Astrocytes in preoptic area regulate acute nociception-induced hypothermia through adenosine receptors.

AIMS: The preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus, crucial in thermoregulation, has long been implicated in the pain process. However, whether nociceptive stimulation affects body temperature and its mechanism remains poorly studied. METHODS: We used capsaicin, formalin, and surgery to induce acute nociceptive stimulation and monitored rectal temperature. Optical fiber recording, chemical genetics, confocal imaging, and pharmacology assays were employed to confirm the role and interaction of POA astrocytes and extracellular adenosine. Immunofluorescence was utilized for further validation. RESULTS: Acute nociception could activate POA astrocytes and induce a decrease in body temperature. Manipulation of astrocytes allowed bidirectional control of body temperature. Furthermore, acute nociception and astrocyte activation led to increased extracellular adenosine concentration within the POA. Activation of adenosine A1 or A2A receptors contributed to decreased body temperature, while inhibition of these receptors mitigated the thermo-lowering effect of astrocytes. CONCLUSION: Our results elucidate the interplay between acute nociception and thermoregulation, specifically highlighting POA astrocyte activation. This enriches our understanding of physiological responses to painful stimuli and contributes to the analysis of the anatomical basis involved in the process.

Endogenous aldehyde-induced DNA-protein crosslinks are resolved by transcription-coupled repair.

DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) induced by aldehydes interfere with replication and transcription. Hereditary deficiencies in DPC repair and aldehyde clearance processes cause progeria, including Ruijs-Aalfs syndrome (RJALS) and AMeD syndrome (AMeDS) in humans. Although the elimination of DPC during replication has been well established, how cells overcome DPC lesions in transcription remains elusive. Here we show that endogenous aldehyde-induced DPC roadblocks are efficiently resolved by transcription-coupled repair (TCR). We develop a high-throughput sequencing technique to measure the genome-wide distribution of DPCs (DPC-seq). Using proteomics and DPC-seq, we demonstrate that the conventional TCR complex as well as VCP/p97 and the proteasome are required for the removal of formaldehyde-induced DPCs. TFIIS-dependent cleavage of RNAPII transcripts protects against transcription obstacles. Finally, a mouse model lacking both aldehyde clearance and TCR confirms endogenous DPC accumulation in actively transcribed regions. Collectively, our data provide evidence that transcription-coupled DPC repair (TC-DPCR) as well as aldehyde clearance are crucial for protecting against metabolic genotoxin, thus explaining the molecular pathogenesis of AMeDS and other disorders associated with defects in TCR, such as Cockayne syndrome.

Liver histopathological and oxidative stress assessment by a combination of formaldehyde and oxytetracycline in sea bass (Dicentrarchuslabrax L).

Background: Formaldehyde (FA) and oxytetracycline (OTC) are the chemicals commonly used in aquaculture to prevent or treat fish diseases due to protozoa, parasites, and bacteria. Aim: The goal of the present study is to assess the liver injury and oxidative stress induced by exposure of sea bass (Dicentrarchuslabrax L) to therapeutic doses of FA (200 ml.m-3) and OTC (40 g.m-3) under the same conditions being applied in intensive aquaculture systems in Tunisia. Methods: The liver histopathological survey was achieved after 5 and 10 days of exposure to FA, OTC separately or mixed. In parallel, liver catalase activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured to assess oxidative stress. Results: Results showed that treatment with FA and OTC used alone or in combinations induced liver damage as measured by sinusoid dilatation, intensive vacuolization, blood congestion, and focal necrosis. Significant elevation in catalyze activity and MDA levels were also observed in liver homogenates by the treatment (p ≤ 005). Conclusion: Combined treatment induced higher effects suggesting the critical hazards associated with FA and OTC when released to the environment.

The impact of Dimethyl itaconate on c-Fos expression in the spinal cord in experimental pain models.

