ABSTRACT
The scalp microbiome represents an array of microorganisms important in maintaining scalp homeostasis and mediating inflammation. Scalp microbial dysregulation has been implicated in dermatologic conditions including alopecia areata (AA), dandruff/seborrheic dermatitis (D/SD), scalp psoriasis (SP) and folliculitis decalvans (FD). Understanding the impact of scalp microbial dysbiosis gives insight on disease pathophysiology and guides therapeutic decision making. Herein we review the scalp microbiome and its functional role in scalp conditions by analysis of metagenomic medical literature in alopecia, D/SD, SP, and other dermatologic disease.Increased abundance of Malassezia, Staphylococcus, and Brevibacterium was associated with SD compared to healthy controls. A higher proportion of Corynebacterium, actinobacteria, and firmicutes are present in AA patients, and lower proportions of Staphylococcus caprae are associated with worse clinical outcomes. Decreased prevalence of actinobacteria and Propionibacterium and increased firmicutes, staphylococcus, and streptococcus are associated with scalp psoriasis. Studies of central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA) suggest scalp microbial composition contributes to CCCA's pro-inflammatory status. The most common organisms associated with FD include methicillin-resistant S. aureus and S. lugdunensis. Antifungals have been a mainstay treatment for these diseases, while other alternatives including coconut oils and shampoos with heat-killed probiotics have shown considerable potential efficacy by replenishing the scalp microbiome.
Subject(s)
Microbiota , Scalp , Humans , Microbiota/drug effects , Microbiota/immunology , Scalp/microbiology , Scalp Dermatoses/microbiology , Scalp Dermatoses/drug therapy , Scalp Dermatoses/therapy , Dysbiosis/microbiology , Dysbiosis/immunology , Folliculitis/microbiology , Folliculitis/diagnosis , Folliculitis/drug therapy , Folliculitis/therapy , Psoriasis/microbiology , Psoriasis/drug therapy , Psoriasis/immunology , Psoriasis/therapy , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/microbiology , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/drug therapy , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/therapy , Alopecia Areata/microbiology , Alopecia Areata/immunology , Alopecia Areata/therapy , Alopecia Areata/drug therapy , Dandruff/microbiology , Dandruff/drug therapyABSTRACT
Scars commonly give rise to unpredictable, potentially irritating, cutaneous complications including pruritis, folliculitis, and pigment changes. These problems can be self-limiting and are prevalent in many burn cases, although their expression varies among individuals. A better understanding of the presentation, risk factors, and pathophysiology of these long-term sequelae allows for more comprehensive care of burn survivors.
Subject(s)
Burns , Skin Transplantation , Humans , Burns/surgery , Burns/complications , Burns/therapy , Cicatrix/etiology , Cicatrix/surgery , Folliculitis/etiology , Folliculitis/therapy , Pigmentation Disorders/etiology , Pigmentation Disorders/therapy , Pigmentation Disorders/surgery , Postoperative Complications/etiology , Postoperative Complications/therapy , Pruritus/etiology , Pruritus/therapy , Skin Transplantation/adverse effects , Skin Transplantation/methodsABSTRACT
This survey study describes an opportunity for a partnership between barbers and dermatologists to identify, evaluate, and treat pseudofolliculitis barbae in the Black male population.
Subject(s)
Folliculitis , Hair Diseases , Hair Removal , Humans , Folliculitis/diagnosis , Folliculitis/therapySubject(s)
Biological Products , Folliculitis , Humans , Cicatrix/pathology , Alopecia/therapy , Folliculitis/therapyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Bathing with artificially carbonated water is reported to be a valuable therapeutic option for various human skin disorders. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of artificially carbonated water bathing on superficial bacterial folliculitis (SBF) caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (SP) in dogs. ANIMALS: Nineteen dogs with SBF from whom SP was isolated from skin lesions were enrolled. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Dogs with SBF were allocated randomly to either the artificially carbonated water bathing group or the control group bathed with tap water. The dogs were bathed with the designated water type on day (D)0, D7 and D14. Clinical scores and skin surface pH were evaluated on D0 and D21. Colony forming unit (cfu) assays were performed in vitro to investigate whether the artificially carbonated water affected growth of clinical SP isolates. RESULTS: The mean rate of improvement in the clinical scores was significantly higher in the carbonated water group than in the control group. Dogs bathed with carbonated water exhibited significant decreases in their skin surface pH after bathing; dogs bathed with tap water did not. No dogs experienced significant adverse events. The cfus of SP incubated in vitro with artificially carbonated water did not significantly differ from those incubated with tap water. CONCLUSION: Bathing with artificially carbonated water might be an effective and safe adjunctive therapy for canine SP-induced SBF.
