FGF1ΔHBS prevents diabetic cardiomyopathy by maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and reducing oxidative stress via AMPK/Nur77 suppression.

As a classically known mitogen, fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) has been found to exert other pleiotropic functions such as metabolic regulation and myocardial protection. Here, we show that serum levels of FGF1 were decreased and positively correlated with fraction shortening in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients, indicating that FGF1 is a potential therapeutic target for DCM. We found that treatment with a FGF1 variant (FGF1∆HBS) with reduced proliferative potency prevented diabetes-induced cardiac injury and remodeling and restored cardiac function. RNA-Seq results obtained from the cardiac tissues of db/db mice showed significant increase in the expression levels of anti-oxidative genes and decrease of Nur77 by FGF1∆HBS treatment. Both in vivo and in vitro studies indicate that FGF1∆HBS exerted these beneficial effects by markedly reducing mitochondrial fragmentation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cytochrome c leakage and enhancing mitochondrial respiration rate and ß-oxidation in a 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/Nur77-dependent manner, all of which were not observed in the AMPK null mice. The favorable metabolic activity and reduced proliferative properties of FGF1∆HBS testify to its promising potential for use in the treatment of DCM and other metabolic disorders.

Evaluation of GLUT1, IGF-2, VEGF, FGF 1, and angiopoietin 2 in infantile hemangioma.

INTRODUCTION: Infantile hemangioma (IH) is a common vascular tumor in children. It is reported that IHs are associated with immunochemical markers such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, glucose transporter isoform 1 (GLUT1), and insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study focused on pediatric patients with IH. A total of 46 patients (mean age 14.2±21.9 months) with IH and 45 healthy controls (mean age 21.8±15.08 months) were enrolled. Demographic data, clinical findings, and laboratory parameters were recorded. Blood samples were collected. Serum GLUT1, IGF-2, VEGF-A, fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1), and angiopoietin 2 levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Serum GLUT1, IGF-2, and VEGF-A levels were significantly higher in patients with IH than in healthy controls (8.80±4.07pg/mL vs. 5.66±4.34pg/mL, 281.10±84.12pg/mL vs. 234.19±75.38pg/mL, 1196.99±389.34pg/mL vs. 996.99±349.16pg/mL, respectively, p=0.026, p=0.030, and p=0.036). Serum GLUT1, IGF-2, and VEGF-A levels in patients with complicated hemangioma were significantly higher than in healthy controls (9.69±3.94pg/mL vs. 5.66±4.34pg/mL, 289.94±83.18pg/mL vs. 234.19±75.38pg/mL, 1276.22±388.24pg/mL vs. 996.99±349.16pg/mL, respectively, p=0.017, p=0.022, and p=0.011). Serum GLUT1, IGF-2, and VEGF-A levels in patients with hemangioma receiving propranolol treatment were significantly higher than in healthy controls. Serum FGF1 levels were higher in patients with IH, complicated hemangioma, and hemangioma receiving propranolol treatment than in healthy controls but the difference was not statistically significantly. CONCLUSION: Serum GLUT1, IGF-2, and VEGF-A levels were positively correlated with disease severity in patients with hemangioma, for example, in complicated hemangioma and hemangioma requiring propranolol treatment. However, further research on larger and different age subgroups is warranted to assess these markers.

Assessment of selected angiogenesis markers in the serum of middle-aged male patients with plaque psoriasis.

