Synthesis and Characterization of Folic Acid-Conjugated Terbium Complexes as Luminescent Probes for Targeting Folate Receptor-Expressing Cells.

Several conjugates between folic acid and a series of kinetically stable lanthanide complexes have been synthesized, using amide coupling and azide-alkyne cycloaddition methodologies to link the metal-binding domain to folate through a variety of spacer groups. While all these complexes exhibit affinity for the folate receptor, it is clear that the point of attachment to folate is essential, with linkage through the γ-carboxylic acid giving rise to significantly enhanced receptor affinity. All the conjugates studied show affinities consistent with displacing biological circulating folate derivatives, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, from folate receptors. All the complexes exhibit luminescence with a short-lived component arising from ligand fluorescence overlaid on a much longer lived terbium-centered component. These can be separated using time-gating methods. From the results obtained, the most promising approach to achieve sensitized luminescence in these systems requires incorporating a sensitizing chromophore close to the lanthanide.

GSH-responsive and folate receptor-targeted pyridine bisfolate-encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles for enhanced intracellular drug delivery in MCF-7 cells.

Folic acid receptor-targeted drug delivery system is a promising candidate for tumor-targeted delivery because its elevated expression specifically on tumor cells enables the selective delivery of cytotoxic cargo to cancerous tissue, thereby minimizing toxic side effects and increasing the therapeutic index. Pyridine bisfolate-chitosan (PyBFA@CS NPs) and folate-chitosan nanocomposite (FA@CS NPs) were synthesized with suitable particle size (256.0 ± 15.0 and 161.0 ± 5.0 nm), high stability (ζ = -27.0 ± 0.1 and -30.0 ± 0.2 mV), respectively, and satisfactory biocompatibility to target cells expressing folate receptors and try to answer the question: Is the metal center always important for activity? Since almost all pharmaceuticals work by binding to specific proteins or DNA, the in vitro binding of human serum albumin (HSA) to PyBFA@CS NPs and FA@CS NPs has been investigated and compared with PyBFA. Strong affinity to HSA is shown by quenching and binding constants in the range of 105 and 104 M-1, respectively with PyBFA@CS NPs showing the strongest. The compounds-HSA kinetic stability, affinity, and association constants were investigated using a stopped-flow method. The findings showed that all formulations bind by a static quenching mechanism that consists of two reversible steps: rapid second-order binding and a more slowly first-order isomerization reaction. The overall coordination affinity of HSA to PyBFA@CS NPs (6.6 × 106 M-1), PyBFA (4.4 × 106 M-1), and FA@CS NPs (1.3 × 106 M-1) was measured and The relative reactivity is roughly (PyBFA@CS NPs)/(PyBFA)/(FA@CS NPs) = 5/3/1. Additionally, in vitro cytotoxicity revealed that, consistent with the binding constants and coordination affinity, active-targeting formulations greatly inhibited FR-positive MCF-7 cells in compared to FRs-negative A549 cells in the following trend: PyBFA@CS NPs > PyBFA > FA@CS NPs. Furthermore, in vitro drug release of PyBFA@CS NPs was found to be stable in PBS at pH 7.4, however, the in pH 5.4 and in pH 5.4 containing 10 mM glutathione (GSH) (mimicking the tumor microenvironment) reached 43 % and 73 %, respectively indicating that the PyBFA@CS NPs system is sensitive to GSH. Folate-modified nanoparticles, PyBFA@CS NPs, are a promising therapeutic for MCF-7 therapy because they not only showed a greater affinity for HSA, but also showed higher cleavage efficiency toward the minor groove of pBR322 DNA via the hydrolytic way, as well as effective antibacterial activity that avoids the usage of extra antibiotics.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬ ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬.

Synthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of [18F]AlF-NOTA-Asp2-PEG2-Folate as a Novel Folate-Receptor-Targeted Tracer for PET Imaging.