Itaconate has been found to have potent anti-inflammatory effects and is being explored as a potential treatment for inflammatory diseases. However, its ability to relieve nociception and the mechanisms behind it are not yet understood. Our research aims to investigate the nociception-relieving properties of dimethyl itaconate (DMI) in the formalin test and writhing test. In male Wistar rats, Itaconic acid was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.). The formalin test and writhing test were conducted to determine the nociceptive behaviors. The spinal cords were removed from the rats and analyzed for c-fos protein expression. The study found that administering DMI 10 and 20 mg/kg reduced nociception in formalin and writhing tests. Injection of formalin into the periphery of the body led to an increase in the expression of c-fos in the spinal cord, which was alleviated by DMI 20 mg/kg. Similarly, acetic acid injection into the peritoneal cavity caused an increase in c-fos expression in the spinal cord, which was then reduced by 20 mg/kg. According to our findings, DMI reduced nociception in rats during the formalin and writhing tests. One possible explanation for this outcome is that the decrease in c-fos protein expression may be attributed to the presence of DMI.

Cadaver preservative properties of a solution composed of honey, ethyl alcohol, liquid paraffin, distilled water and citric acid: Experiments on rabbit cadavers.

The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of a solution including honey, ethyl alcohol, liquid paraffin, distilled water and citric acid (HEFS) as a preservative for rabbit cadavers, serving as a potential substitute for formaldehyde. The cadavers underwent preservation using three distinct solutions: 10% formalin, 35% alcohol and HEFS. The cadavers were subjected to a total of four sampling events, occurring at 4-month intervals, in order to collect specimens for microanatomical, histological, microbiological, mycological, colourimetric, texture and odour analysis. In terms of hardness, suitability for dissection and joint mobility metrics, the cadavers fixed with HEFS had superior qualities to those fixed with formalin. The fixation quality of HEFS for histological analyses was deemed acceptable, except kidney and intestinal tissues. In texture analysis, differences only in the elasticity parameter (p < 0.05) in the same sampling period. A total of 10 (13.9) bacteria isolates were identified among which, Metasolibacillus meyeri 3 (30%) was predominantly followed by Staphylococcus aureus 2 (20%), Bacillus siamensis, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudarthrobacter oxydans, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis with a proportion of 1 (10%), respectively, by both microbiological and molecular analysis. However, no anaerobic bacteria and fungi were isolated. A considerable percentage of the students had the perception that HEFS was appropriate for utilization in laboratory settings due to its absence of unpleasant odours and detrimental impact on ocular and respiratory functions. In conclusion, we consider that HEFS may serve as a viable substitute for formalin solution in the preservation of rabbit cadavers.

Photochemical inactivation as an alternative method to produce a whole-cell vaccine for uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC).

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the primary causative agent of lower urinary tract infection (UTI). UTI presents a serious health risk and has considerable secondary implications including economic burden, recurring episodes, and overuse of antibiotics. A safe and effective vaccine would address this widespread health problem and emerging antibiotic resistance. Killed, whole-cell vaccines have shown limited efficacy to prevent recurrent UTI in human trials. We explored photochemical inactivation with psoralen drugs and UVA light (PUVA), which crosslinks nucleic acid, as an alternative to protein-damaging methods of inactivation to improve whole-cell UTI vaccines. Exposure of UPEC to the psoralen drug AMT and UVA light resulted in a killed but metabolically active (KBMA) state, as reported previously for other PUVA-inactivated bacteria. The immunogenicity of PUVA-UPEC as compared to formalin-inactivated UPEC was compared in mice. Both generated high UPEC-specific serum IgG titers after intramuscular delivery. However, using functional adherence as a measure of surface protein integrity, we found differences in the properties of PUVA- and formalin-inactivated UPEC. Adhesion mediated by Type-1 and P-fimbriae was severely compromised by formalin but was unaffected by PUVA, indicating that PUVA preserved the functional conformation of fimbrial proteins, which are targets of protective immune responses. In vitro assays indicated that although they retained metabolic activity, PUVA-UPEC lost virulence properties that could negatively impact vaccine safety. Our results imply the potential for PUVA to improve killed, whole-cell UTI vaccines by generating bacteria that more closely resemble their live, infectious counterparts relative to vaccines generated with protein-damaging methods. IMPORTANCE: Lower urinary tract infection (UTI), caused primarily by uropathogenic Escherichia coli, represents a significant health burden, accounting for 7 million primary care and 1 million emergency room visits annually in the United States. Women and the elderly are especially susceptible and recurrent infection (rUTI) is common in those populations. Lower UTI can lead to life-threatening systemic infection. UTI burden is manifested by healthcare dollars spent (1.5 billion annually), quality of life impact, and resistant strains emerging from antibiotic overuse. A safe and effective vaccine to prevent rUTI would address a substantial healthcare issue. Vaccines comprised of inactivated uropathogenic bacteria have yielded encouraging results in clinical trials but improvements that enhance vaccine performance are needed. To that end, we focused on inactivation methodology and provided data to support photochemical inactivation, which targets nucleic acid, as a promising alternative to conventional protein-damaging inactivation methods to improve whole-cell UTI vaccines.