Local angiogenesis accompanies inflammation in psoriasis-affected skin. To determine the serum concentrations of selected pro- and anti-angiogenic factors and their interrelationships in patients with plaque psoriasis. The study included 41 men diagnosed with psoriasis, aged 43.5 ± 11.7 years. The Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score was 23.4 ± 5.2 points. The control group consisted of 38 healthy, age-matched men. The levels of pro-angiogenic cytokines and angiogenesis inhibitors, including fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), endostatin, and angiostatin, were determined from the serum of patients and controls using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Compared with controls, patients with psoriasis had a significantly lower concentration of FGF-1 (P = .01) but higher concentrations of endostatin (P = .04) and angiostatin (P = .02). The concentration of VEGF-A was also higher in patients with psoriasis but not significantly (P = .25). The concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) was significantly higher among patients with psoriasis than controls (P < .0001). Among controls, CRP concentrations did not correlate significantly with the concentrations of FGF-1, VEGF-A, endostatin, or angiostatin. Among patients with psoriasis, CRP concentrations correlated moderately with the concentrations of VEGF-A (r = .35; P = .02) and angiostatin (r = .31; P = .04). The concentration of VEGF-A correlated positively with PASI (r = .05; P = .0009) and BSA values (r = .39; P = .01). Psoriasis is associated with an altered systemic balance between pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors. The increase in serum angiogenesis inhibitors may be associated with unfavorable changes in the development of coronary collateral circulation. However, the clinical significance of this has not yet been established.

Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) Signaling Protects Against Acute Pancreatitis-Induced Damage by Modulating Inflammatory Responses.

BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a symptom of sudden pancreas inflammation, which causes patients severe suffering. In general, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) levels are increased and amylase and lipase activities are elevated during AP pathogenesis, but protein concentration are low. However, the mechanism through which FGF signaling regulates AP pathogenesis remains elusive. MATERIAL AND METHODS The concentrations of PGE2, TNF-alpha, sCRP, FGF1, and FGF2 in the serum samples of the AP group and healthy control group were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, IkappaBalpha and p-IkappaBalpha levels were analyzed in the serum samples. Subsequently, the AP rat model was established, and FGF1, FGF2, anti-FGF1, and anti-FGF2 antibodies and Bay11-7082 were injected into AP rats. TNF-alpha, PAI-1 JNK, p-JNK, IkappaBalpha, and p-IkappaBalpha levels were also examined. RESULTS Results showed that levels of PGE2, TNF-alpha, sCRP, p-IkappaBalpha, FGF1, and FGF2, as well as amylase and lipase activity were increased in patients with AP compared with those in healthy people. In addition, protein concentrations were lower in patients with AP than in the healthy group. Activation of FGF signaling by injecting FGF1 or FGF2 also inhibited AP-induced inflammation response in the pancreas and increased amylase and lipase activities, as well as protein concentration. However, the injection of FGF1 and FGF2 antibodies accelerated AP-mediated inflammation responses in the serum. In addition, Bay11-7082 injection inhibited AP activation of inflammation response and amylase and lipase activities. Protein concentration were also increased in AP rats. CONCLUSIONS FGF signaling protects against AP-mediated damage by inhibition of AP-activating inflammatory responses.

sICAM-1 as potential additional parameter in the discrimination of the Sjögren syndrome and non-autoimmune sicca syndrome: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: Both Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and non-autoimmune sicca syndrome (nSS) can show symptoms of dry eyes and a dry mouth, and objective reductions in tear and saliva production. Dry eyes and dry mouth are frequent but they are distinct pathological entities that require diagnostic discrimination. METHODS: The aim of present study was to compare the serum levels of sICAM-1, TFF3, RANTES, adiponectin, and FGF in primary (pSS), secondary due to rheumatoid arthritis (sSS), non-autoimmune sicca syndrome (nSS), and healthy groups. The serum levels of selected molecules were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 29 patients with pSS, 30 with sSS, 17 with nSS, and 15 healthy subjects. RESULTS: sICAM-1 was significantly elevated in pSS and sSS patients compared with nSS group. Levels of FGF, TFF3, and RANTES were significantly increased in pSS, sSS, and nSS patients compared with healthy controls. No significant correlations were found between the levels of measured molecules and the clinical parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that sICAM-1 might be useful as an additional parameter for differential diagnosis of SS and nSS, and TFF could be additional diagnostic marker for SS diagnosis. KEY POINTS: • sICAM-1 was significantly elevated in Sjögren syndrome patients compared with non-autoimmune sicca syndrome group. • TFF was significantly elevated in Sjögren syndrome patients compared with healthy controls. • They might be useful as additional parameters for differential diagnosis.