Recently, the folate receptor (FR) has become an exciting target for the diagnosis of FR-positive malignancies. Nevertheless, suboptimal in vivo pharmacokinetic properties, particularly high uptake in the renal and hepatobiliary systems, are important limiting factors for the clinical translation of most FR-based radiotracers. In this study, we developed a novel 18F-labeled FR-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) tracer [18F]AlF-NOTA-Asp2-PEG2-Folate modified with a hydrophilic linker (-Asp2-PEG2) to optimize its pharmacokinetic properties and conducted a comprehensive preclinical assessment. The [18F]AlF-NOTA-Asp2-PEG2-Folate was manually synthesized within 30 min with a non-decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 16.3 ± 2.0% (n = 5). Among KB cells, [18F]AlF-NOTA-Asp2-PEG2-Folate exhibited high specificity and affinity for FR. PET/CT imaging and biodistribution experiments in KB tumor-bearing mice showed decent tumor uptake (1.7 ± 0.3% ID/g) and significantly decreased uptake in kidneys and liver (22.2 ± 2.1 and 0.3 ± 0.1% ID/g at 60 min p.i., respectively) of [18F]AlF-NOTA-Asp2-PEG2-Folate, compared to the known tracer [18F]AlF-NOTA-Folate (78.6 ± 5.1 and 5.3 ± 0.5 % ID/g at 90 min p.i., respectively). The favorable properties of [18F]AlF-NOTA-Asp2-PEG2-Folate, including its efficient synthesis, decent tumor uptake, relatively low renal uptake, and rapid clearance from most normal organs, portray it as a promising PET tracer for FR-positive tumors.

[Application value of folate receptor-positive circulating tumor cells in the diagnosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma].

A total of 82 patients and healthy subjects in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from March to August 2023 were recruited. The cohort consisted of 43 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and 39 non-cancer patients or healthy subjects. There were 63 males and 19 females, with a median age of 62 (46, 67) years. The levels of folate receptor-positive circulating tumor cells (FR+CTCs) in the blood of HNSCC patients and non-cancer/healthy subjects were 12.4 (8.5, 17.8) floate unit (FU)/3 ml and 5.0 (3.8, 6.6) FU/3 ml, respectively, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for FR+CTCs levels was 0.937 (95%CI: 0.888-0.986, P<0.001), with a cut-off value of 7.4 FU/3 ml determined by the maximum Youden index. At this cut-off value, the sensitivity and specificity of FR+CTCs for diagnosing HNSCC were 90.70% and 89.74%, respectively. The current study suggests that FR+CTCs could be used as a liquid biopsy marker for the screening and diagnosis of HNSCC.

Curcumin loaded ß-cyclodextrin-magnetic graphene oxide nanoparticles decorated with folic acid receptors as a new theranostic agent to improve prostate cancer treatment.

This article presents a novel approach to treating prostate cancer using a nanocarrier composed of folic acid (FA), ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD), and magnetic graphene oxide (MGO) as a theranostic agent. The carrier is designed to improve the solubility and bioavailability of curcumin, a potential therapeutic substance against prostate cancer. Folic acid receptors overexpressed on the surface of solid tumors, including prostate cancer, may facilitate targeted drug delivery to tumor cells while avoiding nonspecific effects on healthy tissues. The anticancer efficacy of Folic acid-curcumin@ß-CD-MGO in vitro was also examined on LNCaP (an androgen-dependent) and PC3 (an androgen-independent) prostate cancer cells. The relaxivity of nanoparticles in MRI images was also investigated as a diagnostic factor. The results showed a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on cell proliferation, induction of oxidative damage, and apoptotic effects. Also, nanoparticle relaxometry shows that this agent can be used as a negative contrast agent in MRI images. Overall, this study represents a promising theranostic agent to improve the delivery and trace of curcumin and enhance its therapeutic potential in the treatment of prostate cancer.

Combined ROS Sensitive Folate Receptor Targeted Micellar Formulations of Curcumin Effective Against Rheumatoid Arthritis in Rat Model.

