Individual and community level factors associated with modern contraceptive utilization among women in Ethiopia: Multilevel modeling analysis.

BACKGROUND: Modern contraceptive utilization is the most effective intervention to tackle unintended pregnancy and thereby reduce abortion and improve maternal, child, and newborn health. However, multilevel factors related to low modern contraceptive utilization and the robust analysis required for decision-making were scarce in Ethiopia. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the individual and community-level predictors of modern contraceptive utilization among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia. METHODS: We utilized data from a cross-sectional 2019 Performance Monitoring for Action Ethiopia survey. The survey employed a stratified two-stage cluster sampling method to select households for inclusion. In Stata version 16.0, the data underwent cleaning, aggregation, and survey weighting, following which a descriptive analysis was performed utilizing the "svy" command. Subsequently, the primary analysis was executed using R software version 4.1.3. We fitted a two-level mixed effects logistic regression model on 6,117 reproductive-age women nested within 265 enumeration areas (clusters). The fixed effect models were fitted. The measures of variation were explained by intra-cluster correlation, median odds ratio, and proportional change in variance. The shrinkage factor was calculated to estimate the effects of cluster variables using the Interval odds ratio and proportion opposed odds ratio. Finally, the independent variables with a significance level of (P<0.05) and their corresponding Adjusted Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were described for the explanatory factors in the final model. RESULTS: In Ethiopia, the prevalence of modern contraceptive utilization was only 37.% (34.3 to 39.8). Women who attained primary, secondary, and above secondary levels of education were more likely to report modern contraceptive utilization with AOR of 1.47, 1.73, and 1.58, respectively. Divorced/widowed women were less likely to report modern contraceptive utilization (AOR:0.18, 95% CI 0.13,0.23) compared to never-married women. Discussions between women and healthcare providers at the health facility about family planning were positively associated with modern contraceptive utilization (AOR:1.84, 95% CI: 1.52, 2.23). Community-level factors have a significant influence on modern contraceptive utilization, which is attributed to 21.9% of the total variance in the odds of using modern contraceptives (ICC = 0.219). Clusters with a higher proportion of agrarian (AOR: 2.27, 95% CI 1.5, 3.44), clusters with higher literacy (AOR: 1.46, 95% CI 1.09, 1.94), clusters with empowered women and girls about FP (AOR: 1.47, 95% CI 1.11, 1.93) and clusters with high supportive attitudes and norms toward FP (AOR: 1.37, 95% CI 1.04, 1.81) had better modern contraceptive utilization than their counterparts. CONCLUSION: In Ethiopia, understanding the factors related to modern contraceptive use among women of reproductive age requires consideration of both individual and community characteristics. Hence, to enhance family planning intervention programs, it is essential to focus on the empowerment of women and girls, foster supportive attitudes towards family planning within communities, collaborate with education authorities to enhance overall community literacy, pay special attention to pastoralist communities, and ensure that reproductive-age women as a whole are targeted rather than solely focusing on married women.

Multilevel analysis on prevalence and associated factors of modern contraceptive uptake in Somaliland: based on The Somaliland Health and Demographic Survey 2020.

INTRODUCTION: Contraception is the deliberate prevention of unwanted pregnancy through various contraceptive methods. Its uptake is low in Sub-Saharan African countries, particularly in east Africa. This might be linked to the high prevalence of unwanted pregnancies and the high fertility rate in the area. Although studies reporting the prevalence and associated factors of modern contraceptive uptake are available in other African countries, no study has been conducted in Somaliland. Therefore, the current study aimed to assess its prevalence and associated factors in Somaliland using Somaliland Health and Demographic Survey (SLHDS) data. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The study used Somaliland Demographic Health Survey (SLDHS) 2020 data. The survey was a national-level survey using a cross-sectional study design. A total of 3656 reproductive-age women were included in the current study. To determine independent predictors of modern contraceptive uptake, a multi-level multivariable logistic regression analysis was done. Random effect analysis, standard error (SE) and intra-cluster correlation (ICC) were computed. RESULTS: The proportion of modern contraceptive uptake among reproductive age groups in Somaliland is 1%. Modern contraceptive uptake is significantly associated with the residence, educational level and wealth index of participants. Women from nomadic communities had lower odds (AOR: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.66) of modern contraceptive uptake compared to those from urban areas. Being in the highest wealth quintiles (AOR: 17.22; 95% CI: 1.99, 155.92) and having a tertiary educational level (AOR: 2.11; 95% CI: 1.29, 9.11) had higher odds of using the modern contractive method compared to those with the lowest wealth quintiles and non-formal education, respectively. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of modern contraceptive uptake in Somaliland was very low. It is associated with the level of education, wealth index and residence of the women.