Subject(s)
Carbonated Water , Dog Diseases , Folliculitis , Animals , Dog Diseases/therapy , Dogs , Folliculitis/therapy , Folliculitis/veterinary , Skin , Treatment OutcomeSubject(s)
Dermatomycoses/microbiology , Folliculitis/diagnosis , Folliculitis/microbiology , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Arthrodermataceae/isolation & purification , Dermatomycoses/diagnosis , Dermatomycoses/drug therapy , Folliculitis/therapy , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Terbinafine/therapeutic useSubject(s)
Eosinophilia/diagnosis , Folliculitis/diagnosis , Pruritus Vulvae/diagnosis , Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous/diagnosis , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis , Adult , Cervix Uteri/diagnostic imaging , Cervix Uteri/pathology , Cervix Uteri/surgery , Eosinophilia/complications , Eosinophilia/immunology , Eosinophilia/therapy , Female , Folliculitis/complications , Folliculitis/immunology , Folliculitis/therapy , Humans , Indomethacin/therapeutic use , Pruritus Vulvae/immunology , Pruritus Vulvae/therapy , Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous/complications , Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous/immunology , Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous/therapy , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Treatment Outcome , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/complications , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/immunology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/surgery , Vulva/immunology , Vulva/pathologyABSTRACT
Folliculitis decalvans is a neutrophilic cicatricial alopecia characterised by progressive pustular folliculitis. Folliculitis decalvans is seen as a condition usually limited exclusively to the scalp and rarely affects the limbs. We present a case of a 63-year-old man with a 3-year history of progressive pustular folliculitis with inflammatory patches and central scarring alopecia on both forearms and a circumscribed patch on his right lower leg. His presentation, clinical course and isolation of Staphylococcus aureus together with the histopathological findings all supported a folliculitis decalvans-like pustular folliculitis limited to the limbs. Biopsies revealed follicular pustules, gross interfollicular fibrosis with plasma cells and concentric perifollicular fibrosis with lymphocytes, all features seen with folliculitis decalvans. The positive response to antibiotics combined with topical corticosteroids mirrored the response seen with scalp folliculitis decalvans. In contrast to the previously reported cases, the patient had no evidence of folliculitis decalvans on the scalp.
Subject(s)
Alopecia/diagnosis , Folliculitis/diagnosis , Forearm , Leg , Alopecia/microbiology , Alopecia/therapy , Folliculitis/microbiology , Folliculitis/therapy , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Staphylococcus aureusABSTRACT
Folliculitis decalvans is a rare scarring alopecia that presents with indurated, tender pustules and papules on the vertex and occipital scalp. Although systemic antibiotics with activity against Staphylococcus species provide some symptomatic improvement, folliculitis decalvans remains a significant management challenge and often exhibits a relapsing-and-remitting course. In this report, we posit the potential utility of medical grade honey as a safe and cost-effective adjuvant therapy in the treatment of folliculitis decalvans. We describe a patient with painful, boggy scalp pustules who achieved clearance of his scalp lesions with the addition of Manuka honey. To our knowledge, this report is the first to demonstrate the clinical use of honey in the management of folliculitis decalvans and may lend support to the role of Staphylococcus in the pathogenesis of this disease.
Subject(s)
Alopecia/therapy , Folliculitis/therapy , Honey , Scalp Dermatoses/therapy , Staphylococcal Skin Infections/therapy , Alopecia/etiology , Alopecia/pathology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Cephalexin/therapeutic use , Folliculitis/complications , Folliculitis/pathology , Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use , Humans , Injections, Intralesional , Male , Scalp Dermatoses/complications , Scalp Dermatoses/pathology , Staphylococcal Skin Infections/complications , Staphylococcal Skin Infections/pathology , Treatment Failure , Young AdultABSTRACT
More men are beginning to take advantage of opportunities to improve the health and appearance of their skin; however, the effectiveness of men's skincare regimens has not been well studied. The authors investigated the efficacy and tolerance of a twice-daily, three-step men's skincare regimen in improving skin appearance and reducing shave-related issues. Twenty-nine men who used a wet-shaving method completed a specific, three-step, twice-daily facial regimen-a Shave Cleanser, a Post-Shave Treatment, and Day Protection-in place of their usual routine for 4 weeks. This skincare regimen produced significant improvements in tactile smoothness, clarity, radiance, and pore size at weeks 2 and 4 and in fine lines, razor burn, and photodamage at week 4 (P<.05). Significant improvements were seen in the appearance of nicks/cuts and folliculitis of the face and neck after weeks 2 and 4 (P<.05). Mean change in the moisture content of the stratum corneum was significant at week 4 (P<.05). The majority of men provided positive self-assessments and indicated an interest in continuing this regimen.
