Three-year epidemiological analysis of penetrating ocular traumatic endophthalmitis.

The characteristics of patients with endophthalmitis due to penetrating ocular trauma are still limited. The aim of the study was to fill these gaps among Chinese population. This retrospective study included patients diagnosed as penetrating ocular traumatic endophthalmitis between January 2016 to December 2018. During the past 3-year period, a total of 201 patients with antecedent penetrating eye injuries were evaluated. Of which, 42 (20.9%) patients presented a clinical course compatible with acute infectious endophthalmitis. 39 (92.86%) patients were males, and 15 (35.71%) patients had mechanical injuries from intraocular foreign body (IOFB), the rate of endophthalmitis due to IOFB was 13.43%, higher to the rate among patients without IOFB (7.46%). The duration between injury occurrence and endophthalmitis onset was 1 day in 10 (23,80%) patients; 2 to 7 days in 31 (73.80%) patients, and 7 to 14 days in 1 (2.38%) patient. After 1 year follow-up, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) better than 20/400 was observed in 15 (35.71%) patients, counting fingers and hand move in 17 (40.48%) patients, light perception in 5 (11.9%) patients and no light perception in 5 (11.9%) patients, respectively. Patients with promising outcomes had better initial BCVA at baseline (P < .001). Endophthalmitis is a severe ocular infectious condition that may lead to irreversible vision loss. A greater attention must be paid to penetrating eye injuries within males, who had poor BCVA at baseline, particularly with obvious IOFB.

Intraocular foreign bodies in children: A retrospective case series.

INTRODUCTION: Open globe injuries are a major cause of visual impairment in children, related to the severity of the trauma or secondary to induced amblyopia. Intraocular foreign bodies (IOFB) have been reported in approximately one third of cases of open globe injuries. As clinical presentation and management may differ between adults and children, data is lacking about IOFBs in children under 18years of age. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical characteristics and visual prognosis of ocular trauma associated with intraocular foreign bodies in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This single-center retrospective study included patients under 18years of age treated for ocular trauma with IOFB. Demographic characteristics, complete initial and final ophthalmological examination, imaging data and details of medical and surgical management were collected. RESULTS: Fourteen patients were included (78.6% boys), with a mean age of 10.3years (min 7months-max 17years). In 92.9% of cases, patients were found to have a single IOFB, mostly metallic (71.4%). Posterior segment IOFBs were found in 50% of cases, anterior segment IOFBs in 28.6% and orbital IOFBs in 21.4%. The clinical examination permitted detection of the IOFBs in 50% of cases, while they were visible on CT scan in all cases. The mean initial visual acuity was 20/320, and the mean final visual acuity was 20/125. Endophthalmitis occurred in 2 cases (14%). DISCUSSION: Open globe injuries associated with IOFB are severe and sight-threatening. Localization of the IOFB in the posterior segment has a worse prognosis. CT scan is mandatory, especially in children, as the trauma history is often missing. Retinal detachment and endophthalmitis appear to be the main prognostic factors requiring urgent specialized pediatric ophthalmology management.

Ocular trauma from Lawn mower accidents: Clinical insights, visual outcomes and microbial profiles.

AIMS: To characterize the clinical features of ocular trauma resulting from lawn mower, identify determinants of unfavorable final visual acuity (FVA), and assess the spectrum of microbial in posttraumatic endophthalmitis. METHODS: This retrospective study enrolled patients who experienced ocular trauma due to lawn mower at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center from January 2013 to August 2021. Demographics, clinical features, isolated microorganisms, risk factors influencing reduced visual acuity, treatment regimens, and utilization of eyewear were collected. RESULTS: The study included 140 participants (140 eyes) (49.47 ± 12.03 years, 95% male). The predominant injury manifestations were penetrating globe injuries (75.7%) and intraocular foreign bodies (51.4%). Endophthalmitis occurred in 35 cases (25%) and Bacillus cereus (23.5%) was the primary pathogen, followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis (11.8%) and Streptococcus species (11.8%). Following the initial assessment, where 77.9% of patients had initial visual acuity (IVA) at grade IV (ranging from light perception to 4/200) and only 0.7% attained grade I (better than 20/40), post-treatment results revealed that 5.7% achieved FVA at grade I, with a concurrent decrease in patients with grade IV vision to 64.3%. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that injury protection (p < 0.001, OR = 0.237, 95% CI = 0.126-0.446), IVA (p = 0.001, OR = 4.102, 95% CI = 1.730-9.729), and retinal detachment (p = 0.042, OR = 8.105, 95% CI = 1.075-61.111) were significant independent risk factors impacting FVA. CONCLUSION: Lawn mower often cause severe ocular injuries, with high-velocity metal foreign bodies that can lead to infections, most commonly caused by Bacillus cereus. Correct use of protective gear, initial vision assessment, and detecting retinal detachment are crucial for visual prognosis.