Increased irisin versus reduced fibroblast growth factor1 (FGF1) in relation to adiposity, atherogenicity and hematological indices in metabolic syndrome patients with and without prediabetes.

Background Irisin and fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) are intricately involved in metabolic syndrome (MetS) and prediabetes (preDM) pathophysiology. This study aimed to compare and correlate irisin and FGF1 plasma levels, adiposity, atherogenicity and hematological indices in 29 normoglycemic MetS and 30 newly diagnosed drug naive prediabetic (PreDM) MetS patients vs. 29 lean and normoglycemic controls. Materials and methods Irisin and FGF1 plasma levels were measured using colorimetric assays. Intergroup comparisons were conducted by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Spearman's rank correlation was also examined. Results The mean circulating irisin levels (ng/mL) were significantly higher in the normoglycemic (but not prediabetic) MetS group (p < 0.01), while the mean circulating FGF1 levels (pg/mL) were markedly lower in the prediabetic (but not normoglycemic) MetS group (p < 0.05). Of note unlike FGF1, irisin in the MetS (both normoglycemic and prediabetic;N=59) groups correlated significantly and positively with each of waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), body mass index (BMI), body adiposity index (BAI) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) but not the non-HDL-C. Distinctively MetS-irisin negatively associated with the non-HDL-C/HDL-C ratio, total cholesterol (TC)/HDL-C ratio and the low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C)/HDL-C ratio, but positively with the red cell distribution width (RDW). In the same pool of 59 MetS reruits; Neither biomarker had a relationship with the visceral adiposity index (VAI), the lipid accumulation product (LAP), the conicity index (CI), the waist-hip ratio (WHR), the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), the blood ratios or the atherogenicity index of plasma (AIP). Conclusions As any potential molecular crosstalk of irisin and FGF1 in MetS or its related dysregularities cannot be ruled out; Conversely the utility of irisin and FGF1 as surrogate prognostic biomarkers and putative pharmacotherapeutic targets in the predtion/prevention/management of diabetes and MetS is strongly suggested.

Relevance of serum angiogenic cytokines in adult patients with dermatomyositis.

BACKGROUND: Until now, there are few studies evaluating serum levels of angiogenic cytokines in dermatomyositis (DM). Therefore, the aims of the present study were: (a) to analyze systematically and simultaneously serum levels of angiogenin (ANG), angiopoietin (ANGPT)-1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1 and - 2, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA and -BB in DM; (b) to correlate the serum level of these cytokines with the DM clinical and laboratory features. METHODS: This is a cross sectional study, in which 48 patients with DM aged 18 to 45 years were gender-, age- and ethnicity-matched with 48 healthy individuals (control group). The serum levels of cytokines analyses were performed by multiplex immunoassay. The parameters of DM activity were based on the scores established by the International Myositis Assessment & Clinical Studies Group. RESULTS: The mean ages, gender frequencies and ethnicities were comparable between the patients with DM and the control group. A significantly higher serum FGF-1 and FGF-2 levels (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively), lower VEGF and PDGF-AA levels (P = 0.009 and P = 0.022), and comparable ANG, ANGPT-1 and PDGF-BB levels were observed in DM patients compared to controls. There was a tendency for cytokines (with the exceptions of VEGF and PDGF-BB) to correlate positively with the DM activity parameters, whereas FGF-2 correlated inversely. Moreover, FGF-1 strongly correlated with DM cutaneous manifestations. CONCLUSIONS: The present data provide the relevance of different serum angiogenic cytokines in patients with DM. Additional studies will be needed to validate the data obtained in this work.

Fibroblast growth factor 1 ameliorates diabetic nephropathy by an anti-inflammatory mechanism.

