo diferença estatística entre os grupos. Somente um olho, do Gfo, não teve formação de opacidade. A pressão intraocular foi normal em ambos os grupos. Não houve diferença estatística entre as lentes hidrofílicas e hidrofóbicas. O uso de lentes intraoculares apresentaram resultados satisfatórios na acuidade visual.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Cataract/veterinary , Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic/veterinary , Lens Implantation, Intraocular/veterinary , Phacoemulsification/veterinary , Eye Diseases/complicationsABSTRACT
Abstract Objective: To determine the main causes of visual impairment and blindness in children enrolled at Instituto Benjamin Constant blind school (IBC) in 2013, to aid in planning for the prevention and management of avoidable causes of blindness. Methods: Study design: cross-sectional observational study. Data was collected from medical records of students attending IBC in 2013. Causes of blindness were classified according to WHO/PBL examination record. Data were analyzed for those children aged less than 16 years using Stata 9 program. Results: Among 355 students attending IBC in 2013, 253 (73%) were included in this study. Of these children, 190 (75%) were blind and 63 (25%) visually impaired. The major anatomical site of visual loss was retina (42%), followed by lesions of the globe (22%), optic nerve lesions (13.8%), central nervous system (8.8%) and cataract/pseudophakia/aphakia (8.8%). The etiology was unknown in 41.9% and neonatal factors accounted for 30,9% of cases. Forty-eight percent of cases were potentially avoidable. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) was the main cause of blindness and with microphthalmia, optic nerve atrophy, cataract and glaucoma accounted for more than 50% of cases. Conclusion: Provision and improvement of ROP, cataract and glaucoma screening and treatment and programs could prevent avoidable visual impairment and blindness.
Resumo Objetivo: Determinar as causas de cegueira e deficiência visual nas crianças matriculadas na Escola do Instituto Benjamin Constant (IBC) em 2013, para contribuir na elaboração de estratégias de controle e prevenção de causas evitáveis de cegueira. Métodos: Desenho de estudo: observacional do tipo transversal. Os dados foram coletados através dos prontuários dos alunos matriculados na Escola em 2013. As causas de cegueira foram classificadas de acordo com os registros de exames elaborados pela OMS/IAPB. Os dados foram analisados, em crianças com idade abaixo de 16 anos, usando o Programa Stata9. Resultados: Entre 355 alunos matriculados no IBC em 2013, 253 (73%) foram incluídos nesse estudo. Dessas crianças, 190 (75%) eram cegas e 63 (25%), deficientes visuais. O principal sítio anatômico, responsável pela perda visual, encontrado foi a retina (42%), seguido de lesões do globo ocular (22%), lesões no nervo óptico (13,8%), cegueira de origem no sistema nervoso central (8,8%) e catarata/pseudofácico/afácico (8.8%). A etiologia foi desconhecida em 41,9% e fatores neonatais corresponderam a 30,9% dos casos. Quarenta e oito porcento dos casos foram potencialmente evitáveis. Retinopatia da prematuridade (ROP) foi a principal causa de cegueira e microftalmia, atrofia do nervo óptico, catarata e glaucoma contaram com mais de 50% dos casos. Conclusão: A oferta e melhoria de programas de triagem e tratamento do ROP, catarata e glaucoma podem prevenir os casos de deficiência visual e cegueira evitáveis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Schools/statistics & numerical data , Blindness/etiology , Vision, Low/etiology , Education of Visually Disabled/statistics & numerical data , Students , Vision Screening , Medical Records , Blindness/epidemiology , Vision, Low/epidemiology , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Visually Impaired Persons/statistics & numerical data , Eye Diseases/complicationsABSTRACT
Los hemangiomas infantiles son un motivo de consulta frecuente en Pediatría. El síndrome de PHACE(S) es un síndrome neurocutáneo a sospechar cuando se observan extensos hemangiomas cutáneos; en mayor grado si afectan al rostro. Es importante su diagnóstico, basado en criterios clínicos, para poder evaluar y tratar posibles complicaciones, algunas potencialmente letales. El adecuado manejo del paciente y sus necesidades requiere una intervención multidisciplinar, enfocada a disminuir el estrés e impedir la aparición de complicaciones del hemangioma y de las alteraciones asociadas al síndrome. Los β-bloqueantes constituyen la primera línea en el tratamiento de los hemangiomas cutáneos, pero en estos pacientes, en caso de instaurarlos, es fundamental el despistaje previo de posibles malformaciones cerebrovasculares y cardiacas. Las alteraciones endocrinas son poco frecuentes, por lo que se precisa una alta sospecha diagnóstica para que no pasen desapercibidas (AU)