SARS-CoV-2 inactivation in laboratory animal tissues with 4% formaldehyde or 5% glutaraldehyde for transfer to biosafety level 1 laboratories.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic required the immediate need to transfer inactivated tissue from biosafety level (BSL)-3 to BSL-1 areas to enable downstream analytical methods. No validated SARS-CoV-2 inactivation protocols were available for either formaldehyde (FA)-fixed or glutaraldehyde (GA)-fixed tissues. Therefore, representative tissue from ferrets and hamsters was spiked with 2.2 × 106 tissue culture infectious dose 50% per ml (TCID50/ml) SARS-CoV-2 or were obtained from mice experimentally infected with SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated with 4% FA or 5% GA at room temperature for 72 hours by a titer reduction of up to 103.8 TCID50/ml in different animal tissues with a maximum protein content of 100 µg/mg and a thickness of up to 10 mm for FA and 8 mm for GA. Our protocols can be easily adapted for validating the inactivation of other pathogens to allow for the transfer of biological samples from BSL-3 areas to BSL-1 laboratories.

Immune responses and protective efficacy of American eel (Anguilla rostrata) immunized with a formalin-inactivated vaccine against Anguillid herpesvirus.

Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV), the causative agent of "mucus sloughing and hemorrhagic septicemia disease", causes serious infectious diseases in farmed eel. Among the effective prevention and control strategies, vaccination is one of the most effective approaches. However, no vaccine for AngHV is available. Our study developed a formalin-inactivated AngHV vaccine and evaluated its performance in American eels. Initially, AngHV-FJ, a strain of AngHV, was inactivated completely by 0.1 % formaldehyde, mixed with adjuvant Montanide ISA 763 A VG (763A). Then, vaccines containing different amount of antigen (3 × 106 PFU, 3 × 105 PFU, 3 × 104 PFU, 3 × 103 PFU) were immunized in each American eels. The results showed that the 3 × 105 PFU/fish was the proper dose. The inactivated AngHV vaccine was proven safe for American eels by back intramuscular injection. The results of twice immunization showed that antibody production peaked in the 8th week after the first immunization, and the antibody titer was 1:64,000. Furthermore, the immunized fishes challenged with AngHV (105 PFU/ml immersion) showed a significantly lower incidence rate (33.33 %) than the control group (95.65 %). The survival of the fish in the vaccine group (94.44 %) was significantly higher than the control group (60.87 %). The relative survival rate of the vaccinated group was 85.80 %. Also, vaccine group tissue collected at 7th d post-challenge showed reduced tissue damage and a lower virus load than the control group. The expression of cytokines of IL-1ß, IFN-α, IFN-γ, Mx1, RIG-1, and IRF-3, were significantly lower in the vaccine group than the control group at the 7th and 14th d post-challenge. Overall, the formalin-inactivated AngHV vaccine was safe and had immune protective effects against AngHV infection.

Analgesic effect of the flavonoid herbacetin in nociception animal models.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the antinociceptive activity of herbacetin using chemically and thermally induced nociception in a mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The antinociceptive effects of various herbacetin doses (50, 100, 150, and 200 µg/kg) were assessed in mice using the acetic acid-induced writhing test, hot plate test, and formalin-induced paw-licking assay. The effects were compared to those of mice treated with acetylsalicylic acid or morphine in the presence or absence of naloxone (an opioid receptor antagonist). Capsaicin- and glutamate-induced paw-licking tests were also used to evaluate the involvement of the vanilloid and glutamatergic systems, respectively. Pro-inflammatory mediators: Interleukin-1-beta (IL-1ß), Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and Nitric Oxide (NO) were also assessed. RESULTS: Herbacetin produced significant dose-dependent inhibition of nociceptive behavior in the acetic acid-induced writhing test, showing 65% inhibition at a dose of 200 µg/kg. Herbacetin also caused a significant increase in the latency period in response to the hot plate test (70% at 200 µg/kg), and significantly inhibited both the neurogenic and inflammatory phases in the formalin-induced paw-licking test. Naloxone significantly reverses the effect of herbacetin in both the hot plate and formalin-induced paw-licking test. Moreover, herbacetin significantly inhibited the neurogenic nociception induced by intraplantar injections of capsaicin and glutamate (75% and 48%, respectively, at a dose of 200 µg/kg). Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and NO in the serum of mice were assessed. These cytokines were significantly inhibited by herbacetin (100 and 200  µg/kg). Thus, herbacetin exhibited peripheral and central antinociception through the modulation of vanilloid receptors, opioid receptors, and the glutamatergic system. CONCLUSIONS: Herbacetin possesses antinociceptive activity in adult mice that is mediated through both central and peripheral pathways.