Family planning influences and perceptions among dermatology residents from ACGME-accredited training programs: a survey-based study.

As an increasing number of women pursue careers in dermatology, the structure and culture of training must reflect the evolving needs of dermatology residents. To examine perceived barriers to and perceptions of family planning amongst dermatology residents capable of becoming pregnant, evidence-based principles were employed to develop a 40-question survey for dermatology residents in ACGME-accredited training programs. A pilot study was conducted with the Harvard Combined Dermatology Residency Training Program residents before full-scale national electronic survey distribution from April to June 2023. Information was collected regarding factors influencing attitudes towards becoming pregnant during residency, as well as information regarding residency program family leave, fertility preservation, and lactation policies. Ultimately, 95 dermatology residents capable of becoming pregnant completed the survey. The majority (77.9%) of respondents reported intentionally delaying having children because of their careers, and 73.7% believed there is a negative stigma attached to being pregnant or having children during dermatology residency. Of respondents who had not yet attempted to become pregnant, 75.3% were concerned about the possibility of future infertility. Of the 60% of respondents considering fertility preservation options, 84.6% noted concerns about these procedures being cost-prohibitive on a resident salary. Only 2% of respondents reported that cryopreservation was fully covered through their residency benefits, while 20% reported partial coverage. Reported program parental leave policies varied considerably with 54.9%, 25.4%, 1.4%, and 18.3% of residents reporting 4-6 weeks, 7-8 weeks, 9-10 weeks, and 11 + weeks of available leave, respectively. Notably, 53.5% of respondents reported that vacation or sick days must be used for parental leave. Respondents reported lactation policies and on-site childcare at 49.5% and 8.4% of residency programs, respectively. The trends noted in the survey responses signal concerning aspects of family planning and fertility for dermatology residents capable of becoming pregnant. Residency family planning policies, benefits, and resources should evolve and homogenize across programs to fully support trainees.

Contraceptive behavior of women in India after induced abortion.

Putting an end to the silent pandemic of unsafe abortion is a major public health concern globally. Adoption of post-abortion contraception is documented as a significant contributor to reduce the number of unintended pregnancies and number of induced abortions. This study aimed at investigating the post abortion contraceptive behavior of Indian women exploring the determinants of post-abortion contraceptive uptake. Retrospective calendar data for 6,862 women aged 15-49 years from fifth round of National Family Health Survey (2019-2021) was used for the study. Multinomial logistic regression method was used to model the determinant factors to post-abortion contraceptive uptake. 72.6% women reported adopting no method of contraception after the abortion procedure. A total of 27.4% women adopted some method of contraception after abortion. 14% women preferred adopting short term modern methods. Women in early reproductive age group which is the most vulnerable group in experiencing unintended pregnancies are less likely to adopt any contraceptive method after abortion. Uptake of post abortion contraception is quite low in India. Effort should be taken in the direction of bringing awareness through provision of targeted contraceptive counselling after abortion.