Mobile battery blast injuries: An emerging ocular health hazard in children.

PURPOSE: To assess clinical features, visual outcomes, and setting of mobile battery blast-induced eye injuries in children. METHODS: Retrospective case sheets of children with mobile battery blast injuries were reviewed at a tertiary eye care center from January 2015 to March 2022. We noted the mode of injury, battery status, and clinical presentation and analyzed the treatment outcomes. RESULTS: The study included 14 eyes of 11 patients. Three patients (27%) had bilateral ocular injuries. The most common reasons for the blast were wiring a bulb to the battery or charging the battery with a universal mobile charger, seen in four cases each. Three eyes had closed-globe injuries (CGIs), whereas 11 had open-globe injuries (OGIs). Of the 11 eyes with OGI, four also had a retained intraocular foreign body (IOFB). Only four (36%) eyes having OGI could achieve vision better than 6/60. All three eyes with CGIs developed secondary glaucoma, and two underwent trabeculectomy. However, the visual prognosis was better (>6/36) in eyes with CGI. Overall, mean visual acuity at the final follow-up was improved to 1.41 ± 1.14 logMAR from 2.32 ± 0.76 logMAR at presentation. This was also found to be statistically significant with a P value of 0.02. CONCLUSION: Battery blast-induced ocular injuries, although rare, often lead to poor outcomes. Apart from charging, playing with discarded or damaged batteries was a common reason for battery blasts in our series.

Keratitis in patients with corneal foreign bodies: a cross-sectional study in Cali, Colombia.

PURPOSES: To describe the clinical characteristics and factors associated with keratitis in patients with corneal foreign bodies in Colombia. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was based on a clinical records review of patients who had corneal foreign bodies and were admitted to the emergency department between June 2018 and June 2019 in Cali, Colombia. The primary outcome was the presence of keratitis diagnosed based on clinical criteria. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify associated factors. RESULTS: A total of 381 corneal foreign bodies in 372 patients were analyzed (median age, 40.0; interquartile range, 29.0-53.0 years; male, 94.7% (n=352). Ninety-five patients developed keratitis (24.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 20.8%-29.5%). In the multivariate analysis, age 30 years (odds ratio [OR] 2.15, 95% CI 1.06-4.36), finding of aqueous flare (OR 2.81, 95% CI 1.39-5.66]), and a foreign body in the peripheral cornea (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.19-3.50] were associated with an increased risk for keratitis. Sex, time between injury and admission, and corneal edema were not related to keratitis (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: In Cali, Colombia, a high proportion of keratitis was reported in patients with corneal foreign body. Age, an aqueous flare, and a foreign body in the peripheral cornea were the factors associated with keratitis.

[Analysis of the incidence and burden of intraocular foreign bodies in China based on age-period-cohort model].

Objective: This study aims to analyze the incidence, disease burden, and trend of intraocular foreign bodies in China from 1990 to 2019, and to analyze the trend of changes in age, period, and cohort of Chinese men. Methods: The data related to the incidence rate and disease burden of intraocular foreign bodies in China from 1990 to 2019 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Database (GBD database) on the website of the Institute for Health Indicators and Evaluation (IHME) of the University of Washington, United States, and the annual percentage rate change (AAPC) of intraocular foreign bodies in China was calculated using the Joinpoint software to describe the long-term trend of their incidence rate and disease burden over time. Using Stata17 software, an age period cohort model was constructed to analyze the age, period, and cohort factors affecting intraocular foreign bodies in men. Results: In 2019, the incidence rate of intraocular foreign bodies in China was 791.20/100 000, and the DALY rate was 10.32/100 000, with an average annual decline rate of 1.70% and 1.48% respectively. In 2019, the number of cases of intraocular foreign bodies in China was 11.253 6 million, and the DALY was 1 812.29 million person years. Among them, the incidence and disease burden of intraocular foreign bodies in men were more severe than those in women, and the incidence and disease burden risk of intraocular foreign bodies in men aged 30-35 and 45-50 were the highest. The incidence and disease burden risk of intraocular foreign bodies in elderly men gradually increased. Conclusions: As a common ophthalmic disease, the incidence of intraocular foreign bodies and the DALY rate are declining, but the disease burden is increasing. With the aging of the population, the incidence of intraocular foreign bodies in the elderly will further increase in the future, which should be considered by policy makers. The findings of this study can help governments and healthcare planners formulate practical and targeted policy responses.