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory immune-mediated disease that involves synovitis, cartilage destruction, and even joint damage. Traditional agents used for RA therapy remain unsatisfactory because of their low efficiency and obvious adverse effects. Therefore, we here established RA microenvironment-responsive targeted micelles that can respond to the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the joint and improve macrophage-specific targeting of loaded drugs. Methods: We here prepared ROS-responsive folate-modified curcumin micelles (TK-FA-Cur-Ms) in which thioketal (TK) was used as a ROS-responsive linker for modifying polyethylene glycol 5000 (PEG5000) on the micellar surface. When micelles were in the ROS-overexpressing inflammatory microenvironment, the PEG5000 hydration layer was shed, and the targeting ligand FA was exposed, thereby enhancing cellular uptake by macrophages through active targeting. The targeting, ROS sensitivity and anti-inflammatory properties of the micelles were assessed in vitro. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats model was utilized to investigate the targeting, expression of serum inflammatory factors and histology change of the articular cartilage by micelles in vivo. Results: TK-FA-Cur-Ms had a particle size of 90.07 ± 3.44 nm, which decreased to 78.87 ± 2.41 nm after incubation with H2O2. The micelles exhibited in vitro targeting of RAW264.7 cells and significantly inhibited inflammatory cytokine levels. Pharmacodynamic studies have revealed that TK-FA-Cur-Ms prolonged the drug circulation and exhibited augmented cartilage-protective and anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. Conclusion: The unique ROS-responsive targeted micelles with targeting, ROS sensitivity and anti-inflammatory properties were successfully prepared and may offer an effective therapeutic strategy against RA.

Folate receptor targeted NIR cleavable liposomal delivery system augment penetration and therapeutic efficacy in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Liposomes are predominantly used sorts of nanocarriers for active a targeted delivery through surface functionalization using targeting ligand. The folate receptors are overexpressed in various cancers including breast cancer and because of its binding aptitude specifically to folate receptors, folic acid became the attractive ligand. METHODS: In this research, we have developed a folate and Poly-l-Lysine conjugate and coated this conjugate onto the liposomes. The prepared liposomes were characterized using DLS, FTIR, NMR, SEM, TEM, XRD, AFM, stability and drug release studies. Furthermore, in vitro studies were carried out on FR overexpressed breast cancer cell line. RESULTS: The FA-LUT-ABC-Lip have diameter of 183 ± 3.17 nm with positive surface charge +33.65 ± 3 mV and the drug release studies confirm the NIR responsive payload cleavage. The coated formulation (in presence of NIR light) effectively reduced the IC50 values and kills breast cancer cells through FR mediated internalization and accelerated drug release. Moreover, LUT Formulation shows anticancer effect due to significant inhibition of cell migration and proliferation by regulating VEGF expression and induced apoptosis through the caspase-3 up-regulation. CONCLUSION: It is evident from the in vitro studies that the formulation was found to be very effective and can be explored for triggered and targeted delivery of the substances through active targeting. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: Combining receptor mediated drug delivery with triggered release aid in more amounts of drug reaching the target site and achieving enhanced therapeutic activity.

Design, characterization and evaluation of a new 99mTc-labeled folate derivative with affinity towards folate receptor.

Folate receptors (FRs) are known to be over-expressed in several human malignancies and therefore serve as an important target for small radiolabeled folate derivatives for non-invasive imaging of tumor, which is an important tool for future treatment recourse. In the present article, we report the synthesis of a new 99mTc-labeled radiotracer for the aforementioned application following the well-established 99mTc-'4+1' chemistry. Formation of the desired [99mTc]Tc-complex with >95% radiochemical purity was confirmed by radio-HPLC and its structure was ascertained by characterizing a natural rhenium analogue of the said complex. Although the ligand exhibited a weaker affinity towards FRs compared to native folic acid (IC50 8.09 µM vs 29.46 nM), the 99mTc-labeled complex was found to bind folate receptor-positive KB cells with high specificity (∼90%). Similar studies in a folate receptor negative cell line viz. A549 further corroborated the receptor-specificity of the synthesized complex. In vivo studies in KB tumor xenograft showed moderate uptake of ∼2.6% upto 3 h post-injection with high specificity (∼80%). The favorable features observed warrant further screening of the current design towards achieving an improved molecular probe for the said application.