Subject(s)
Facial Dermatoses/therapy , Folliculitis/therapy , Hygiene , Skin Care/methods , Skin Physiological Phenomena , Adult , Face , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Patient Satisfaction , Skin AgingABSTRACT
La tricología ocupa un área importante dentro de la práctica asistencial de los dermatólogos por la frecuencia de las diferentes tricosis y por el gran impacto que producen en la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Durante los últimos ańos hemos comprobado la incorporación de muchas novedades terapéuticas en tricología. El objetivo de la presente revisión es resumir de una forma práctica las principales novedades terapéuticas tricológicas, agrupándolas en 4 apartados: a) alopecia androgénica: nuevos excipientes de minoxidil, dutasterida y finasterida oral y nuevas formas de aplicación de estos antiandrógenos, agonistas y antagonistas de las prostaglandinas, láser de baja potencia y medicina regenerativa -activadores de la vía Wnt y terapia con células madre-; b) alopecia areata: fármacos anti-JAK; c) alopecia frontal fibrosante: antiandrógenos y, en algunos pacientes, pioglitazonas, y d) trasplante capilar: nuevos dispositivos tecnológicos y nuevas técnicas de extracción para optimizar la reserva de unidades foliculares
The treatment of hair loss is an important part of clinical dermatology given the prevalence of the problem and great impact on patients' quality of life. Many new treatments have been introduced in recent years. This review summarizes the main ones in 4 groups: a) For androgenetic alopecia, we discuss new excipients for oral minoxidil, dutasteride, and finasteride as well as new forms of topical application; prostaglandin agonists and antagonists; low-level laser therapy; and regenerative medicine with Wnt signaling activators and stem cell therapy. b) For alopecia areata, Janus kinase inhibitors are reviewed. c) For frontal fibrosing alopecia, we discuss the use of antiandrogens and, for some patients, pioglitazone. d) Finally, we mention new robotic devices for hair transplant procedures and techniques for optimal follicular unit extraction
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Alopecia/classification , Alopecia/therapy , Alopecia Areata/therapy , Laser Therapy , Minoxidil/therapeutic use , Androgen Antagonists/therapeutic use , Prostaglandins/therapeutic use , Physical Therapy Modalities , Regenerative Medicine/methods , Regenerative Medicine/trends , Folliculitis/complications , Folliculitis/therapyABSTRACT
Primary cicatricial alopecias can be frustrating for both patients and physicians. Proper diagnosis guides more successful management of these challenging conditions. Part II will cover the remaining lymphocytic primary cicatricial alopecias, which include pseudopelade of Brocq, central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, alopecia mucinosa, and keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans. It will also discuss the neutrophilic and mixed primary cicatricial alopecias, namely folliculitis decalvans, dissecting cellulitis, folliculitis keloidalis, folliculitis (acne) necrotica, and erosive pustular dermatosis.
Subject(s)
Alopecia/pathology , Alopecia/therapy , Cicatrix/pathology , Cicatrix/therapy , Folliculitis/pathology , Folliculitis/therapy , Scalp Dermatoses/therapy , Acne Keloid/diagnosis , Acne Keloid/pathology , Acne Keloid/therapy , Alopecia/complications , Alopecia/diagnosis , Alopecia/drug therapy , Cellulitis/diagnosis , Cellulitis/drug therapy , Cellulitis/pathology , Cicatrix/complications , Darier Disease/diagnosis , Darier Disease/drug therapy , Folliculitis/diagnosis , Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/diagnosis , Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/drug therapy , Humans , Ichthyosis/diagnosis , Ichthyosis/drug therapy , Lymphocytes , Neutrophils , Photophobia/diagnosis , Photophobia/drug therapy , Scalp Dermatoses/diagnosis , Scalp Dermatoses/pathology , Skin Diseases, Genetic/diagnosis , Skin Diseases, Genetic/drug therapyABSTRACT
Amputees may suffer from dermatoses such as folliculitis and pilonidal sinus caused by pressure on the stump in hairy parts of the skin. These conditions commonly cause pain and need treatment that result in abandonment of prosthesis use and disrupt the patient's daily living activities. We believe these conditions may be easily, effectively and cheaply prevented with the use of intense pulsed light technology, which is produced for home epilation. The use of this kind of epilator in the early period post-amputation may prevent the development of folliculitis and pilonidal sinus. This application may also be cost-effective in long term.