Inflammation plays a central role in the etiology of diabetic nephropathy, a global health issue. We observed a significant reduction in the renal expression of fibroblast growth factor 1, a known mitogen and insulin sensitizer, in patients with diabetic nephropathy and in mouse models implying that fibroblast growth factor 1 possesses beneficial anti-inflammatory and renoprotective activities in vivo. To test this possibility, we investigated the effects of chronic intraperitoneal administration of fibroblast growth factor 1 into both the streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes and db/db type 2 diabetes models. Indeed, recombinant fibroblast growth factor 1 significantly suppressed renal inflammation (i.e., cytokines, macrophage infiltration), glomerular and tubular damage, and renal dysfunction in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mice. Fibroblast growth factor 1 was able to correct the elevated blood glucose levels in type 2 but not in type 1 diabetic mice, suggesting that the anti-inflammatory effect of fibroblast growth factor 1 was independent of its glucose-lowering activity. The mechanistic study demonstrated that fibroblast growth factor 1-mediated inhibition of the renal inflammation in vivo was accompanied by attenuation of the nuclear factor κB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathways, further validated in vitro using cultured glomerular mesangial cells and podocytes. Thus, fibroblast growth factor 1 holds great promise for developing new treatments for diabetic nephropathy through countering inflammatory signaling cascades in injured renal tissue.

Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 is Associated with the Decreased Risk of Obesity in Human.

As a transducer of PPARγ signaling, recent evidence supports that fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) mediates adipose tissue remodeling and insulin sensitivity. This study is to assess the role of serum FGF1 in obesity. A hospital-based case-control study of 154 subjects was conducted. Serum level of FGF1 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The serum level of FGF1 in the lean (119.0 [103.1-146.1] pg/ml) was higher than it in the subjects with overweight/obesity (111.9 [80.3-127.4] pg/ml, P=0.009). Binary logistic regression models found a reverse association between serum FGF1 level and the risk of overweight/obesity (adjusted odds ratio=0.990, 95% confidence interval [0.981-0.998], P=0.019). Furthermore, serum FGF1 reversely correlated with body mass index (r=-0.176, P=0.029), systolic blood pressure (r=-0.224, P=0.005), diastolic blood pressure (r=-0.185, P=0.022) and triglycerides (r=-0.162, P=0.044). Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis found serum level of FGF1 was dependent on anti-diabetic drugs, hemoglobin A1C, body mass index and sex. Serum level of FGF1 is associated with the decreased risk of obesity in human.

Fibroblast growth factor 1 levels are elevated in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes compared to normal glucose tolerance controls.

Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) has been recently characterized as a potent insulin sensitizer that regulates adipose tissue remodeling, but the physiological role of FGF1 remains unclear. This study measured serum FGF1 levels for the first time in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and further explored the correlations between FGF1 levels and various metabolic parameters in T2DM. Serum FGF1 levels were determined using ELISA in age-, sex- and BMI- matched subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) (n=80) and newly diagnosed T2DM (n=80). Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), blood lipids, and insulin secretion were also measured. Insulin resistance and pancreatic ß-cell function were assessed by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and homeostasis model assessment of beta cell function (HOMA-ß), respectively. Serum FGF1 levels were significantly higher in T2DM patients than in normal glucose tolerance subjects (74.52 [55.91∼101.34] vs. 60.31 [48.99∼83.91] pg/mL; P<0.05). In addition, serum FGF1 level positively correlated with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio (WHR), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h post-OGTT glucose (2h PG), and HbA1C (all P values <0.05) in T2DM subjects. Multivariate regression analyses showed that BMI and HbA1C were the independent factors influencing serum FGF1 levels. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that serum FGF1 was significantly associated with type 2 diabetes (P<0.01). Circulating concentrations of FGF1 are significantly increased in T2DM patients. Our results suggest that FGF1 may play a role in the pathogenesis of T2DM.