Determinants of unmet need for modern contraceptives in Ethiopia.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the determinants of the unmet need for modern contraceptives in Ethiopia. DESIGN: Community-based cross-sectional study. SETTING: Ethiopia. PARTICIPANTS: A group of 6636 women of reproductive age (15-49 years) who were sexually active were included in the study. OUTCOME: Unmet need for modern contraceptives METHOD: The study used data from the 2019 Performance Monitoring for Action-Ethiopia survey, which was community-based and cross-sectional. The sample consisted of women aged 15-49 from households randomly selected to be nationally representative. Multinomial logistic regression and spatial analysis were performed to determine the factors influencing unmet needs for modern contraceptives. The descriptive analysis incorporated svy commands to account for clustering. RESULTS: The proportion of unmet need for modern contraceptives was 19.7% (95% CI: 18% to 21.5%). Women with supportive norms towards family planning had a lower risk of unmet need for spacing (relative risk ratio (RRR)=0.92, 95% CI: 0.86 to 0.99). Older age lowered the risk of unmet need for spacing 40-44 (RRR=0.28, 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.59) and 45-49 (RRR=0.11, 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.31). Being married increased the unmet need for spacing (RRR=1.9, 95% CI: 1.36 to 2.7) and limiting (RRR=3.7, 95% CI: 1.86 to 7.4). Increasing parity increases the risk of unmet need for spacing (RRR=1.27, 95% CI: 1.16 to 1.38) and limiting (RRR=1.26, 95% CI: 1.15 to 1.4). Contrarily, older age increased the risk of unmet need for limiting 40-44 (RRR=10.2, 95% CI: 1.29 to 79.5), 45-49 (RRR=8.4, 95% CI: 1.03 to 67.4). A clustered spatial unmet need for modern contraceptives was observed (Global Moran's I=0.715: Z-Score=3.8496, p<0.000118). The SaTScan identified 102 significant hotspot clusters located in Harari (relative risk (RR)=2.82, log-likelihood ratio (LLR)=28.2, p value<0.001), South Nations Nationalities and People, Oromia, Gambella and Addis Ababa (RR=1.33, LLR=15.6, p value<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: High levels of unmet need for modern contraceptives were observed in Ethiopia, showing geographical variations. It is essential to address the key factors affecting women and work towards reducing disparities in modern contraceptive unmet needs among different regions.

Association between preconception care and family planning and previous adverse birth outcomes in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Inconsistent findings on the associations of preconception care with the utilisation of family planning and previous adverse birth outcomes have not been systematically reviewed in Ethiopia. Thus, this review aims to estimate the pooled association of preconception care with the utilisation of family planning and previous adverse birth outcomes in Ethiopia. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE Complete, CINAHL Complete, Scopus and Global Health were searched from inception to 28 July 2023. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Observational studies that reported preconception care as an outcome variable and the use of family planning before pregnancy or previous adverse birth outcomes as exposure variables were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two reviewers independently conducted study screening, data extraction and quality assessment. A fixed-effects model was used to determine the pooled association of preconception care with the utilisation of family planning and previous adverse birth outcomes. RESULTS: Eight studies involving a total of 3829 participants were included in the review. The pooled meta-analysis found that women with a history of family planning use had a higher likelihood of using preconception care (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.74 to 2.52) than those women who did not use family planning before their current pregnancy. Likewise, the pooled meta-analysis found that women with prior adverse birth outcomes had a higher chance of using preconception care (OR 3.38, 95% CI 1.06 to 10.74) than women with no history of prior adverse birth outcomes. CONCLUSION: This review indicated that utilisation of preconception care had a positive association with previous use of family planning and prior adverse birth outcomes. Thus, policymakers and other relevant stakeholders should strengthen the integration of preconception care with family planning and other maternal healthcare services. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42023443855.

Association between women's empowerment and demand for family planning satisfied among Christians and Muslims in multireligious African countries.

BACKGROUND: Although the levels of demand for family planning satisfied (DFPS) have increased in many countries, cultural norms remain a significant barrier in low- and middle-income countries. In the context of multireligious African countries, our objective was to investigate intersectional inequalities in DFPS by modern or traditional contraceptives according to religion and women's empowerment. METHODS: Analyses were based on Demographic and Health Surveys carried out between 2010 and 2021 in African countries. Countries with at least 10% of Muslims and Christians were selected to analyse inequalities in family planning. The religious groups were characterised by wealth, area of residence, women's age and women's empowerment. The mean level of empowerment was estimated for each religious group, and multilevel Poisson regression was used to assess whether DFPS varied based on the level of women's empowerment among Muslims and Christians. RESULTS: Our study sample of 14 countries comprised 35% of Muslim and 61% of Christian women. Christians had higher levels of empowerment across all three domains compared with Muslims and women with no/other religion. DFPS was also higher among Christians (57%) than among Muslims (36%). Pooled analysis indicated a consistent association between DFPS and women's empowerment, with higher prevalence ratios among Muslims than Christians, especially in the decision-making domain. CONCLUSIONS: The gap between Muslims and Christians in DFPS significantly reduced as the level of empowerment increased. It highlights the importance of understanding and addressing cultural factors sensibly and respectfully to satisfy the demand for family planning services.