Infantile hemangiomas are a frequent reason for consultation in Pediatrics. When extensive cutaneous hemangiomas are observed and specially if they affect the face, we we should suspect a neurocutaneous disorder called PHACE(S) syndrome. Diagnosis must be based on clinical criteria in order to evaluate and treat possible complications that sometimes can be lethal. A proper management of the patients requires a multidisciplinary intervention, with the purpose of reducing stress and preventing the ocurrence of complications of the hemangioma and the disorders associated to the syndrome.Beta-blockers are employed as first-line treatment of cutaneous hemangiomas, but in these patients a prior screening of possible cerebrovascular and cardiac malformations is needed. Endocrine alterations are rare, so a high diagnostic suspicion is required to avoid going unnoticed (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Infant , Neurocutaneous Syndromes/diagnosis , Hemangioma/complications , Congenital Abnormalities/diagnosis , Primary Health Care/methods , Skull/abnormalities , Skull , Heart Defects, Congenital/complications , Heart Defects, Congenital , Eye Diseases/complicationsABSTRACT
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Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child , Keratitis/complications , Keratitis , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/instrumentation , Cranial Nerves/abnormalities , Cranial Nerves , Trigeminal Nerve/abnormalities , Trigeminal Nerve/pathology , Trigeminal Nerve , Cerebrum/abnormalities , Cerebrum , Eye Diseases/complications , Eye Diseases/pathologyABSTRACT
La retinitis por citomegalovirus es la infección ocular más frecuente en pacientes con un recuento de linfocitos CD4 inferior a 200 por µL. El aspecto oftalmoscópico de las lesiones se caracteriza, en la mayoría de los casos, por infiltrados retinianos resultados de la necrosis retiniana producida por citomegalovirus y el edema en asociación con hemorragias. Estas lesiones se disponen, por lo general, siguiendo las arcadas vasculares temporales con invasión hacia la mácula. Se presentó una paciente de 24 años de edad, femenina, blanca, ama de casa, con antecedentes patológicos personales oculares sin datos de interés, y antecedentes patológicos personales generales de ser diagnosticadas con VIH. Hace cuatro años que comenzó con tratamiento antirretroviral, y tuvo cambios de tratamiento en dos ocasiones. El último fue impuesto en mayo del año 2011, con el cual presentó mala adherencia terapéutica, y comenzó desde entonces a presentar disminución de su peso corporal de forma marcada en breve período de tiempo. Refiere que desde hace unos meses comenzó a presentar una disminución progresiva de la agudeza visual en el ojo derecho, acompañado de visión borrosa. Adquiere gran importancia este caso, ya que ante la supervivencia de los pacientes con sida, va a ser cada vez más frecuente la aparición de las afecciones oculares relacionadas con esta enfermedad. Dentro de ellas se encuentran las infecciones oportunistas mayores como la retinitis por citomegalovirus(AU)
Retinitis caused by cytomegalovirus is the most frequent opportunistic infection in patients with a lymphocyte count CD4 less 200 ÁL. The ophthalmological aspect of the lesions in most of cases is characterized by retinal infiltrates derived from the retinal necrosis caused by cytomegalovirus and the edema associated to hemorrhages. In general, these lesions are arranged in the same form as the temporal vascular arcades and go into the macula. Here is a 24 years-old Caucasian female patient , housewife with a history of ocular problems with no interesting data and positive diagnosis of HIV, She began an antiretroviral treatment four your ago, which was changed twice. The last one was administered on May 2011 and the therapeutic adherence was inadequate. Since then, she began losing weight significantly in a short period of time. Some months ago, she reported a progressive reduction of the visual acuity in the right eye and blurred vision. This case is very important because, due to the survival rate of AIDS patients, the occurrence of ocular diseases related to it will become more frequent. One of them is major opportunistic infection such as cytomegalovirus retinitis(AU)