HDGF: a novel jack-of-all-trades in cancer.

HDGF is an important regulator of a broad range of cancer cell activities and plays important roles in cancer cell transformation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and metastasis. Such a divergent influence of HDGF on cancer cell activities derives from its multiple inter- and sub-cellular localizations where it interacts with a range of different binding partners. Interestingly, high levels of HDGF could be detected in patients' serum of some cancers. This review is focused on the role of HDGF in tumorigenesis and metastasis, and provides insight for application in clinical cancer therapy as well as its clinical implications as a prognostic marker in cancer progression.

Serum levels of angiogenic cytokines in psoriatic arthritis and SAPHO syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: Angiogenesis is involved in the pathogenesis of arthritis. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to assess the serum levels of selected angiogenic cytokines and their association with clinical presentation in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and SAPHO syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 98 patients: 80 with PsA and 18 with SAPHO syndrome. The following data were recorded: age, sex, disease duration, joint involvement, type of psoriasis, nail involvement, and treatment. The following indices used to assess the activity of PsA and SAPHO were measured: PASI, BASDAI, BASFI, BASMI, BASG, and VAS pain. We determined erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C­reactive protein (CRP), and platelet count. The serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic and acidic fibroblast growth factors (FGFb and FGFa) were determined using an enzyme­linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: In patients with PsA, VEGF levels were positively correlated with CRP (P = 0.04), BASFI (P = 0.03), and disease duration (P = 0.007). No differences were found between patients with and without nail psoriasis in the VEGF or EGF levels (P = 0.32 and P = 0.85, respectively). There were no differences between patients with the peripheral and axial forms of arthritis in VEGF or EGF levels (P = 0.56 and P = 0.28, respectively). No significant correlations were observed between EGF and FGF levels and clinical presentation in patients with PsA. In patients with SAPHO, no significant correlations were found between angiogenic cytokine levels and clinical presentation. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest a role of VEGF in the pathogenesis of PsA. Further studies are required to better understand the role of angiogenic cytokines in PsA.

Transgenic expression of nonclassically secreted FGF suppresses kidney repair.

FGF1 is a signal peptide-less nonclassically released growth factor that is involved in angiogenesis, tissue repair, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. The effects of nonclassical FGF export in vivo are not sufficiently studied. We produced transgenic mice expressing FGF1 in endothelial cells (EC), which allowed the detection of FGF1 export to the vasculature, and studied the efficiency of postischemic kidney repair in these animals. Although FGF1 transgenic mice had a normal phenotype with unperturbed kidney structure, they showed a severely inhibited kidney repair after unilateral ischemia/reperfusion. This was manifested by a strong decrease of postischemic kidney size and weight, whereas the undamaged contralateral kidney exhibited an enhanced compensatory size increase. In addition, the postischemic kidneys of transgenic mice were characterized by hyperplasia of interstitial cells, paucity of epithelial tubular structures, increase of the areas occupied by connective tissue, and neutrophil and macrophage infiltration. The continuous treatment of transgenic mice with the cell membrane stabilizer, taurine, inhibited nonclassical FGF1 export and significantly rescued postischemic kidney repair. It was also found that similar to EC, the transgenic expression of FGF1 in monocytes and macrophages suppresses kidney repair. We suggest that nonclassical export may be used as a target for the treatment of pathologies involving signal peptide-less FGFs.