[Chinese expert consensus on the prophylaxis and management of traumatic infectious endophthalmitis (2023)].

Traumatic infectious endophthalmitis refers to the inflammation of one or multiple layers of the eyeball wall and intraocular contents caused by pathogen invasion after open globe injury. Its incidence rate is about 4% to 16%. There are various factors related to the occurrence, development and prognosis of traumatic infectious endophthalmitis, including the types of ocular trauma, the properties of pathogens, the presence of intraocular foreign body and the treatment timing. Reasonable preventive measures, accurate diagnosis and timely and effective treatment are critical for the recovery of visual function and even the preservation of the eyeball in high-risk patients. In order to further clarify and standardize the prophylaxis and management of traumatic infectious endophthalmitis, the experts of the China Ocular Trauma Society have reached consensus opinions after discussions, thus providing reference for ophthalmologists in clinical practice.

Explosive eye injuries: characteristics, traumatic mechanisms, and prognostic factors for poor visual outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Explosions can produce blast waves, high-speed medium, thermal radiation, and chemical spatter, leading to complex and compound eye injuries. However, few studies have comprehensively investigated the clinical features of different eye injury types or possible risk factors for poor prognosis. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all consecutive records of explosive eye injuries (1449 eyes in 1115 inpatients) in 14 tertiary referral hospitals in China over 12 years (between January 2008 and December 2019). Data on demographics, eye injury types, ocular findings, treatments, and factors affecting visual prognosis were extracted from a standardized database of eye injuries and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Mechanical ocular trauma accounted for 94.00% of explosion-related eye injuries, among which intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs) resulted in 55.17% of open globe injuries (OGIs) and contusion caused 60.22% of close globe injuries (CGIs). Proliferative vitreous retinopathy (PVR) was more common in perforating (47.06%) and IOFB (26.84%) than in penetrating (8.79%) injuries, and more common with laceration (24.25%) than rupture (9.22%, P < 0.01). However, no difference was observed between rupture and contusion. Ultimately, 9.59% of eyes were removed and the final vision was ≤ 4/200 in 45.82% of patients. Poor presenting vision [odds ratio (OR) = 5.789], full-thickness laceration of the eyeball ≥ 5 mm (OR = 3.665), vitreous hemorrhage (OR = 3.474), IOFB (OR = 3.510), non-mechanical eye injury (NMEI, OR = 2.622, P < 0.001), rupture (OR = 2.362), traumatic optic neuropathy (OR = 2.102), retinal detachment (RD, OR = 2.033), endophthalmitis (OR = 3.281, P < 0.01), contusion (OR = 1.679), ciliary body detachment (OR = 6.592), zone III OGI (OR = 1.940), and PVR (OR = 1.615, P < 0.05) were significant negative predictors for poor visual outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Explosion ocular trauma has complex mechanisms, with multiple eyes involved and poor prognosis. In lethal level I explosion injuries, eyeball rupture is a serious condition, whereas contusion is more likely to improve. In level II injuries, IOFBs are more harmful than penetrating injuries, and level IV represents burn-related eye injuries. PVR is more associated with penetrating mechanisms than with OGI. Identifying the risk predictors for visual prognosis can guide clinicians in the evaluation and treatment of ocular blast injuries.

High risk and low prevalence diseases: Open globe injury.