Increasing Contraceptive Use Through Free Family Planning Special Days in Poor Urban Areas in Francophone West Africa.

INTRODUCTION: In francophone West Africa (FWA), contraceptive uptake remains limited, often due to geographic, economic, and social barriers. With technical support from The Challenge Initiative (TCI), municipalities and health systems implemented Family Planning Special Days (FPSDs) to improve family planning (FP) uptake and reduce high unmet need. The FPSD intervention consisted of organizing free FP services on a monthly or quarterly basis over 2 to 5 consecutive days within health facilities or sites close to the population. These events helped to educate, inform, and mobilize the community around FP and improve geographic and financial access to FP services. We describe the process of implementing FPSDs in FWA countries and analyze the results. METHODS: We used several techniques and data sources in our descriptive analysis, including document review of activity reports, analysis of health management information system data, and retrospective data collection on the profile of FPSD users and implementation costs. RESULTS: Between July 2020 and June 2021, municipalities and health systems collaborated to hold 1,046 FPSDs in 452 health facilities in 10 FWA cities. This collaboration was made possible through the establishment of city-level management and coordination units composed of municipal, health system, and TCI focal points. In the 10 FWA cities, 181,792 people were made aware of the FPSDs and 71,669 contraceptive users were served. The overall cost of organizing the FPSDs was about 145382501 Central African CFA francs (US$252839), 35% of which came from the municipalities' local financial contribution. DISCUSSION: Results from our analysis showed that, with appropriate financial support from municipalities, the health system could offer high-quality free FP services. Nonetheless, there are still challenges to the sustainability of conducting FPSDs, including the availability of contraceptive products and continued financing of the strategy during system shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

A Platform for Sustainable Scale: The Challenge Initiative's Innovative Approach to Scaling Proven Interventions.

INTRODUCTION: The global health community continues to face barriers in scaling up evidence-based interventions for widespread adoption. Although many effective interventions have been developed over the years, expanding their reach to benefit broader populations has happened slowly or not at all. OVERVIEW: The Challenge Initiative (TCI) is a nontraditional development platform that supports local urban governments to rapidly scale up proven family planning (FP) and adolescent and youth sexual and reproductive health (AYSRH) interventions for the urban poor. TCI prioritizes sustainability and local ownership and uses a health systems approach when planning for and managing scale. TCI strengthens urban health systems with seed funding, coaching, and technical assistance (TA), and TCI University houses "how-to" guidance and tools for implementing the interventions. In turn, local governments commit political will and financial and human resources while using TCI coaching to integrate interventions into routine practice and systems to achieve widespread and sustained impact at scale. RESULTS: As of June 2021, TCI has supported 104 local governments across 11 countries in scaling up effective FP and AYSRH interventions, while also mobilizing about US$28 million from those local governments to facilitate their implementation. TCI has increased capacity and bolstered urban health systems, with 39 local governments "graduating" from TCI support and 2.02 million additional FP clients across 4 regional TA hubs. CONCLUSION: TCI aims to change how local governments coordinate, finance, and implement proven interventions to improve access to quality FP information and services. With built-in incentives for local governments, partners, and donors to participate, TCI is generating significant learning on how local governments can realize sustainable scale and demonstrating how organizations like TCI that facilitate governments to scale up effective interventions can accelerate the scale-up of these interventions across multiple geographies.

Preference-aligned fertility management among married adolescent girls in Northern Nigeria: assessing a new measure of contraceptive autonomy.