Akt1-mediated skeletal muscle growth attenuates cardiac dysfunction and remodeling after experimental myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: It is appreciated that aerobic endurance exercise can attenuate unfavorable myocardial remodeling following myocardial infarction. In contrast, little is known about the effects of increasing skeletal muscle mass, typically achieved through resistance training, on this process. Here, we utilized transgenic (TG) mice that can induce the growth of functional skeletal muscle by switching Akt1 signaling in muscle fibers to assess the impact of glycolytic muscle growth on post-myocardial infarction cardiac remodeling. METHODS AND RESULTS: Male-noninduced TG mice and their nontransgenic littermates (control) were subjected to left anterior coronary artery ligation. Two days after surgery, mice were provided doxycycline in their drinking water to activate Akt1 transgene expression in a skeletal muscle-specific manner. Myogenic Akt1 activation led to diminished left ventricular dilation and reduced contractile dysfunction compared with control mice. Improved cardiac function in Akt1 TG mice was coupled to diminished myocyte hypertrophy, decreased interstitial fibrosis, and increased capillary density. ELISA and protein array analyses demonstrated that serum levels of proangiogenic growth factors were upregulated in Akt1 TG mice compared with control mice. Cardiac eNOS was activated in Akt1 TG mice after myocardial infarction. The protective effect of skeletal muscle Akt activation on cardiac remodeling and systolic function was abolished by treatment with the eNOS inhibitor l-NAME. CONCLUSIONS: Akt1-mediated skeletal muscle growth attenuates cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction and is associated with an increased capillary density in the heart. This improvement appears to be mediated by skeletal muscle to cardiac communication, leading to activation of eNOS-signaling in the heart.

Identification of fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1) in a black market product.

The use of growth factors for accelerated healing of sports injuries is restricted under the terms of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) anti-doping code. Cheating athletes have used the black market as a source of performance-enhancing substances. Drugs that currently undergo clinical trials are frequently offered--despite the unknown health risks associated with the administration of unapproved pharmaceuticals. Recently, a new growth factor (referred to as fibroblast growth factor 1/FGF-1) with known effects on the repair and regeneration of damaged tissue was detected in an unlabelled black market product confiscated by the German customs. The identification of the protein was achieved by one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE and 2D-PAGE), different proteolytic digestions, immunological methods and nano-liquid chromatography high-resolution/high-accuracy Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The SDS-PAGE analysis revealed slight differences concerning the molecular weight of recombinant human and black market FGF-1. Using in-gel proteolysis, a truncation or modification located at the N-terminus of the protein was suggested. These findings demonstrate that drug candidates without clinical approval can be readily obtained from the black market, regardless of potential dangerous consequences for the consumer, which corroborates the necessity of proactive and preventive doping control approaches. In that regard, physiological concentrations of blood and urine specimens collected from healthy individuals were analyzed and were found to range below 28 pg/ml in urine, while there was no detectable FGF-1 in plasma.

Increased acidic fibroblast growth factor concentrations in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), also called FGF-1, which influences the proliferation and differentiation of various cell types in vitro, was originally isolated from neural tissue. It is released from the ependymal cells of the cerebral third ventricle into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). FGF-1 promotes the survival of neurons. Reactive astrocytes express FGF-1 in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). By comparing the CSF proteome of patients with AD and normal controls it might be possible to identify proteins that have a role in AD. Because CSF is in contact with the extracellular space of the brain, modifications in the brain biochemistry could be reflected in the CSF. The aim of this study was to determine concentrations of serum and CSF FGF-1 in patients with AD. This study consisted of 64 CSF samples, from patients with AD (n=32) and those without (normal controls) (n=32). The level of CSF and serum FGF-1 in patients with AD was higher than in patients without AD. We conclude that FGF-1 is a constant component of human serum and CSF and that FGF-1 may be involved in the pathophysiology of AD.

Endostatin, placental growth factor, and fibroblast growth factors-1 and -2 in the sera of patients with primary osteosarcomas.