INTRODUCTION: Open globe injury (OGI) is a rare but serious condition that carries with it a high rate of morbidity. OBJECTIVE: This review highlights the pearls and pitfalls of OGI, including presentation, diagnosis, and management in the emergency department (ED) based on current evidence. DISCUSSION: OGI refers to full-thickness injury to the layers of the eye. OGI can be caused by blunt or sharp trauma, and subtypes include penetration, perforation, intraocular foreign body (IOFB), globe rupture, or mixed types. OGI is more common in males and usually secondary to work-related injury, but in women it is most commonly associated with falls. Emergency clinicians should first assess for and manage other critical, life-threatening injuries. Following this assessment, a thorough eye examination is necessary. Computed tomography (CT) may suggest the disease, but it cannot definitively exclude the diagnosis. While point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is highly sensitive and specific for some findings in OGI, its use is controversial due to potential globe content extrusion. Management includes protecting the affected eye from further injury, preventing Valsalva maneuvers that could extrude ocular contents, updating tetanus vaccination status, administering broad-spectrum antibiotics, and ophthalmology consultation for surgical intervention to prevent the sequelae of blindness and endophthalmitis. CONCLUSION: An understanding of OGI can assist emergency clinicians in diagnosing and managing this sight-threatening traumatic process.

Pediatric Open Globe Injuries Caused by Firecrackers in a Tertiary Eye Care Hospital in Iran.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to determine characteristic features of open globe injuries caused by firecrackers among pediatric population. METHODS: In this retrospective cross-sectional chart review, medical records of children with ocular trauma who were hospitalized in Isfahan, Iran, during 2013-2017 were reviewed. We analyzed the collected data before and after propensity score (PS) matching. RESULTS: Of 396 pediatric patients with open globe injury, 22 injuries (5.9%) were caused by firecrackers. Hyphema, iris prolapse, and lens rupture were noted in 15 (68.18%), 10 (45.45%), and 2 (9.09) eyes, respectively. None of patients had endophthalmitis. The mean age of patients in firecracker group was higher and significant (11.86 ± 4.05 in firecracker vs 7.80 ± 4.68 in nonfirecracker, P < 0.001). Furthermore, most boys were in firecracker group (95.5%, P = 0.005). Patients in firecracker group resided more in urban areas (86.4%, P = 0.054) and had more intraocular foreign body (IOFB) in the eyes (40.9%, P < 0.001). After PS matching, patients in firecracker group had higher IOFB ( P = 0.008). In logistic regression models, patients with corneal lacerations had lower odds for long-time admission (≥4 days) than patients with both corneal and scleral lacerations in crude model (odds ratio, 0.35; 95% confidence interval, 0.17-0.69) and adjusted model (odds ratio, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.74). After PS matching, there was no significant association between risk factors and outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed several differences between the pediatric open globe injuries caused by firecrackers and other mechanisms of injuries, including the age, sex, living place, presence of IOFB, and length of hospital stay.

Clinical Profile of Patients Presenting with Corneal Foreign Bodies: A Cross-Sectional Study Conducted in a Tertiary Hospital in Nepal.

INTRODUCTION: Corneal foreign bodies are one of the commonest forms of ocular trauma, the majority of which occur due to occupational exposure. The aim of this study was to study the profile of patients with corneal foreign bodies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A hospital based prospective study was conducted among 60 patients presenting to the ophthalmology outpatient department in Dhulikhel Hospital-Kathmandu University Hospital (DH-KUH) over a time span of 6 months. Demographic data of patients, clinical characteristics of foreign bodies and associated complications were noted. RESULTS: Most of the patients were males (n=55) belonging to the 21-30 age group (n=24). Majority of them were workers in metal industries (n=26). Welding and cutting metal were implicated as the most common mode of injury (n=53). CONCLUSION: By virtue of this study, we identified the high risks associated with sustaining this form of ocular trauma. The incidence and hence the prevalence of corneal foreign body can be gradually levelled down if we aware the people about the associated complications and advise them to use protective eye wears (PEW).

INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF POSTOPERATIVE ENDOPHTHALMITIS AFTER PRIMARY SURGICAL REPAIR COMBINED WITH INTRAOCULAR FOREIGN BODY REMOVAL.