Anti-tumor Effect of Folate-Binding Protein: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.

Folate receptor (FR) overexpression in a wide range of solid tumors provides an opportunity to develop novel, targeted cancer therapeutics. In this study, we investigated whether prebinding the chemotherapeutic methotrexate (MTX) to folate-binding protein (FBP), the soluble form of FR, would enable the protein to serve as a targeted therapeutic vector, enhancing uptake into tumor cells and improving therapeutic efficacy. In an in vivo study, using an FR-overexpressing KB xenograft model in SCID mice, modest improvement in inhibiting tumor growth was observed for the MTX/FBP mixtures as compared to saline control and free MTX. Surprisingly, FBP alone inhibited tumor growth compared to saline control, free MTX, and FBP/MTX. In order to better understand this effect, we investigated the cytotoxicity of micromolar concentrations of FBP in vitro using the KB, HeLa, and A549 cancer cell lines. Our results revealed concentration-dependent apoptosis (24 h; 10-50 µM) in all three cell lines accompanied by a time- and concentration-dependent reduction (6, 12, and 24 h; 10-50 µM) in metabolic activity and compromised cell plasma membrane integrity. This study demonstrates an apoptosis pathway for cytotoxicity of FBP, an endogenous serum protein, in cancer cell lines with widely varying levels of FR expression. Furthermore, in vivo tumor growth suppression for xenograft KB tumors in SCID mice was observed. These studies suggest novel strategies for the elimination of cancer cells employing endogenous, serum transport proteins.

A Novel Method of Magnetic Nanoparticles Functionalized with Anti-Folate Receptor Antibody and Methotrexate for Antibody Mediated Targeted Drug Delivery.

Therapeutic effects of anticancer medicines can be improved by targeting the specific receptors on cancer cells. Folate receptor (FR) targeting with antibody (Ab) is an effective tool to deliver anticancer drugs to the cancer cell. In this research project, a novel formulation of targeting drug delivery was designed, and its anticancer effects were analyzed. Folic acid-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were used for the purification of folate receptors through a novel magnetic affinity purification method. Antibodies against the folate receptors and methotrexate (MTX) were developed and characterized with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot. Targeting nanomedicines (MNP-MTX-FR Ab) were synthesized by engineering the MNP with methotrexate and anti-folate receptor antibody (anti-FR Ab). The cytotoxicity of nanomedicines on HeLa cells was analyzed by calculating the % age cell viability. A fluorescent study was performed with HeLa cells and tumor tissue sections to analyze the binding efficacy and intracellular tracking of synthesized nanomedicines. MNP-MTX-FR Ab demonstrated good cytotoxicity along all the nanocomposites, which confirms that the antibody-coated medicine possesses the potential affinity to destroy cancer cells in the targeted drug delivery process. Immunohistochemical approaches and fluorescent study further confirmed their uptake by FRs on the tumor cells' surface in antibody-mediated endocytosis. The current approach is a useful addition to targeted drug delivery for better management of cancer therapy along with immunotherapy in the future.

Detection of folate receptor-positive circulating tumor cells as a biomarker for diagnosis, prognostication, and therapeutic monitoring in breast cancer.

