Rapid non-destructive monitoring and quality assessment of the fumigation process of Shanxi aged vinegar based on Vis-NIR hyperspectral imaging combined with multiple chemometric algorithms.

The quality of the grains during the fumigation process can significantly affect the flavour and nutritional value of Shanxi aged vinegar (SAV). Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) was used to monitor the extent of fumigated grains, and it was combined with chemometrics to quantitatively predict three key physicochemical constituents: moisture content (MC), total acid (TA) and amino acid nitrogen (AAN). The noise reduction effects of five spectral preprocessing methods were compared, followed by the screening of optimal wavelengths using competitive adaptive reweighted sampling. Support vector machine classification was employed to establish a model for discriminating fumigated grains, and the best recognition accuracy reached 100%. Furthermore, the results of partial least squares regression slightly outperformed support vector machine regression, with correlation coefficient for prediction (Rp) of 0.9697, 0.9716, and 0.9098 for MC, TA, and AAN, respectively. The study demonstrates that HSI can be employed for rapid non-destructive monitoring and quality assessment of the fumigation process in SAV.

Effect of fumigation height and time on cryopreservation of ram semen.

The cooling rate is a crucial factor in the process of freezing semen, influencing the overall freezing effectiveness. The height and time of fumigation can significantly impact the rate of cooling. Appropriate cooling rates can help minimize the formation of ice crystals in spermatozoa and reduce potential damage to them. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different fumigation heights and time for the cryopreservation of Hu ram semen. Experiments I-IV assessed the effect of semen cryopreservation by testing the post-thawed spermatozoa total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM) and kinetic parameters fumigated at distances of 2, 4, 6 and 8 cm for durations of 5, 10, 15 and 20 min, respectively. Based on the results of experiments I to IV, experiment V evaluated the effect of semen cryopreservation by testing the post-thawed spermatozoa TM, PM, kinetic parameters, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level fumigated at distances of 2, 4, 6 and 8 cm for duration of 20 min. The results indicated that fumigation at 2 cm for 20 min significantly (P < 0.05) improved spermatozoa TM, PM, mean angular displacement (MAD), plasma membrane integrity and acrosome integrity compared to other groups. Additionally, it significantly (P < 0.05) reduced spermatozoa ROS level compared to the 6 and 8 cm groups. In conclusion, fumigation for 20 min at a distance of 2 cm from the liquid nitrogen surface is the most suitable cooling method for the cryopreservation of Hu ram semen.

Encapsulated allyl isothiocyanate improves soil distribution, efficacy against soil-borne pathogens and tomato yield.

BACKGROUND: Crop quality, yield and farmer income are reduced by soil-borne diseases, nematodes and weeds, although these can be controlled by allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a plant-derived soil fumigant. However, its efficacy against soil-borne pathogens varies, mainly because of its chemical instability and uneven distribution in the soil. Formulation modification is an effective way to optimize pesticide application. We encapsulated AITC in modified diatomite granules (GR) and measured the formulation's loading content and stability, environmental fate and efficacy against soil-borne pathogens, and its impact on the growth and yield of tomatoes. RESULTS: We observed that an AITC loading content in the granules of 27.6% resulted in a degradation half-life of GR that was 1.94 times longer than 20% AITC emulsifiable concentrate in water (EW) and shorter than AITC technical (TC) grade. The stable and more even distribution of GR in soil resulted in relatively consistent and acceptable control of soil-borne pathogens. Soil containing AITC residues that remained 10-24 days after GR fumigation were not phytotoxic to cucumber seeds. GR significantly reduced soil-borne pest populations, and tomato growth and yield increased as AITC dosage increased. GR containing an AITC dose of 20 g m-2 effectively controlled pathogens in soil for about 7 months and improved tomato yield by 108%. CONCLUSION: Our research demonstrates the benefits of soil fumigation with loaded AITC over other formulations for effective pest control, and improved tomato plant growth and fruit yield. Fumigant encapsulation appears to be a useful method to improve pest and disease control, environmental performance and fumigant commercial sustainability. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Unveiling the Chemical Composition of Sulfur-Fumigated Herbs: A Triple Synthesis Approach Using UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS-A Case Study on Steroidal Saponins in Ophiopogonis Radix.