PURPOSE: To analyze the incidence and risk factors of postoperative endophthalmitis after primary surgical repair and intraocular foreign body (IOFB) removal within 24 hours of injury. METHODS: The records of all patients treated surgically for open globe injury and IOFB removal at the Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University between January 1, 2015, and June 30, 2020, were retrospectively reviewed. Variables included time from injury to operation, cause of injury, details of surgical repair, and follow-up. The incidence and risk factors of endophthalmitis after IOFB removal were studied. RESULTS: During 5 years, 99 patients with IOFB were reviewed. Of these, 19 patients were diagnosed with endophthalmitis on admission, and 5 were suspected of having endophthalmitis during operation. Fifty-four cases had no clinical signs of endophthalmitis on admission and during operation and were treated with operation within 24 hours after the injury. Two patients (2 of 54; 3.70%) developed endophthalmitis after IOFB removal, and the causative agent in both cases was Bacillus cereus. CONCLUSION: The incidence of infectious endophthalmitis after primary surgical repair combined with IOFB removal (≤24 hours) was 3.70% in patients who received a series of standard treatments, and B. cereus infection might be a risk factor.

Enfermedades, lesiones y accidentes en trabajadores de la construcción en Uruguay, período 2014-2018 / Illnesses, injuries and accidents among construction workers in Uruguay, 2014-2018

El presente trabajo se realizó en el marco de las actividades de investigación y extensión del Departamento de Salud Ocupacional de la Facultad de Medicina Universidad de la República, por iniciativa de los trabajadores del sindicato único de la construcción y afines. El objetivo fue conocer el perfil de salud y enfermedad de los trabajadores del sector con el propósito de generar acciones que promuevan la salud laboral del colectivo involucrado. La investigación realizada es de carácter descriptivo a partir de fuentes secundarias. De los resultados se destacaron las enfermedades del aparato osteomioarticular, lesiones por traumatismos o envenenamiento y patologías del aparato respiratorio como principales causas de ausentismo de origen médico. La patología osteomioarticular fue la primera causa de incapacidad total y también es la primera causa de incapacidad para la tarea en el periodo estudiado. La tasa de incidencia acumulada de los accidentes en el año 2014 fue de 81,8 por 1.000 trabajadores cotizantes de la construcción, presentando una caída sostenida hasta el 2018 que alcanzó el valor de 60,2 por 1.000 trabajadores cotizantes. El tipo de accidente más frecuente observado en el periodo fueron las lesiones a esfuerzo excesivo. Con respecto a los accidentes mortales existe una caída marcada entre los años 2014 al 2016 con un ascenso progresivo en 2018. De la investigación surge como necesidad mejorar el reconocimiento de la patología profesional en el sector, profundizar las acciones en seguridad y salud con énfasis en aspectos ergonómicos de la carga física(AU)

This study was carried out under the framework of the research and outreach activities of the Department of Occupational Health of the School of Medicine of the University of the Republic, as an initiative of the workers of its single union of construction and related industries. The objective was to describe the health and disease profile of workers in the sector in order to generate actions to promote their occupational health. The study was descriptive and consisted of a secondary analysis of existing data. Musculoskeletal disorders, traumatic injuries, poisonings and respiratory illnesses were the main cause of sickness absence. Musculoskeletal disorders were the main cause of both work-related and total disability. The cumulative incidence rate of injuries in 2014 was 81.8 per 1000 dues-paying construction workers, and subsequently declined until 2018, to an incidence of 62.2 per 1000 dues-paying workers. Overexertion was the most common mechanism of injury. With respect to fatal accidents, there was a arked decline between 2014 and 2016, followed by a progressive increasein 2018. This study underscores the need to improve the recognition of occupational illness and injury in the construction and related industries sector, and to add depth to safety and health interventions, with an emphasis on ergonomic aspects of physical loads(AU)

Analysis of ocular emergencies in a reference eye center in Brazil.