Serum levels of endostatin, placental growth factor (PlGF), and fibroblast growth factors-1 and -2 (FGF-1 and FGF-2) were measured in 58 patients with primary osteosarcomas before therapy and in 21 healthy subjects. The incidence of serum FGF-1 in bone tumors was 2.5 times higher than in healthy individuals (p=0.004); significant levels of FGF-2, PlGF, and endostatin were detected in all examined subjects. The mean serum level of endostatin in healthy individuals was significantly lower than in the total group of patients with bone tumors (p=0.005). The level of FGF-1 in osteosarcomas was significantly higher than in chondrosarcomas (p<0.05). No appreciable differences in FGF-2 levels were detected in patients with tumors of different histological structure. The mean serum content of PlGF was virtually the same in healthy individuals and patients with bone tumors. A significant relationship between serum PlGF level and maximum tumor size (p=0.008) was detected in osteosarcoma. No relationships between the levels of FGF-1, FGF-2, PlGF, and endostatin were detected in healthy subjects and patients with primary tumors of the bones. Differences in 3-year overall survival values of patients with bone sarcomas with different initial serum levels of FGF-1 and endostatin were detected.

Noncytotoxic suramin as a chemosensitizer in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase II study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of noncytotoxic doses of suramin to reverse chemotherapy resistance in advanced chemonaive and chemoresistant non-small-cell lung cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients received paclitaxel (Taxol) (200 mg/m(2)) and carboplatin (area under the concentration-time curve 6 mg/ml/min) every 3 weeks. The total suramin per cycle dose was calculated using a nomogram derived from the preceding phase I trial to obtain the desirable plasma concentration range of 10-50 microM. RESULTS: Thirty-nine response-assessable chemonaive patients (arm A) received 213 cycles. Thirty-eight cycles were administered to 15 patients with demonstrated resistance to paclitaxel and carboplatin (arm B). The pattern/frequency of toxic effects was similar to those expected for paclitaxel/carboplatin, and pharmacokinetic analyses (199 cycles) showed suramin plasma concentrations maintained between 10 and 50 microM in 94% of cycles. In arm A, response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) response rate was 36% (95% confidence interval 22% to 54%; two complete, 12 partial); 15 patients (38%) had disease stabilization for > or =4 months; median progression-free survival (intention to treat) was 6.4 months; median overall survival (OS) 10.4 months and 1-year survival rate 38%. In arm B, no RECIST responses occurred; four patients had disease stabilization for > or =4 months; median OS was 132 days and 1-year survival rate 7%. Plasma basic fibroblast growth factor levels were higher in chemopretreated/refractory patients compared with chemonaive patients (P = 0.05). Sequence analysis of the EGFR tyrosine kinase domain in a long-term disease-free survivor revealed an ATP-binding pocket mutation (T790M). CONCLUSIONS: Noncytotoxic suramin did not increase paclitaxel/carboplatin's toxicity and the suramin dose was predicted from clinical parameters. No clinically significant reversal of primary resistance was documented, but a modulatory effect in chemotherapy-naive patients cannot be excluded. Controlled randomization is planned for further evaluation of this treatment strategy.

Markers of macrophage activation and axonal injury are associated with prospective memory in HIV-1 disease.

OBJECTIVE: To use clinical specimens to better understand the neuropathogenesis of prospective memory (ProM) functioning in persons with HIV-1 infection. BACKGROUND: Emergent evidence suggests that HIV-1 is associated with impaired ProM, but the underlying neuropathophysiology of this deficit is not known. METHODS: Thirty-five nondemented subjects with HIV-1 infection completed measures of both ProM (ie, memory for future intentions) and retrospective memory (RM; ie, memory for past episodes). A panel of biomarkers reflecting several possible neuropathogenic mechanisms of HIV was measured in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, including HIV-1 RNA, total tau, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), soluble receptor for tumor necrosis factor type II, and fibroblast growth factor 1. RESULTS: After controlling for antiretroviral therapy and CD4 lymphocyte count, higher levels of MCP-1 in plasma, and soluble receptor for tumor necrosis factor type II and tau in cerebrospinal fluid were associated with ProM, but not RM. Markers of astrocytosis, growth factor depletion, and HIV-1 replication did not predict either ProM or RM. CONCLUSIONS: ProM impairment in HIV-1 may be dissociable from RM, perhaps reflecting specific neuropathogenic mechanisms of macrophage activation and axonal injury.