OBJECTIVES: This study is to explore the clinical significance of folate receptor-positive circulating tumor cells (FR+ CTC) in the early diagnosis and disease progress in patients with breast cancer. METHODS: Folate receptor-positive circulating tumor cells was enriched from peripheral blood of the patients with immunomagnetic separation method and quantitated by folate receptor on the CTC with the ligand-targeted PCR. RESULTS: The levels of FR+ CTC were significantly higher in breast cancer patients compared with healthy controls. Detective rate of FR+ CTC was decreased in 19 of 27 patients underwent the surgery in 2 weeks post-operation compared with pre-operation; statistical analysis showed the difference was significant. We also found that the combination of FR+ CTC, CEA, CA125, and CA153 can significantly improve the diagnostic efficiency for breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the detective rate of FR+ CTC is significantly increased in the patients with breast cancer, and the detective level is associated with disease progress.

Synthesis of biocompatible nanocrystalline cellulose against folate receptors as a novel carrier for targeted delivery of doxorubicin.

We designed amine-functionalized nanocrystalline cellulose grafted folic acid/magnetic nanoparticles (AF-NCC/Fe3O4 NPs) against folate receptors for targeted delivery of doxorubicin (DOX). Toxicity is a major side effect of DOX, damaging vital organs such as the heart, kidney, and liver; for example, it causes dilated cardiomyopathy and hepatotoxicity. Accordingly, we aimed to reduce this adverse effect and increase the targeted delivery of DOX to the right point of cancer cells by using the unique features of cancer cells. The characterizations were approved in each step using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), zeta potential, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis techniques. Encapsulation efficacy of AF-NCC/Fe3O4 NPs was 99.6%; drug release investigations showed excellent stability in physiological conditions (pH âˆ¼ 7.4) and a high release rate in the low pH condition of cancer environments (pH âˆ¼ 5.0). The hemolysis assay and Masson's trichrome and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining results showed that the nanocarrier was entirely biocompatible. In vitro cell viability study approved that the designed nanocarrier increased the therapeutic effects of DOX on Saos-2 cells. The cellular internalization results displayed a high percentage of uptake within 2 h. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied for the evaluation of tumor protein p53 (p53), p21, and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax). DOX exerted its effects through DNA damage and oxidative stress that led to p53 upregulation, and p53 inhibited cell cycle progression. This arrest initiated apoptosis and inhibited cell migration. In summary, encapsulating DOX in AF-NCC/Fe3O4 NPs dramatically decreases the toxic effects of this chemotherapeutic agent on vital organs, especially on the heart. This smart nanocarrier increases the delivery of DOX using acid folic on its surface and also enhances the DOX release in the acidic environment of cancer cells. DOX exerts its therapeutic effects by the initiation of apoptosis and inhibition of migration.

Redox-Sensitive and Folate-Receptor-Mediated Targeting of Cervical Cancer Cells for Photodynamic Therapy Using Nanophotosensitizers Composed of Chlorin e6-Conjugated ß-Cyclodextrin via Diselenide Linkage.

The aim of this study was to fabricate a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive and folate-receptor-targeted nanophotosensitizer for the efficient photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cervical carcinoma cells. Chlorin e6 (Ce6) as a model photosensitizer was conjugated with succinyl ß-cyclodextrin via selenocystamine linkages. Folic acid (FA)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) (FA-PEG) conjugates were attached to these conjugates and then FA-PEG-succinyl ß-cyclodextrin-selenocystamine-Ce6 (FAPEGbCDseseCe6) conjugates were synthesized. Nanophotosensitizers of FaPEGbCDseseCe6 conjugates were fabricated using dialysis membrane. Nanophotosensitizers showed spherical shapes with small particle sizes. They were disintegrated in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and particle size distribution changed from monomodal distribution pattern to multimodal pattern. The fluorescence intensity and Ce6 release rate also increased due to the increase in H2O2 concentration, indicating that the nanophotosensitizers displayed ROS sensitivity. The Ce6 uptake ratio, ROS generation and cell cytotoxicity of the nanophotosensitizers were significantly higher than those of the Ce6 itself against HeLa cells in vitro. Furthermore, the nanophotosensitizers showed folate-receptor-specific delivery capacity and phototoxicity. The intracellular delivery of nanophotosensitizers was inhibited by folate receptor blocking, indicating that they have folate-receptor specificity in vitro and in vivo. Nanophotosensitizers showed higher efficiency in inhibition of tumor growth of HeLa cells in vivo compared to Ce6 alone. These results show that nanophotosensitizers of FaPEGbCDseseCe6 conjugates are promising candidates as PDT of cervical cancer.