INTRODUCTION: Universal access to sexual and reproductive healthcare-including family planning (FP)-is a global priority, yet there is no standard outcome measure to evaluate rights-based FP programme performance at the regional, national or global levels. METHODS: We collected a modified version of preference-aligned fertility management (PFM), a newly proposed rights-based FP outcome measure which we operationalised as concordance between an individual's desired and actual current contraceptive use. We also constructed a modified version (satisfaction-adjusted PFM) that reclassified current contraceptive users who wanted to use contraception but who were dissatisfied with their method as not having PFM. Our analysis used data collected 3.5 months after contraceptive method initiation within an ongoing prospective cohort of married adolescent girls aged 15-19 years in Northern Nigeria. We described and compared prevalence of contraceptive use and PFM in this population. RESULTS: Ninety-seven per cent (n=1020/1056) of respondents were practising PFM 3.5 months after initiating modern contraception, while 93% (n=986/1056) were practising satisfaction-adjusted PFM. Among participants not practising satisfaction-adjusted PFM (n=70), most were using contraception but did not want to be (n=30/70, 43%) or wanted to use contraception but were dissatisfied with their method (n=34/70, 49%), while the remaining 9% (n=6/70) wanted but were not currently using contraception. CONCLUSION: PFM captured meaningful discordance between contraceptive use desires and behaviours in this cohort of married Nigerian adolescent girls. Observed discordance in both directions provides actionable insights for intervention. PFM is a promising rights-focused FP outcome measure that warrants future field-testing in programmatic and population-based research.

Effect of postpartum family planning intervention and associated factors during child immunization in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Introduction: World Health Organization (WHO) recommends postpartum family planning (PPFP) as a critical component of health care that has the potential to save millions of maternal and infant lives in low- and middle-income countries. Methods: participants in our randomized, controlled trial were mothers coming for vaccination of their child in three selected health centers in Addis Ababa during the first 10 weeks postpartum. Eligible mothers were randomly assigned to intervention (pamphlet-supported counseling about the benefits of family planning) and non-intervention (routine care) arms. Data were collected when mothers came with their infants for a routine measles vaccination at nine months of life. Family planning (FP) use was compared between the groups using logistic regression, and bivariate and multivariate analyses. The study also used Kaplan Meier and Cox regressions to compare the median time of PPFP use and its correlation using SPSS version 26. The research was undertaken from December 2019 to June 2021. Results: a total of 347 women (177 control, 170 intervention) enrolled in the study. Fifty-eight percent were 24-30 years old. Young age, knowledge about FP, previous use of an FP method, and being married were found to be independent predictors for PPFP use. When comparing intervention and non-intervention groups, there was no significant effect on contraceptive use (adjusted OR 0.633 [95% CI 0.385-1.040]). Conclusion: pamphlet-supported counseling of mothers in the first 10 weeks postpartum did not increase PPFP at nine months postpartum. Successful interventions will likely require holistic strategies, especially in resource-limited settings. The trial had been registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04521517) on September 24, 2019.

Mobilizing stakeholders for implant removals in Burkina Faso using landscape assessment data.

BACKGROUND: Successful efforts to encourage uptake of subdermal contraceptive implants, with a lifespan of three to five years, necessitate planning to ensure that quality removal services are available when desired. In Burkina Faso, implant use has tripled over the past 8 years and now comprises almost half of the contraceptive method mix. Population Monitoring for Action (PMA) surveys identified barriers to obtaining quality removal when desired, particularly when the implant is not palpable, or providers lack needed skills or supplies. The Expanding Family Planning Choices (EFPC) project supported ministries of health in four countries with evaluation and strengthening of implant removal services. METHODS: An implant removal landscape assessment was conducted at 24 health facilities in three regions of Burkina Faso with high implant use that included provider observations of implant removal, interviews with providers and health facility managers, and facility readiness surveys. The project used landscape data to mobilize stakeholders through a series of participatory workshops to develop a collaborative roadmap and commit to actions supporting quality implant removals. RESULTS: Landscape findings revealed key gaps in provision of quality removal services, including high levels of provider confidence for implant insertion and removal (82% and 71%, respectively), low competence performing simple and difficult removals (19.2% and 11.1%, respectively), inadequate supplies and equipment (no facilities had all necessary materials for removal), lack of difficult removal management systems, and a lack of standard data collection tools for removal. Exposure to the data convinced stakeholders to focus on removals rather than expanding insertion services. While not all roadmap commitments were achieved, the process led to critical investments in quality implant removals. CONCLUSION: Landscape data revealed that facilities lack needed supplies and equipment, and providers lack skills needed to perform quality implant removals, limiting client reproductive choice. Disseminating this data enabled stakeholders to identify and commit to evidence-based priority actions. Stakeholders have since capitalized on program learnings and the roadmap, including following MOH guidance for implant removal supplies and health provider training. Our experience in Burkina Faso offers a replicable model of how data can direct collective action to improve quality of contraceptive implant removals.

