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1.
Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. (Online) ; 59: e20402, 2023. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1429962

ABSTRACT

Abstract Counterfeiting of medicines, also known as "falsification" or "adulteration", is the process in which the identity, origin, or history of genuine medicines are intentionally modified. Currently, counterfeit medicines are a global crisis that affects and is mostly caused by developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. These countries lack strict law enforcement against this practice and have low-income populations with medicinal needs. Lately, the crisis has escalated, impacting developed countries as well, e.g., the US and the EU, mainly via the Internet. Despite this extension, some current laws aim to control and minimize the crisis' magnitude. Falsification of medicines maintains an illegitimate supply chain that is connected to the legitimate one, both of which are extremely complex, making such falsification difficult to control. Furthermore, political and economic causes are related to the crisis' hasty growth, causing serious consequences for individuals and public health, as well as for the economy of different countries. Recently, organizations, technologies and initiatives have been created to overcome the situation. Nevertheless, the development of more effective measures that could aggregate all the existing strategies into a large functioning network could help prevent the acquisition of counterfeit medicines and create awareness among the general population.


Subject(s)
Brazil , Counterfeit Drugs/adverse effects , Fraud/legislation & jurisprudence , e-Commerce , Legislation, Drug/standards
3.
Hig. Aliment. (Online) ; 33(288/289): 915-919, abr.-maio 2019. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1482069

ABSTRACT

As linguiças são produtos processados que admitem uma grande variedade de técnicas de fabricação e de matéria prima. Objetivou-se com este estudo, realizar a avaliação da composição centesimal de linguiças frescais artesanais comercializadas em Minas Gerais em relação a legislação vigente. Foram utilizadas 19 amostras de linguiças artesanais avaliando os teores de colágeno, umidade, proteína, cinzas, gordura e presença de sulfitos. Foram utilizados os métodos analíticos da AOAC e infravermelho (NIR). Observou-se que três amostras não estavam de acordo com a legislação em relação à umidade e, outras três ultrapassaram os limites de gordura, totalizando 31,57% de não conformidades. Para as linguiças artesanais houve desconformidade com a normativa vigente, independente da técnica de análise utilizada para composição centesimal.


Subject(s)
Animals , Food Composition , Fraud/legislation & jurisprudence , Meat Products/analysis , Meat Products/standards , Food Analysis , Chickens , Swine
4.
Hig. aliment ; 33(288/289): 915-919, abr.-maio 2019. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: vti-22413

ABSTRACT

As linguiças são produtos processados que admitem uma grande variedade de técnicas de fabricação e de matéria prima. Objetivou-se com este estudo, realizar a avaliação da composição centesimal de linguiças frescais artesanais comercializadas em Minas Gerais em relação a legislação vigente. Foram utilizadas 19 amostras de linguiças artesanais avaliando os teores de colágeno, umidade, proteína, cinzas, gordura e presença de sulfitos. Foram utilizados os métodos analíticos da AOAC e infravermelho (NIR). Observou-se que três amostras não estavam de acordo com a legislação em relação à umidade e, outras três ultrapassaram os limites de gordura, totalizando 31,57% de não conformidades. Para as linguiças artesanais houve desconformidade com a normativa vigente, independente da técnica de análise utilizada para composição centesimal.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Meat Products/analysis , Meat Products/standards , Food Composition , Fraud/legislation & jurisprudence , Food Analysis , Swine , Chickens
6.
Arch. argent. pediatr ; 113(4): e211-e214, ago. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-757049

ABSTRACT

La enfermedad de pie-mano-boca es un exantema frecuente en la niñez. Se han descrito varios tipos de lesiones de distribución generalizada en casos atípicos, aunque los datos sobre la predilección respecto de la localización de estas lesiones son insuficientes. Nuestro objetivo fue describir las características demográficas de los pacientes con esta enfermedad y caracterizar las localizaciones de las lesiones en pacientes con erupciones atípicas, tratadas en un centro ambulatorio de dermatología de un hospital pediátrico, entre noviembre de 2011 y agosto de 2013. Se incluyen a 67 pacientes en el estudio. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 34 meses con predominio de varones (60%). Todos los pacientes tuvieron erupciones en la boca, las manos y los pies. Los niños <24 meses se vieron afectados en la zona cubierta por el pañal y las extremidades, con un compromiso significativamente mayor en los que tenían entre 24 y 48 meses y en los >48 meses (p <0,0001 y p= 0,011, respectivamente). Ninguno de los pacientes tuvo complicaciones sistémicas graves.


Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is a common childhood exanthem. Various types of lesions and widespread distribution in atypical cases have been described, but data on the predilection of lesion localizations in atypical cases are insufficient. We aimed to describe the demographic features of patients with HFMD, and to characterize lesion localizations in patients with atypical eruptions treated at an outpatient dermatology clinic of a pediatric hospital, between November 2011 and August 2013.The study included 67 patients. Mean age of the patients was 34 months and there was a male predominance (60%). All the patients had eruptions on hands, feet, and mouth. Children aged <24 months had involvement of the diaper area and extremities, which was significantly higher than those aged 24-48 months and >48 months (P < 0.0001 and P= 0.011, respectively). None of the patients had serious systemic complications.


Subject(s)
Humans , Fraud/legislation & jurisprudence , Georgia , Government Agencies , Liability, Legal , Medicaid/legislation & jurisprudence , Medicare/legislation & jurisprudence , Physician Self-Referral/legislation & jurisprudence , Salaries and Fringe Benefits , United States
7.
Arq. ciênc. vet. zool. UNIPAR ; 18(4): 241-245, out-dez. 2015. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-813

ABSTRACT

O tráfico de animais silvestres vivos e abatidos no estado do Acre ocorre constantemente. Notadamente a fauna silvestre está perdendo a batalha com a exploração desenfreada nesta região, uma vez que a carne de animais silvestres é importante fonte proteica e muitas pessoas alegam que praticam a caça como forma de subsistência. No entanto, a maioria das apreensões feitas pelos órgãos competentes pertence à avifauna acriana. Estas oriundas de atividades ilícitas, e se não interceptadas iriam abastecer o mercado ilegal, seriam exportadas e vendidas a preços exorbitantes. Diante do acentuado índice de ocorrência de autuações sobre tráfico de animais silvestres, vale ressaltar que a sociedade e as comunidades locais têm papel fundamental na conscientização de que os animais silvestres podem ser extintos devido à caça predatória.


Trafficking of live wild animals and slaughtered in Acre occurs constantly. Notably the wildlife is losing the battle with the unbridled exploitation in this region, since the meat of wild animals is important protein source and many people claim that practice hunting for subsistence. But most of the seizures made by the competent bodies belongs to acriana avifauna. These derived from illicit activities, and if not intercepted would supply the illegal market, would be exported and sold at exorbitant prices. Before the sharp assessments of occurrence index on wildlife trafficking, it is noteworthy that society and local communities have a vital role in awareness that wild animals may be extinct due to poaching.


El tráfico de animales silvestres vivos y sacrificados en el estado de Acre ocurre constantemente. Especialmente la fauna silvestre está perdiendo la batalla con la desenfrenada explotación en esa región, una vez que la carne de animales silvestres es una importante fuente de proteínas y muchas personas afirman que practican la caza como medio de subsistencia. Sin embargo, gran parte de las incautaciones hechas por los órganos competentes pertenecen a la avifauna del estado de Acre. Estos provienen de actividades ilegales que, si no fuera interceptada, abastecería el mercado ilegal, serian exportadas y vendidas a precios exorbitantes. Dada las altas tasas de ocurrencia de aprehensiones en el tráfico de animales silvestres, se debe destacar que la sociedad y las comunidades locales tienen un papel fundamental en la concientización de que los animales silvestres pueden ser extinguidos debido a la caza depredadora.


Subject(s)
Animals , Commerce/legislation & jurisprudence , Fraud/legislation & jurisprudence , Animals, Wild
8.
Arq. ciênc. vet. zool. UNIPAR ; 18(4): 241-245, out-dez. 2015. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: vti-715239

ABSTRACT

O tráfico de animais silvestres vivos e abatidos no estado do Acre ocorre constantemente. Notadamente a fauna silvestre está perdendo a batalha com a exploração desenfreada nesta região, uma vez que a carne de animais silvestres é importante fonte proteica e muitas pessoas alegam que praticam a caça como forma de subsistência. No entanto, a maioria das apreensões feitas pelos órgãos competentes pertence à avifauna acriana. Estas oriundas de atividades ilícitas, e se não interceptadas iriam abastecer o mercado ilegal, seriam exportadas e vendidas a preços exorbitantes. Diante do acentuado índice de ocorrência de autuações sobre tráfico de animais silvestres, vale ressaltar que a sociedade e as comunidades locais têm papel fundamental na conscientização de que os animais silvestres podem ser extintos devido à caça predatória.(AU)