PURPOSE: To determine the incidence of ocular emergencies and patient profiles in a public health eye center in Brazil. METHODS: The medical record database of the Fundação Altino Ventura, Recife, Brazil was retrospectively analyzed and included all patients assisted at the ophthalmic emergency room between January 2017 and January 2018. Medical records with incomplete data and outpatient complaints were excluded. For records with multiple visits, only the initial visit was considered. RESULTS: In 1 year, 134,788 patients (mean age at admission: 38.7 ± 22 years; range: 0-99 years) were admitted at the emergency room of the Fundação Altino Ventura. The most frequent diagnoses were conjunctivitis (52,732 cases; 37.3%), blepharitis (7,213 cases; 5.1%), and corneal/conjunctival foreign body (6,925 cases; 4.9%). Corneal/conjunctival foreign body and ocular trauma had an eight- and two-fold higher incidence in male patients, respectively (both p<0.001). Female patients presented a two-fold higher incidence of trichiasis and blepharitis than males (p<0.001). Corneal/conjunctival foreign body and ocular trauma affected more patients in a productive age (>15 years), while corneal ulcers, blepharitis, and trichiasis affected more elderly patients. All diagnostic clusters (e.g., infectious diseases, ocular trauma, foreign bodies, retinopathies, eyelid disorders, corneal diseases, glaucomatous crisis, and neuroophthalmological diseases) were more common during the spring season (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The most common ocular emergencies in the present study were infectious diseases and foreign body. However, the incidence of ophthalmological emergencies was influenced by the age and sex of patients, as well as the time of the year.

Posterior Segment Retained Intraocular Foreign Body: A Study from Western Nepal.

INTRODUCTION: Posterior segment retained Intraocular foreign body (IOFB) management is challenging. Facility of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and availability of well trained vitreo retina surgeons are the basic need to accomplish this work. Encircling band provide permanent 360° support to close the anterior retinal break and prevent traction on the retina. The objective of this study is to analyse the clinical characteristics and predictors of the final visual outcome and survival of the globe in cases of retained IOFB in the posterior eye segment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A hospital based retrospective observational study was conducted. All the patients of retained IOFB in the posterior segment presented from January 2016 to June 2019 were enrolled. Patients presented with visual acuity of NPL were excluded. Statistical analysis was performed using a variety of tests using SPSS version 21. RESULTS: Forty eyes of 40 patients were included. The mean age was 27.08±10.68 years (range 5-66). 95% of our patients were male. Most of them (52.5%) worked on the farm. 26(65%) of 40 eyes had Zone I injury. The median time spent before presentation was 13.5 day. Retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, and endophthalmitis were present in 15, 23 and 5 eyes, respectively, before IOFB removal. The mean LogMAR visual acuity was improved significantly from 2.50±0.87 to 1.33± 1.01 (p=0.003). Poor presenting visual acuity, retinal detachment and large diameter of IOFB were found as the predictor of poor final visual acuity. CONCLUSION: Pars plana vitrectomy by a vitreo retinal surgeon can give encouraging results in the cases of retained posterior segment IOFB. Poor presenting visual acuity, large diameter of IOFB and RD before IOFB removal are predictors of poor visual outcome.

Socioeconomic Status and Decreasing Incidence of Ocular Injuries in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Purpose: To examine the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of ocular injuries and their association with socioeconomic status (SES).Material and Methods: All cases of ocular injuries hospitalized in Department of Ophthalmology of University Clinical Center Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina, from January 2009 to December 2012 and January 2017 and December 2019 were prospectively followed. The injuries were classified according to Ocular Trauma Classification System (OTCS) and Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology (BETT).Results: This study included a total of 420 eyes from 396 patients. There were 162 (38.57%; 95%CI: 32.86-44.99) open globe injuries (OGI) and 258 (61.43%; 95%CI: 54.16-69.4) closed globe injuries (CGI). The decrease in incidence of ocular trauma requiring hospitalization was noted from 16.7 per 100 000 (95%CI: 13.11-20.97) in 2009 to 9.25 per 100 000 (95%CI: 6.64-12.55) in 2019 (p=0.006). Most injuries occurred in males 341 (81.19%; 95%CI: 72.8-90.28), active working patients 258 (61.43%, 95%CI:54.16-69.4), and patients with rural residence 285 (67.86%; 95%CI: 60.21-76.21). Almost all ocular injuries 418 (99.52%; 95%CI: 90.21-109.54) occurred in patients with middle and lower SES categories, and home was the most prevalent place of injury in 258 (61.43%, 95%CI: 54.16-69.4) patients. The total of 289 (70.49%; 95%CI: 62.59-79.1) patients had good final best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Poor final BCVA was associated with lower ocular trauma score (OTS) (p=0.000), poor initial BCVA (p=0.000), penetrating injuries of cornea (p=0.004) and sclera (p=0.001), Zone III injuries (p=0.000), intraocular foreign body presence (p=0.000), cataract (p=0.002), retinal detachment (p=0.001), endophthalmitis (p=0.000) and vitreous hemorrhage (p=0.010).Conclusion: This study provides a detailed insight into epidemiology and socio-economic characteristics of patients hospitalized for ocular injuries.