Characterization of disinfectant susceptibility profiles among clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii in Ardabil, Iran.

Antimicrobial disinfectants have been extensively used to control hospital-acquired infections worldwide. Prolonged exposure to bacteria could promote resistance to antimicrobial disinfectants. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of four commonly used disinfectants; triclosan, chlorhexidine digluconate, benzalkonium chloride, and formaldehyde against Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates. This study also determined the prevalence and association of efflux pumps encoding genes qacE, qacED1, emrA, and aceI with tolerance to disinfectants. A total of 100 A. baumannii isolates were included in the current study. The antimicrobial disinfectants' minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using an agar dilution method. Genes involved in resistance to disinfectants were investigated by PCR method. The benzalkonium chloride MICs ranged between 32 and 128 µg mL-1, chlorhexidine digluconate 8-64 µg mL-1, triclosan 1-32 µg mL-1, and formaldehyde 128 µg mL-1. Overall, the highest MIC90 value was identified for formaldehyde (128 µg mL-1), followed by benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine digluconate (64 µg mL-1, each one) and triclosan (4 µg mL-1). In the present study, the qacE, qacED1, emrA, and aceI genes were found in 91%, 55%, 100%, and 88% of isolates, respectively. The qacG gene was not identified in our A. baumannii isolates. The qacED1 gene was associated with higher MICs for all disinfectants tested (P < 0.05), while the qacE and aceI genes were associated with higher MICs for benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine. This study indicated that triclosan is the most effective disinfectant against A. baumannii isolates.

Insights into the Molecular Mechanism of Formaldehyde Inhibition of [FeFe]-Hydrogenases.

[FeFe]-hydrogenases are efficient H2 converting biocatalysts that are inhibited by formaldehyde (HCHO). The molecular mechanism of this inhibition has so far not been experimentally solved. Here, we obtained high-resolution crystal structures of the HCHO-treated [FeFe]-hydrogenase CpI from Clostridium pasteurianum, showing HCHO reacts with the secondary amine base of the catalytic cofactor and the cysteine C299 of the proton transfer pathway which both are very important for catalytic turnover. Kinetic assays via protein film electrochemistry show the CpI variant C299D is significantly less inhibited by HCHO, corroborating the structural results. By combining our data from protein crystallography, site-directed mutagenesis and protein film electrochemistry, a reaction mechanism involving the cofactor's amine base, the thiol group of C299 and HCHO can be deduced. In addition to the specific case of [FeFe]-hydrogenases, our study provides additional insights into the reactions between HCHO and protein molecules.

Exposing Salmonella Senftenberg and Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Poultry Farms to Formaldehyde and Lingonberry Extract at Low Concentrations.

European Union (EU) countries strive to improve the quality and safety of food of animal origin. Food production depends on a good microbiological quality of fodder. However, feed can be a reservoir or vector of pathogenic microorganisms, including Salmonella or Escherichia coli bacteria. Salmonella spp. and E. coli are the two most important food-borne pathogens of public health concern. Contamination with these pathogens, mainly in the poultry sector, can lead to serious food-borne diseases. Both microorganisms can form biofilms on abiotic and biotic surfaces. The cells that form biofilms are less sensitive to disinfectants, which in turn makes it difficult to eliminate them from various surfaces. Because the usage of formaldehyde in animal feed is prohibited in European countries, the replacement of this antibacterial with natural plant products seems very promising. This study aimed to assess the inhibitory effectiveness of Vaccinium vitis-idaea extract against biofilm produced by model Salmonella enterica and E. coli strains. We found that formaldehyde could effectively kill both species of bacterial cells in biofilm, while the lingonberry extract showed some antibiofilm effect on S. enterica serovar Senftenberg. In conclusion, finding natural plant products that are effective against biofilms formed by Gram-negative bacteria is still challenging.