Subject(s)
Amputees , Folliculitis/therapy , Hair Follicle/physiopathology , Hair Removal/methods , Pilonidal Sinus/therapy , Skin Diseases/therapy , Amputation, Surgical , Female , Folliculitis/complications , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Models, Theoretical , Pain/prevention & control , Pilonidal Sinus/complications , Pressure , Skin Diseases/complicationsABSTRACT
Prurigo (PP) and pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy (PFP) are poorly characterized entities. Traditionally classified under specific dermatoses of pregnancy, they were reclassified under a new umbrella entity, atopic eruption of pregnancy (AEP), which also includes atopic dermatitis (AD) that can worsen or present for the first time in pregnancy. Still, several aspects of AEP have not been adequately elucidated. It needs to be clarified whether it is the intrinsic ("nonallergic" or "atopiform dermatitis") or extrinsic (immunoglobulin E-associated) AD that is affected by pregnancy. Future studies need to examine the postpartum prognosis of AD that develops for the first time during gestation. A revision of diagnostic criteria of AEP will allow a more accurate estimate of its prevalence, as well as clarification of the relationship between AD and specific dermatoses, such as PP and PFP. In this context, this review discusses the history, epidemiologic data, clinicopathologic features, and management of these entities.
Subject(s)
Dermatitis, Atopic/diagnosis , Folliculitis/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications/therapy , Prurigo/diagnosis , Dermatitis, Atopic/drug therapy , Dermatitis, Atopic/epidemiology , Dermatitis, Atopic/etiology , Female , Folliculitis/epidemiology , Folliculitis/therapy , Humans , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications/epidemiology , Prurigo/drug therapy , Prurigo/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Scarring alopecia or cicatricial alopecia results from follicular damage that is sufficient to cause the destruction and replacement of pilosebaceous structures by scar tissue. Primary scarring alopecias represent a group of disorders that primarily affect the hair follicles, as opposed to secondary scarring alopecias, which affect the dermis and secondarily cause follicular destruction. Inflammation may predominantly involve lymphocytes or neutrophils. Cicatricial alopecias that mainly involve lymphocytic inflammation include discoid lupus erythematosus, lichen planopilaris, frontal fibrosing alopecia, central centrifugal alopecia, and pseudopelade (Brocq). Cicatricial alopecias that are due to predominantly neutrophilic inflammation include folliculitis decalvans, tufted folliculitis, and dissecting cellulitis of the scalp. Folliculitis keloidalis is a cicatricial alopecia with a mixed inflammatory infiltrate.
Subject(s)
Alopecia/diagnosis , Cicatrix/diagnosis , Scalp Dermatoses/diagnosis , Acne Keloid/diagnosis , Acne Keloid/therapy , Alopecia/therapy , Cellulitis/diagnosis , Cellulitis/therapy , Cicatrix/therapy , Fibrosis/diagnosis , Fibrosis/therapy , Folliculitis/diagnosis , Folliculitis/therapy , Humans , Lichen Planus/diagnosis , Lichen Planus/therapy , Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid/diagnosis , Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid/therapy , Scalp/pathology , Scalp Dermatoses/therapy , Skin Diseases, Genetic/diagnosis , Skin Diseases, Genetic/therapyABSTRACT
We report a case of folliculitis decalvans (FD) successfully treated with intravenous human immunoglobulin (HIG). Many conventional treatments with topical agents and oral antibiotics had failed to achieve disease remission, treatment with HIG at a dose of 2 g/kg for the first month, reduced to 1 g/kg for second to fourth months was therefore started, which resulted in rapid improvement and ultimately complete resolution of FD. Clinical improvement was noted after the first infusion of HIG and remission of inflammation was achieved after the fourth infusion. Disease remission was sustained for six months following the last HIG infusion. The exact mechanism of action of HIG is poorly understood. However, it is thought to act as an immunomodulatory agent by altering different components of immune functions. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported in the literature of FD successfully treated with intravenous HIG.
Subject(s)
Alopecia/therapy , Folliculitis/therapy , Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/therapeutic use , Administration, Intravenous , Adult , Alopecia/drug therapy , Alopecia/immunology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Biopsy , Cicatrix/therapy , Folliculitis/drug therapy , Folliculitis/immunology , Humans , Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use , Inflammation/drug therapy , Male , Remission Induction , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Pseudofolliculitis cutis (PFC) is a troublesome and potentially disfiguring cutaneous disorder characterized by a chronic inflammatory response to ingrown hair. Despite a simple precipitating stimulus, ingrown hair, PFC has a relatively complex aetiology that can involve grooming practices, hair type, genetic predisposition and medication history. Curly hair and a single-nucleotide substitution in the gene encoding keratin 75 may act synergistically to increase the risk for developing this condition. PFC is most common in men of sub-Saharan African lineage, but can occur in men and women of many different ethnicities, particularly in body areas where hair is coarse, abundant and subject to traumatic removal. Treatment options for PFC can be divided into three main categories: modifying hair removal practices, managing symptoms with medication, and long-term hair removal with laser therapy. Laser hair removal is safe and effective in most skin types and has become increasingly popular among dermatologists in the treatment of PFC. However, it is imperative that the laser system and parameters are specifically matched to the patient's skin type.