Ocular spectrum of kite injury: A six-year trend at a tertiary eye care center.

Purpose: To assess ocular morbidity attributable to kites (patang) with emphasis on the cause, type and severity of the injury, complications, and final visual outcome. Methods: All the patients with a history of kite injury during months of Makar Sankranti for consecutive 6 years (2014-2019) were included in this study. A B-scan, orbital X-ray, and CT scan were performed for extensive ocular evaluation. Results: : Out of 68 patients with kite-related injury, 58 were male and 10 were female. Globe rupture (20), lid laceration (18), penetrating injury (9), wooden foreign body in the anterior or posterior chamber (7), superficial foreign body (4), hyphema (7), and vitreous hemorrhage (3) due to falling from height were noted. Factors associated with a poor final visual outcome in our study were poor initial visual acuity, globe rupture, intraocular foreign body, and development of endophthalmitis. Conclusion: Kites can cause serious preventable injuries mostly among pediatric males. The use of protective eyewear and public awareness can decrease ocular injury significantly.

Clinical outcomes and epidemiology of intraocular foreign body injuries in Cork University Hospital, Ireland: an 11-year review.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To describe the epidemiology, outcomes, and prognostic factors of intraocular foreign body (IOFB) injuries at a tertiary ophthalmic referral centre in Cork University Hospital, Ireland. METHODS: A retrospective review of 23 eyes with IOFB that presented to Cork University Hospital (CUH) from January 2009 to December 2019 was performed. The mechanism and characteristics of IOFB injury were all noted. This data was collated and analysed to ascertain the epidemiology of IOFB injury in CUH and to describe the prognostic factors affecting visual outcome following IOFB injury. RESULTS: There was a 100% male prevalence. The mean age was 37.4 years. The majority of IOFBs were metal in nature and were acquired by hammering, often while working and frequently in the absence of personal protective equipment (PPE). The route of entry for the IOFB was via the cornea in 70% of cases. Fifty-two percent of cases were clinically detectable and 43% of cases were only identifiable on CT (computed tomography) imaging. Eighty-seven percent of cases underwent surgery on the same day as presentation. There was no incidence (0%) of endophthalmitis. Seventeen percent of cases developed post-operative retinal detachment (RD). The mean pre-operative VA was 0.79 LogMAR (6/38 Snellen equivalent-SE) compared to a mean VA of 0.58 LogMAR (6/24 SE) following surgery. CONCLUSIONS: This review provides important epidemiological data for IOFB injuries in Ireland. It also adds some useful information to the literature in relation to prognostic factors and lens status post IOFB injury.

Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, and Visual Outcomes of Patients with Intraocular Foreign Bodies in Southwest China: A 10-Year Review.

INTRODUCTION: Intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs) are a serious subset of open-globe injury that can result in visual loss. This study analyzed the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and visual outcomes of patients with IOFBs in Southwest China. METHODS: This retrospective study comprised 1,176 patients with the primary diagnosis of IOFBs who resided in Sichuan Province over a 10-year period. All data were collected from medical records and analyzed statistically. RESULTS: The annual incidence for IOFBs was 0.14 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval 0.12-0.16 per 100,000) people in Southwest China. In that period, IOFBs accounted for 22.3% of all open-globe injuries. Working-age male patients accounted for 79.1% of all IOFBs patients and there had significant differences in age distributions between genders (p < 0.001). Metallic IOFBs were the most common (74.6%) IOFB, but there were significant differences in the materials of IOFBs between adults and children of different age-groups (p < 0.001). At discharge, 277 (23.6%) patients had increased visual acuity (VA) and 95 (8.0%) had no light perception. Initial VA <20/200 (odds ratio [OR], 5.5; p < 0.001), increasing wound size (OR, 1.3; p = 0.004), IOFBs in the posterior segment (OR, 2.6; p = 0.002) and existing complications (traumatic cataract, endophthalmitis, retinal detachment, or retinal break) were independent risk factors for final VA <20/200. CONCLUSION: The incidence of IOFBs in Southwest China differed from global statistics. Adults and children had different clinical characteristics. Thus, their prevention strategies should be different.