Polygonum Cuspidatum Alcohol Extract Exerts Analgesic Effects via the MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathway.

Objective: Traditional Chinese medicine Polygonum cuspidatum (PC) has significant effects on reducing pain. In this study, we investigated the analgesic effects of the alcohol extract of PC on three types of inflammatory pain and explored its mechanism. Methods: Potential targets for the analgesic effects of the main active components of PC alcohol extract were screened by network pharmacology and molecular docking. Three different inflammatory pain mouse models (acetic acid twisting, formalin foot swelling, and xylene ear swelling) were used to study the analgesic effects of PC. The expression of latent signaling pathways in L4-6 spinal cord tissues in formalin foot swelling mice was evaluated using real-time qPCR (RT-qPCR), Western blot (WB), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses. Results: Network pharmacology analysis shows that PC analgesic mechanism is related to the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. The five main active components of PC have good docking ability with JNK and p38. PC alcohol extract significantly reduced the pain behavior and alleviated inflammatory reactions in three mouse models, inhibited the mRNA and protein phosphorylation levels of JNK, ERK, p38, and CREB in spinal cord tissues. Conclusion: PC alcohol extract can inhibit inflammation and alleviate pain, which is related to its inhibition of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in spinal cord. Thus, PC alcohol extract is a promising candidate for pain treatment.

The effects of alpha-pinene on inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in the formalin test.

Alpha-pinene (α- pinene), an essential oil that falls under the category of monoterpenes, has various advantages. This research delves into the potential benefits of α-pinene in alleviating nociception caused by the formalin test and the molecular mechanisms involved. Alpha-pinene (1, 5, or 10 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was administrated for 7 days before the formalin test. Observations of nociceptive behaviors were made during the formalin test. We examined the levels of TNF-α and IL-1ß, as well as the expression of COX-1 in the spinal cord. Additionally, we evaluated the levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, SOD, GSH, CAT, and MDA in the skin of the hind paw that received a formalin injection. The peripheral injection of formalin triggered nociceptive behaviors, which was notably diminished by α-pinene 5 or 10 mg/kg. The biochemical evaluation revealed that α-pinene significantly moderated the evaluation in TNF-α and IL-1ß in the spinal cord induced by formalin injection. Additionally, it was found that α-pinene had a decreasing effect on the expression of COX-1 protein in the spinal cord. Also, α-pinene 5 or 10 mg/kg caused a decrease of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and MDA and an increase of SOD, GSH, and CAT at the formalin injection site. The study discovered that doses of 5 or 10 mg/ml of α-pinene can effectively relieve nociceptive response in the formalin test. Alpha-pinene pretreatment reduced the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines. It also improved the oxidative stress condition by enhancing antioxidant factors and reducing oxidant factors.

Effect of formalin percentage, incubation time and temperature on Clostridium chauvoei culture inactivation and immunogenicity.

OBJECTIVES: In order to find the optimal inactivation conditions for Clostridium chauvoei culture, different factors were investigated and the immunogenicity of inactivated cultures was studied. METHODS: C. chauvoei was cultured with different formalin percentages (0.3, 0.5 or 0.7% V/V), inactivation temperatures (37 °C or room temperature) and incubation times (one or two weeks). Sterility tests were performed and residual formaldehyde and pH were measured. Rabbits were immunized twice with inactivated cultures and sera were used for detection of immune response. RESULTS: In the one-week experiment, 0.5 and 0.7% formalin inactivated the bacteria after one week, and the percentage of 0.3 inactivated after three weeks. The residual formaldehyde at weeks 1 and 8 was not significantly different. In the two-week experiment, cultures treated with 0.3 and 0.5% formalin were inactivated after four weeks, and those with 0.7% formalin were inactivated after three weeks. Residual formaldehyde at week 8 differed significantly from that of week 1. Residual formaldehyde was affected by incubation temperature since it was lower at 37 °C than in room temperature. Also, a significant effect was observed for formalin on pH, as higher formalin contents led to lower pH values of the cultures. ELISA showed the lowest antibody titer achieved by 0.7% formalin group. Antibody titer was not different between 0.3 and 0.5% formalin. CONCLUSIONS: The best condition for inactivation of C. chauvoei was considered as one-week incubation with 0.5% formalin at 37 °C, leading to a high antibody response.