Ophiopogonis Radix (OR) is a traditional Chinese medicine. In recent years, in order to achieve the purpose of drying, bleaching, sterilizing and being antiseptic, improving appearance, and easy storage, people often use sulfur fumigation for its processing. However, changes in the chemical composition of medicinal herbs caused by sulfur fumigation can lead to the transformation and loss of potent substances. Therefore, the development of methods to rapidly reveal the chemical transformation of medicinal herbs induced by sulfur fumigation can guarantee the safe clinical use of medicines. In this study, a combined full scan-parent ions list-dynamic exclusion acquisition-diagnostic product ions analysis strategy based on UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS was proposed for the analysis of steroidal saponins and their transformed components in sulfur-fumigated Ophiopogonis Radix (SF-OR). Based on precise mass measurements, chromatographic behavior, neutral loss ions, and diagnostic product ions, 286 constituents were screened and identified from SF-OR, including 191 steroidal saponins and 95 sulfur-containing derivatives (sulfates or sulfites). The results indicated that the established strategy was a valuable and effective analytical tool for comprehensively characterizing the material basis of SF-OR, and also provided a basis for potential chemical changes in other sulfur-fumigated herbs.

Evaluation of fumigant toxicity of cyclohexanone to 5 species of insect pests.

Cyclohexanone is a major precursor for nylon production and is also used as a pesticide solvent. In this study, cyclohexanone was evaluated as a fumigant against rice weevil adults, confused flour beetle adults, western flower thrips larvae and adults, spotted wing drosophila adults, and subterranean termite workers. Cyclohexanone fumigation was effective against all 5 insects, and there were considerable variations in susceptibility to cyclohexanone fumigation among the 5 species. At 20 °C, complete control of spotted wing drosophila adults was achieved in 1-h fumigation with 25 µl/l of cyclohexanone and complete control of eastern subterranean termite workers was achieved in 3-h fumigations with 50 µl/l dose of cyclohexanone. Stored-product insects confused flour beetle, and rice weevil adults were more tolerant to cyclohexanone fumigation. Fumigations of 24 h with 75 µl/l dose of cyclohexanone caused 100% mortality of rice weevil adults and 98% mortality of confused flower beetle adults. Even at a 100 µl/l dose, the 24-h fumigations did not achieve 100% mortality of confused flour beetle adults. At 5 °C, complete control of western flower thrips was achieved in 3- and 6-h fumigations with 100 and 50 µl/l doses of cyclohexanone, respectively. Cyclohexanone vapor concentrations were measured using cyclohexanone detector tubes. Vapor concentrations were far below the expected saturation concentration indicating that most cyclohexanone did not exist as vapor in fumigation chambers. The results of effective control of all 5 insect species suggest that cyclohexanone has the potential to be used as a fumigant for postharvest pest control.

Comparison of fumigation efficacy of methyl bromide alone and phosphine applied either alone or simultaneously or sequentially against Bactrocera correcta in Selenicereus undatus (red pitaya) fruit.

BACKGROUND: Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) is a significant pest of the red pitaya fruit (Selenicereus undatus). This study investigated the insecticidal effects of methyl bromide (MB) alone, phosphine (PH3 ) alone, both applied simultaneously (PH3 + MB), and PH3 application followed sequentially by MB (PH3 → MB) against B. correcta in red pitaya fruits. RESULTS: The 3rd instar larvae of B. correcta were the most tolerant to MB alone and the combined treatments, whereas eggs were the most susceptible stage. Both the PH3 + MB and PH3 → MB treatments resulted in higher mortality at all stages than MB alone, demonstrating a synergistic effect between MB and PH3 . The toxicity of the combined treatments increased with increasing PH3 concentrations, with the optimal concentration recorded being 1.42 to 2.84 g m-3 . Further probit analysis revealed that compared to the MB treatment alone, the median lethal dose values of MB in PH3 + MB and PH3 → MB treatment, were reduced to 63.73% and 66.82%, respectively. Fruit quality was not adversely affected by either of the combined treatments. CONCLUSION: This work provides robust evidence that combining MB and PH3 to control B. correcta is highly effective, especially the PH3 → MB treatment. This combination decreased the amount of MB required for effective control at all life stages, while protecting fruit quality against MB phytotoxicity to a greater extent than conventional MB fumigation alone. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Silica modified copper-based alginate/chitosan hybrid hydrogel to control soil fumigant release, reduce emission and enhance bioactivity.