Trafficking of live wild animals and slaughtered in Acre occurs constantly. Notably the wildlife is losing the battle with the unbridled exploitation in this region, since the meat of wild animals is important protein source and many people claim that practice hunting for subsistence. But most of the seizures made by the competent bodies belongs to acriana avifauna. These derived from illicit activities, and if not intercepted would supply the illegal market, would be exported and sold at exorbitant prices. Before the sharp assessments of occurrence index on wildlife trafficking, it is noteworthy that society and local communities have a vital role in awareness that wild animals may be extinct due to poaching.(AU)


El tráfico de animales silvestres vivos y sacrificados en el estado de Acre ocurre constantemente. Especialmente la fauna silvestre está perdiendo la batalla con la desenfrenada explotación en esa región, una vez que la carne de animales silvestres es una importante fuente de proteínas y muchas personas afirman que practican la caza como medio de subsistencia. Sin embargo, gran parte de las incautaciones hechas por los órganos competentes pertenecen a la avifauna del estado de Acre. Estos provienen de actividades ilegales que, si no fuera interceptada, abastecería el mercado ilegal, serian exportadas y vendidas a precios exorbitantes. Dada las altas tasas de ocurrencia de aprehensiones en el tráfico de animales silvestres, se debe destacar que la sociedad y las comunidades locales tienen un papel fundamental en la concientización de que los animales silvestres pueden ser extinguidos debido a la caza depredadora.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Commerce/legislation & jurisprudence , Fraud/legislation & jurisprudence , Animals, Wild
9.
Cad Saude Publica ; 30(4): 891-5, 2014 Apr.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24896066

ABSTRACT

The problem of counterfeit medicines is increasing rapidly, aggravated by globalization and the lure of profit from this illegal activity. Various types of drugs have been counterfeited, posing a serious public health and safety problem. The current article provides an overview of the issue in Brazil and the resulting measures taken by the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) in collaboration with the Federal Police from 2007 to March 2011. The study analyzed seizures of counterfeit drugs, arrests, and other factors. No professional pharmacist was present in 90% of the establishments were some type of crime occurred (sale of counterfeit drugs and lack of control of narcotics and other drugs). Among the products seized, most were drugs for erectile dysfunction. The study showed the importance of inter-agency collaboration for combatting this type of irregular drug sales.


Subject(s)
Counterfeit Drugs , Drug and Narcotic Control/statistics & numerical data , Fraud/statistics & numerical data , Legislation, Drug , Pharmaceutical Services/statistics & numerical data , Brazil , Drug and Narcotic Control/legislation & jurisprudence , Fraud/legislation & jurisprudence , Government Agencies , Humans , Pharmaceutical Services/legislation & jurisprudence
13.
Leg Med (Tokyo) ; 13(6): 289-92, 2011 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21982877

ABSTRACT

South American camelids comprise the wild species guanaco and vicuña and their respective domestic relatives llama and alpaca. The aim of the present study was to determine by DNA analysis to which of these species belong a herd of camelids confiscated from a llama breeder but alleged to be alpacas by the prosecution, and to evaluate the usefulness of mitochondrial and autosomal DNA markers to solve judicial cases involving camelid taxa. Cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase I mitochondrial genes and 7 STR were analyzed in 25 confiscated samples. Mitochondrial results were inconclusive because 18 of the sequestered samples presented haplotypes that corresponded to the guanaco haplogroup and the remaining seven belonged to a vicuña linage. Microsatellite data of casework samples and llama reference samples revealed different genetic profiles by the presence of private alleles at two microsatellites suggesting that the confiscated animals could be alpaca, or at least alpaca hybrids instead of pure llama.


Subject(s)
Camelids, New World/genetics , Species Specificity , Animals , Argentina , DNA, Mitochondrial/blood , Databases, Genetic , Fraud/legislation & jurisprudence , Genetic Markers , Genotyping Techniques , South America
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