Virus Inactivation by Formaldehyde and Common Lysis Buffers.

Numerous mammalian viruses are routinely analyzed in clinical diagnostic laboratories around the globe or serve as indispensable model systems in viral research. Potentially infectious viral entities are handled as blood, biopsies, or cell and tissue culture samples. Countless protocols describe methods for virus fixation and inactivation, yet for many, a formal proof of safety and completeness of inactivation remains to be shown. While modern nucleic acid extraction methods work quite effectively, data are largely lacking on possible residual viral infectivity, e.g., when assessed after extended culture times, which maximizes the sensitivity for low levels of residual infectiousness. Therefore, we examined the potency and completeness of inactivation procedures on virus-containing specimens when applying commonly used fixatives like formaldehyde or nucleic acid extraction/lysis buffers. Typical representatives of different virus classes, including RNA and DNA viruses, enveloped and non-enveloped, such as adenovirus, enterovirus, lentivirus, and coronavirus, were used, and the reduction in the in vitro infectiousness was assessed for standard protocols. Overall, a 30-minute incubation with formaldehyde at room temperature effectively inactivated all tested enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. Full inactivation of HIV-1 and ECHO-11 was also achieved with all buffers in the test, whereas for SARS-CoV-2 and AdV-5, only five of the seven lysis buffers were fully effective under the tested conditions.

Feed intake and milk yield and composition of lactating dairy goats in response to partial substitution of soybean meal for formaldehyde-treated sesame meal in the diet.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of substitution of soybean meal (SBM) for formaldehyde-treated sesame meal (FTSM) on nutrient intake and digestibility, ruminal and blood parameters and milk production and composition in lactating Murciano-Granadina goats. Forty lactating goats were randomly assigned to one of the following four treatments: (1) diet with 16.5% CP, containing SBM (CON); (2) diet with 16.5% CP, containing untreated SM (USM); (3) diet with 16.5% CP, containing FTSM (FT); and (4) diet with 14.5% CP containing FTSM (LPFT). The results showed that nutrient intake was highest in the FT group (p < 0.001), while it was similar between the CON and LPFT groups, except for the intake of CP, which was higher in the CON group. The FT and LPFT had lower ruminal pH compared to CON and USM groups (p < 0.001), with goats in group FT having the highest volatile fatty acids (VFA) production (p < 0.001). The highest propionate concentration was observed in the LPFT treatment (p < 0.001), followed by the FT, CON, and USM treatments. Goats offered USM and LPFT treatments presented the highest and lowest acetate: propionate values, respectively, among the experimental groups (p < 0.001). The results also showed that LPFT goats had the lowest blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level (p = 0.004), while FT goats presented a lower non-esterified FA (NEFA) level compared with CON and LPFT goats (p = 0.01). Goats offered the FT diet had the highest milk yield (p = 0.002) and energy-corrected milk yield (p < 0.001) among all dietary groups. The highest milk fat (p < 0.001), protein (p = 0.001), lactose (p = 0.007), total solids (p = 0.003), and solids-not-fat (SNF) (p = 0.003) contents were observed in FT goats, which didn't differ from USM goats. The inclusion of formaldehyde-treated SM increased the percentage of C18:3 (p < 0.001) and C20:1 (p = 0.04) FAs compared with USM and CON treatments. Milk from USM, FT, and LPFT goats had lower levels of saturated (p < 0.001) and medium-chain FAs (p = 0.014) compared with CON goats, whereas milk from CON goats had lower levels of unsaturated, monounsaturated, and long-chain FAs compared to other groups (p < 0.001). The lowest and the highest concentrations of polyunsaturated FAs were observed in CON and LPFT goats, respectively (p = 0.001). It can be concluded that SBM can be advantageously replaced by formaldehyde-treated SM in the diet as a feasible alternative to improve feed intake and production performance of dairy goats.

Comparative evaluation of the effect of three types of fixatives (formalin, Bouin and Carnoy) on histomorphological features of various viscera.