Increasing coverage and uptake of voluntary family planning in Uganda's emerging municipalities and secondary cities: An implementation research study protocol.

INTRODUCTION: While urban areas are often perceived to have better access to healthcare services, including modern family planning (FP) services, urban dwellers including those with better socioeconomic status are faced with multidimensional challenges that shape their access to appropriate FP services. In Uganda's urban spaces, there is currently a lack of understanding among service providers, civil society organizations, and individuals/communities regarding the implementation of interventions that promote informed choice and voluntary use of family planning services. This knowledge gap has profound implications for reproductive rights. This study seeks to enhance existing efforts towards increasing coverage and uptake of Voluntary Family Planning (VFP) in Jinja City and Iganga Municipality, central eastern Uganda. Our primary question is, "What interventions can effectively be packaged and delivered to increase the uptake of VFP among different segments of urban residents?" METHODS: We propose to use the Human-Centered Design (HCD) approach to understand the needs and challenges of users and community capabilities in ensuring access to VFP services. Co-creating with stakeholders' engagement and a data-driven-centric approach will steer design and adaptation that respond to the different population segments within the urban space. As such, the study will be implemented in three phases: formative assessment, design and implementation, and implementation monitoring and evaluation. The implementation process will incorporate robust monitoring, learning, and adaptation mechanisms. The primary focus of these mechanisms will be to utilize gathered information effectively to inform the design of the implementation and facilitate continuous learning throughout the process. The study will apply a process monitoring and evaluation approach to address questions related to what package of FP interventions work, for whom, under what circumstances and why. DISCUSSION: Guided by strong learning and implementation flexibility, we hypothesize that our implementation will provide segmentation-specific high-impact interventions in an urban context. REGISTRATION: This implementation research protocol has been registered on the Open Science Framework (OSF) repository Registries (https://osf.io/vqxu9; DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/VQXU9).

Trends in prevalence of unmet need for family planning in India: patterns of change across 36 States and Union Territories, 1993-2021.

BACKGROUND: Eliminating unmet need for family planning by 2030 is a global priority for ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages. We estimate the sub-national trends in prevalence of unmet need for family planning over 30 years in India and study differences based on socio-economic and demographic factors. METHODS: We used data from five National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) conducted between 1993 to 2021 for the 36 states/Union Territories (UTs) of India. The study population included women of ages 15-49 years who were married or in a union at the time of the survey. The outcome was unmet need for family planning which captures the prevalence of fecund and sexually active women not using contraception, who want to delay or limit childbearing. We calculated the standardized absolute change to estimate the change in prevalence on an annual basis across all states/UTs. We examined the patterning of prevalence of across demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and estimated the headcount of women with unmet need in 2021. RESULTS: The prevalence of unmet need in India decreased from 20·6% (95% CI: 20·1- 21·2%) in 1993, to 9·4% (95% CI: 9·3-9·6%) in 2021. Median unmet need prevalence across states/UTs decreased from 17·80% in 1993 to 8·95% in 2021. The north-eastern states of Meghalaya (26·9%, 95% CI: 25·3-28·6%) and Mizoram (18·9%, 95% CI: 17·2-20·6%), followed by the northern states of Bihar (13·6%, 95% CI: 13·1-14·1%) and Uttar Pradesh (12·9%, 95% CI: 12·5-13·2%), had the highest unmet need prevalence in 2021. As of 2021, the estimated number of women with an unmet need for family planning was 24,194,428. Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, and West Bengal accounted for half of this headcount. Women of ages 15-19 and those belonging the poorest wealth quintile had a relatively high prevalence of unmet need in 2021. CONCLUSIONS: The existing initiatives under the National Family Planning Programme should be strengthened, and new policies should be developed with a focus on states/UTs with high prevalence, to ensure unmet need for family planning is eliminated by 2030.

This study looked at the trends in unmet need for family planning in India, which is defined as the percentage of women of reproductive age who want to delay or limit childbearing but are not using any contraceptive method. A public dataset was used to analyze national and sub-national trends from 1993 to 2021. It was determined that although the percentage prevalence of unmet need decreased in the last 30 years, there were still a substantial number of women with unmet need in 2021. More than half of these women were in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, and West Bengal. Furthermore, it was found that percentage prevalence of unmet need was relatively higher amongst younger women and those belonging to poorer households in 2021. Initiatives and policies aimed at reducing unmet need for family planning should be implemented while considering geographic, socioeconomic, and demographic differences.