Composite phospholipid-gold nanoparticles with targeted fragment for tumor imaging.

Gold nanoparticles and their conjugates have significant potential in the field of diagnosis of various diseases due to their SPR, which enhances light scattering and absorption. Conjugates of gold nanoparticles with various ligands can be used for imaging biomolecules or detecting malignant neoplasms at an early stage. This study focuses on the construction of composite (or hybrid) phospholipid-gold nanoparticles using soy phosphatidylcholine and a targeted ligand (folic acid derivative) to attach specific targeting properties. According to the method of dynamic light scattering, the diameter of the obtained nanoparticles was less than 100 nm, the results of the MTT test indicated their moderate cytotoxicity. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed a significant increase in the accumulation of phospholipid-gold nanoparticles with a targeted fragment compared to those without a targeted fragment both in HeLa cells and in a tumor (in BDF mice with an injected LLC tumor). The resulting nanoparticles are suitable for specific delivery into tumor cells and visualization of various malignant neoplasms, including at early stages, due to the increased expression of the folate receptor characteristic of cells of a wide range of tumors.

Preparation and Evaluation of Novel Folate Isonitrile 99mTc Complexes as Potential Tumor Imaging Agents to Target Folate Receptors.

In order to seek novel technetium-99m folate receptor-targeting agents, two folate derivatives (CN5FA and CNPFA) were synthesized and radiolabeled to obtain [99mTc]Tc-CN5FA and [99mTc]Tc-CNPFA complexes, which exhibited high radiochemical purity (>95%) without purification, hydrophilicity, and good stability in vitro. The KB cell competitive binding experiments indicated that [99mTc]Tc-CN5FA and [99mTc]Tc-CNPFA had specificity to folate receptor. Biodistribution studies in KB tumor-bearing mice illustrated that [99mTc]Tc-CN5FA and [99mTc]Tc-CNPFA had specific tumor uptake. Compared with [99mTc]Tc-CN5FA, the tumor/muscle ratios of [99mTc]Tc-CNPFA were higher, resulting in a better SPECT/CT imaging background. According to the results, the two 99mTc complexes have potential as tumor imaging agents to target folate receptors.

A Novel Folic Acid Receptor-Targeted Drug Delivery System Based on Curcumin-Loaded ß-Cyclodextrin Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment.

PURPOSE: A novel folate receptor-targeted ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) drug delivery vehicle was constructed to improve the bioavailability, biosafety, and drug loading capacity of curcumin. Controlled release and targeted delivery was achieved by modifying the nanoparticles with folic acid (FA). METHODS: Folate-conjugated ß-CD-polycaprolactone block copolymers were synthesized and characterized. Curcumin-loaded nanoparticles (FA-Cur-NPs) were structured by self-assembly. The physicochemical properties, stability, release behavior and tumor-targeting ability of the fabricated nanoparticles were studied. RESULTS: The average particle size and drug loading of FA-Cur-NPs was 151.8 nm and 20.27%, respectively. Moreover, the FA-Cur-NPs exhibited good stability in vitro for 72 h. The drug release profiles showed that curcumin from FA-Cur-NPs was released significantly faster in a pH 6.4 phosphate buffered solution (PBS) than in pH 7.4, indicating that curcumin can be enriched around the tumor site compared with normal cells. Additionally, the internalization of FA-Cur-NPs was aided by FA receptor-mediated endocytosis, and its cytotoxicity was proportional to the cellular uptake efficiency. Furthermore, in vivo studies confirmed that FA-Cur-NPs exhibited marked accumulation in the tumor site and excellent antitumor activity. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that FA-Cur-NPs are a promising approach for improving cancer therapy through active targeting and controllable release.