Tissue shrinkage is one of the problems in preparing tissue sections. This study compares the use of 10% formalin, Bouin and Carnoy as fixatives on several mouse tissues to determine histomorphological features. In this experimental study, liver, kidney, heart, lung, testicle, spleen, brain and cartilage tissues were isolated from five BALB/c mice. Then, they were fixed with three types of fixatives. After dehydrating, clarifying and embedding, all samples were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Then, the tissue structure of the viscera was evaluated qualitatively. The results showed that each fixative is more suitable for evaluating a specific part of the tissue. However, relative shrinkage appeared in the tissue sections fixed with 10% Formalin, (1) in the heart as spaces between muscle fibre bundles, (2) in the liver as the dilation of the liver sinusoidal spaces, (3) in the kidney tissue as the expansion of the lumens of the convoluted proximal and distal tubules, (4) in the spleen as open spaces inside the red and white pulps and (5) in the brain as an increase in the space between the cells of the granular and pyramidal cell layers of the cortex. In tissues that were soft and fragile, such as testis, liver and brain, Bouin's fixative was more suitable. Carnoy's fixative was more suitable for the spleen and kidney tissue. Based on the study results, formalin and Bouin were more suitable for heart and cartilage tissue. Considering that in the histopathological evaluation both the cytoplasm and the nucleus are evaluated, it is suggested to choose the fixative suitable for the type of tissue.

Acupuncture and laserpuncture as a therapeutic approach for nociception and inflammation: An experimental study in mice.

Inflammation and pain are consequences of injuries or diseases that affect a large number of people. This study aims to evaluate the effect of acupuncture and laserpuncture on nociception and inflammation in mice compared to the effects of morphine and dexamethasone. 140 male Swiss mice were used. Treatment with acupuncture and laserpuncture were performed at the acupoints LI11, ST36, GB34, and BL60 in mice. To evaluate the effect of acupuncture and laserpuncture on nociception, the hot plate test and intraplantar formalin injection were used. The effect of acupuncture and laserpuncture on the inflammation was evaluated through carrageenan-induced paw edema. Thermographic analysis was also applied to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects. An antinociceptive effect (≈57%) was observed in treatments with acupuncture and laserpuncture, equivalent to the effect of morphine. Laserpuncture and acupuncture decreased paw edema by ≈25%. Acupuncture had an effect equivalent to dexamethason, basides reducing the neurogenic phase by 35% and the inflammatory phase in formalin-induced nociception by 40%, equivalent to the effects of morphine. In thermographic analysis, acupuncture, laserpuncture, morphine, and negative control had paw temperature of ≈27 °C, while formalin treatment was 31°C. Acupuncture and laserpuncture proved to be effective therapies for the treatment of inflammatory and painful processes.

Carvacrol protects rat liver exposed to formaldehyde by regulating oxidative stress, and asprosin and subfatin hormones.

Toxic doses of formaldehyde (FA) can cause oxidative damage and impair energy metabolism. Asprosin (ASP) and subfatin (SUB) are adipokines produced by adipose tissue that help regulate energy metabolism. We investigated the effects of carvacrol (CAR), an antioxidant with hepatoprotective properties, on ASP and SUB in rats exposed to FA using immunohistochemistry and biochemistry. We used 42 male Wistar albino rats divided into six groups of seven: group 1, untreated control; group 2, FA (10 ppm FA by inhalation 8 h/day, 5 days/week); group 3, CAR-20 (20 mg/kg); group 4, CAR-40; group 5, FA (10 ppm FA by inhalation 8 h/day, 5 days/week) + CAR-20 (20 mg/kg); group 6, FA (10 ppm FA by inhalation 8 h/day, 5 days/week) + CAR-40 (40 mg/kg). Levels of ASP and SUB, and total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) in blood and liver tissue were measured using ELISA. ASP and SUB immunoreactivity was assessed using immunohistochemistry. The number of apoptotic cells was determined using the TUNEL method. The number of apoptotic cells in group 2 was increased compared to group 1. TOS in group 2 was increased compared to group 1. The numbers of apoptotic cells and TOS in group 3 were decreased compared to group 1. TOS was decreased in group 6 compared to group 2, but TOS was increased compared to group 1. We found ASP and SUB immunoreactivity in the liver. All alterations were reversed by addition of CAR. It appears that FA disrupts energy metabolism and CAR ameliorates the destructive effects of FA when used at appropriate doses, although CAR might be harmful at high doses.