Unmet need for contraception among married women in the Kyrgyz Republic using the datasets from the 2006, 2014 and 2018 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Since the beginning of the family program in 1998, the proportion of married women who used contraception has fluctuated. An unmet need for contraception among women in Kyrgyzstan drastically increased from 2006 (1.1%) to 2014 (19.1%), and remained unchanged until 2018 (19.0%). This study aims to re-investigate the prevalence of an unmet need for contraception from 2006 to 2018 in a comprehensive manner, and examine the factors associated with an unmet need for contraception among married women over the course of 12 years in the Kyrgyz Republic. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study using secondary data that derived from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS). The study employed three datasets from the MICS 2006, 2014, and 2018. The study included a total of 9,229 women aged 15-49 who were married and fecund, and whose status of the met/unmet need for contraception could be identified. Logistic regression was employed to estimate the relationship of an unmet need for contraception with independent factors. A P value < 0.05 was set as statistically significant. RESULTS: The prevalence of an unmet need for contraception was 19.9% in 2006, 20.4% in 2014, and 22.5% in 2018. Across 12 years, all reversible-contraceptive methods for women constantly declined. Although intrauterine devices were the prominent contraceptive method of usage among Kyrgyz women, the trend of usage drastically decreased over time. Factors associated with unmet need for contraception included women's age, area of residence, mother tongue of household head, age of husband, and number of children ever born. CONCLUSION: The unmet need for contraception among married Kyrgyz women slightly increased, and the trend of modern contraceptive usage declined from 2006 to 2018, particularly the use of pills, injections, and intra-uterine devices. Comprehensive sexual health education for young people and youth-friendly services should be promoted. An effective and reliable supply chain of contraceptive commodities should be prioritized and strengthened. Regular supportive supervision visits are essential to improve the knowledge and skills of healthcare providers to be able to provide intrauterine device service as a contraceptive choice for Kyrgyz women.

Mobile solutions to Empower reproductive life planning for women living with HIV in Kenya (MWACh EMPOWER): Protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Women living with HIV (WLWH) face unique reproductive health (RH) barriers which increase their risks of unmet need for contraception, contraceptive failure, unintended pregnancy, and pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality and may prevent them from achieving their reproductive goals. Patient-centered counseling interventions that support health care workers (HCWs) in providing high-quality RH counseling, tailored to the needs of WLWH, may improve reproductive health outcomes. METHODS AND DESIGN: We are conducting a non-blinded cluster randomized controlled trial (cRCT) of a digital health intervention for WLWH (clinicaltrials.gov #NCT05285670). We will enroll 3,300 WLWH seeking care in 10 HIV care and treatment centers in Nairobi and Western Kenya. WLWH at intervention sites receive the Mobile WACh Empower intervention, a tablet-based RH decision-support counseling tool administered at baseline and SMS support during two years of follow-up. WLWH at control sites receive the standard of care FP counseling. The decision-support tool is a logic-based tool for family planning (FP) counseling that uses branching logic to guide RH questions based on participants' reproductive life plans, tailoring counseling based on the responses. Follow-up SMSs are based in the Information-Motivation-Behavioral (IMB) Skills model of behavioral change and are tailored to participant characteristics and reproductive needs through separate SMS "tracks". Follow-up visits are scheduled quarterly for 2 years to assess plans for pregnancy, pregnancy prevention, and contraceptive use. The primary outcome, FP discontinuation, will be compared using an intent-to-treat analysis. We will also assess the unmet need for FP, dual method use, viral load suppression at conception and unintended pregnancy. DISCUSSION: The Mobile WACh Empower intervention is innovative as it combines a patient-centered counseling tool to support initial reproductive life decisions with longitudinal SMS for continued RH support and may help provide RH care within the context of provision of HIV care.

Assessing geographical variation in ovulatory cycle knowledge among women of reproductive age in Sierra Leone: Analysis of the 2019 Demographic and Health Survey.