Janus-Type Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Sequential Tumoral Cell and Mitochondria Targeting.

The development of nanoparticles has provided a powerful weapon in the fight against cancer due to the discovery of their selective accumulation in tumoral tissues, known as enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect (Peer et al, Nat Nanotechnol 2:751-760, 2007). Tumoral tissues require afastformation of blood vessels to sustain this rapid growth.

Preparation of FA-targeted magnetic nanocomposites co-loading TFPI-2 plasmid and cis-platinum and its targeted therapy effects on nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

The majority of patients diagnosed with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) present with advanced-stage disease. The main treatment for these patients is concurrent chemoradiotherapy, which has various side effects. To improve the therapeutic effects and reduce the side effects of NPC chemoradiotherapy, we constructed a multifunctional folic acid (FA)-targeted magnetic nanocomposite codelivering tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI-2) and cisplatin (CDDP). This novel nanocomposite (FA-MNP/CDDP/TFPI-2) was obtained by amidation and electrostatic adsorption between FA-methoxypolyethylene glycol-polyethyleneimine (FA-MPEG-PEI) containing the TFPI-2 plasmid and magnetic nanoparticles modified by aldehyde sodium alginate loaded with CDDP. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that the size of the individual magnetite particle core was approximately 11.5 nm. The structure and composition of the nanocomposites were identified and examined by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry. The fluorescence analysis, Prussian blue iron staining, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and whole-body fluorescence imaging results demonstrated that FA-MNP/CDDP/TFPI-2 showed high gene transfection efficiency and could target tumor cells via folate receptor (FR)-mediated delivery. The codelivery analysis showed that the obtained FA-MNP/CDDP/TFPI-2 composite could cause significantly more apoptosis than treatment with CDDP or TFPI-2 alone. The results showed that the FA-MNP/CDDP/TFPI-2 composites were successfully synthesized and indicated to be a specific molecular target for the FR with significant inhibitory effects on the growth of HNE-1 cells.

Advancements in folate receptor targeting for anti-cancer therapy: A small molecule-drug conjugate approach.

Targeted delivery combined with controlled release of drugs has a crucial role in future of personalized medicine. The majority of cancer drugs are intended to interfere with one or more cellular events. Anticancer agents can also be toxic to healthy cells, as healthy cells may also need to proliferate and avoid apoptosis. The focus of this review covers the principles, advantages, drawbacks and summarize criteria that must be met for design of small molecule-drug conjugates (SMDCs) to achieve the desired therapeutic potency with minimal toxicity. SMDCs are composed of a targeting ligand, a releasable bridge, a spacer, and a therapeutic payload. We summarize the criteria for the effective design that influences the selection of tumor specific receptor and optimum elements in the design of SMDCs. We also discuss the criteria for selecting the optimal therapeutic drug payload, spacer and linker. The linker chemistries and cleavage strategies are also discussed. Finally, we review the folate receptor targeting SMDCs that are in preclinical development and in clinical trials.

Polymeric Encapsulation of a Ru(II)-Based Photosensitizer for Folate-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy of Drug Resistant Cancers.

The currently used photodynamic therapy (PDT) photosensitizers (PSs) are generally associated with a poor cancer cell selectivity, which is responsible for some undesirable side effects. To overcome these problems, there is an urgent need for a selective drug delivery system for PDT PSs. Herein, the encapsulation of a promising Ru(II) polypyridine complex in a polymer with terminal folate groups to form nanoparticles is presented. While the Ru(II) complex itself has a cytotoxic effect in the dark, the encapsulation is able to overcome this drawback. Upon light exposure, the nanoparticles were found to be highly phototoxic in 2D monolayer cells as well as 3D multicellular tumor spheroids upon 480 or 595 nm irradiation. Importantly, the nanoparticles demonstrated a high selectivity for cancerous cells over noncancerous cells and were found to be active in drug resistant cancer cells lines, indicating that they are able to overcome drug resistances.