BACKGROUND: Sierra Leone has poor indicators of reproductive health and a high prevalence of unintended pregnancies. To date, no study has explored determinants of ovulatory cycle knowledge in Sierra Leone. We investigated geographic region to determine where the needs for improved ovulatory cycle knowledge are greatest in Sierra Leone. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of women of reproductive age (n = 15,574) based on the 2019 Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey. Geographic region and sociodemographic covariates were included in a multivariate logistic regression model predicting the odds that participants possessed accurate knowledge of when in the ovulatory cycle pregnancy initiation is most likely. RESULTS: In Sierra Leone, 39.8% (CI = 37.4-40.9) of 15-49-year-old women had accurate knowledge of the ovulatory cycle. Women in the Northern and Southern regions possessed the highest prevalence of correct knowledge (46.7%, CI = 43.1-50.3 and 45.1%, CI = 41.9-48.2, respectively). Women from the Northwestern (AOR = 0.29, CI = 0.22-0.38), Eastern (AOR = 0.55, CI = 0.41-0.72), and Western regions (AOR = 0.63, CI = 0.50-0.80) had significantly lower odds of accurate ovulatory cycle knowledge compared to others. Women aged 15-19, those with a primary school education, and participants with a parity of none all had the lowest odds of correct ovulatory cycle knowledge as well. CONCLUSION: Less than four in ten women in Sierra Leone had accurate knowledge of when in the ovulatory cycle pregnancy is most likely to occur. This suggests that family planning outreach programs should include education on the ovulatory cycle and the importance of understanding the implications of its timing. This can reduce the risk of unintended pregnancies throughout Sierra Leone, and can have an especially positive impact in the Northwestern, Eastern, and Western regions, where ovulatory cycle knowledge was significantly lower.

Spatial analysis of modern contraceptive use among women who need it in Ethiopia: Using geo-referenced data from performance monitoring for action.

INTRODUCTION: The challenge of achieving maternal and neonatal health-related goals in developing countries is significantly impacted by high fertility rates, which are partly attributed to limited access to family planning and access to the healthcare systems. The most widely used indicator to monitor family planning coverage is the proportion of women in reproductive age using contraception (CPR). However, this metric does not accurately reflect the true family planning coverage, as it fails to account for the diverse needs of women in reproductive age. Not all women in this category require contraception, including those who are pregnant, wish to become pregnant, sexually inactive, or infertile. To effectively address the contraceptive needs of those who require it, this study aims to estimate family planning coverage among this specific group. Further, we aimed to explore the geographical variation and factors influencing contraceptive uptake of contraceptive use among those who need. METHOD: We used data from the Performance Monitoring for Action Ethiopia (PMA Ethiopia) survey of women of reproductive age and the service delivery point (SDP) survey conducted in 2019. A total of 4,390 women who need contraception were considered as the analytical sample. To account for the study design, sampling weights were considered to compute the coverage of modern contraceptive use disaggregated by socio-demographic factors. Bayesian geostatistical modeling was employed to identify potential factors associated with the uptake of modern contraception and produce spatial prediction to unsampled locations. RESULT: The overall weighted prevalence of modern contraception use among women who need it was 44.2% (with 95% CI: 42.4%-45.9%). Across regions of Ethiopia, contraceptive use coverage varies from nearly 0% in Somali region to 52.3% in Addis Ababa. The average nearest distance from a woman's home to the nearest SDP was high in the Afar and Somali regions. The spatial mapping shows that contraceptive coverage was lower in the eastern part of the country. At zonal administrative level, relatively high (above 55%) proportion of modern contraception use coverage were observed in Adama Liyu Zone, Ilu Ababor, Misrak Shewa, and Kefa zone and the coverage were null in majority of Afar and Somali region zones. Among modern contraceptive users, use of the injectable dominated the method-mix. The modeling result reveals that, living closer to a SDP, having discussions about family planning with the partner, following a Christian religion, no pregnancy intention, being ever pregnant and being young increases the likelihood of using modern contraceptive methods. CONCLUSION: Areas with low contraceptive coverage and lower access to contraception because of distance should be prioritized by the government and other supporting agencies. Women who discussed family planning with their partner were more likely to use modern contraceptives unlike those without such discussion. Thus, to improve the coverage of contraceptive use, it is very important to encourage/advocate women to have discussions with their partner and establish movable health systems for the nomadic community.