Soil fumigant has been extensively used for excellent efficacy on soil-borne diseases. However, rapid emission and insufficient effective duration typically limit its application. In this study, hybrid silica/polysaccharide hydrogel was proposed (SIL/Cu/DMDS) by emulsion-gelation method to encapsulate dimethyl disulfide (DMDS). The orthogonal study was used to optimize the preparation parameters for LC and EE of SIL/Cu/DMDS, which was 10.39 % and 71.05 %, respectively. Compared with silica, the time for 90 % of the total emissions was extended by 4.36 times. The hydrogel possessed a longer persistent duration and the degradation half-life of DMDS was 3.47 times greater than that of silica alone. Moreover, the electrostatic interaction between abundant groups of polysaccharide hydrogel bestowed DMDS with pH-triggered release behavior. Additionally, SIL/Cu/DMDS had excellent water holding and water retention capacity. The bioactivity of the hydrogel was 58.1 % higher than that of DMDS TC due to the strong synergistic effect between DMDS and the carriers (chitosan and Cu2+), and showed obvious biosafety to cucumber seeds. This study seeks to provide a potential approach to develop hybrid polysaccharide hydrogel to control soil fumigants release, reduce emission and enhance bioactivity in plant protection.

Fogging to combat dengue: factors influencing stakeholders' attitudes in Malaysia.

BACKGROUND: Fogging is a conventional technique used to combat Aedes mosquitoes and prevent dengue disease. It is often implemented in outbreak areas or areas harbouring a high density of Aedes mosquitoes. Currently, studies on stakeholders' attitudes towards fogging are still limited in number. Therefore, this study aims to assess Malaysian attitudes, and identify the predicting factors influencing such attitudes. METHODS: A validated instrument was used to interview 399 randomly selected respondents from the public (n = 202, 50.6%) and scientists (n = 197, 49.4%) in the Klang Valley region of Malaysia. The data were analysed using PLS-SEM involving Smart-PLS software. RESULTS: The results confirmed that stakeholder attitudes toward fogging should be viewed in terms of a multi-dimensional association. The stakeholders surveyed were highly positive with regard to the application of fogging to control dengue but professed moderate concerns as to associated risks. The PLS-SEM analyses demonstrated that the perceived benefit was the most important factor influencing attitudes, followed by trust in key players. CONCLUSIONS: This result provides a good insight from the perspective of education and unravels the underlying fundamentals of stakeholders' attitudes toward the fogging technique. The findings also provide a positive indicator to the responsible parties involved to continue the usage of this technique in conjunction with improvements with regard to its safety aspects, and possibly in combination with other environmental-friendly alternatives in order to achieve a healthy environment without dengue in Malaysia.

Beneficial effect on the soil microenvironment of Trichoderma applied after fumigation for cucumber production.

Biocontrol agents applied after fumigation play an important role to the soil microenvironment. We studied the effect of Trichoderma applied after dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) plus chloropicrin (PIC) fumigation on the cucumber growth, soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activity, taxonomic diversity, and yield through laboratory and field experiments. The results confirmed that Trichoderma applied after fumigation significantly improved soil physicochemical properties, cucumber growth, soil-borne pathogens, and soil enzyme activity. Genetic analysis indicated that Trichoderma applied after fumigation significantly increased the relative abundance of Pseudomonas, Humicola and Chaetomium, and significantly decreased the relative abundance of the pathogens Fusarium spp. and Gibberella spp., which may help to control pathogens and enhanced the ecological functions of the soil. Moreover, Trichoderma applied after fumigation obviously improved cucumber yield (up to 35.6%), and increased relative efficacy of soil-borne pathogens (up to 99%) and root-knot nematodes (up to 96%). Especially, we found that Trichoderma applied after fumigation increased the relative abundance of some beneficial microorganisms (such as Sodiomyces and Rhizophlyctis) that can optimize soil microbiome. It is worth noting that with the decline in the impact of the fumigant, these beneficial microorganisms still maintain a higher abundance when the cucumber plants were uprooted. Importantly, we found one tested biocontrol agent Trichoderma 267 identified and stored in our laboratory not only improved cucumber growth, reduced soil-borne diseases in late cucumber growth stages but also optimized micro-ecological environment which may have good application prospect and help to keep environmental healthy and sustainable development.

[Rapid identification of raw and sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba based on Heracles NEO ultra-fast gas phase electronic nose].

Since the current identification method for Paeoniae Radix Alba is complex in operation and long time-consuming with high requirements for technicians, the present study employed Heracles NEO ultra-fast gas phase electronic nose(E-nose) technology to identify raw and sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba decoction pieces in order to establish a rapid identification method for sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba. The odors of raw Paeoniae Radix Alba and its sulfur-fumigated products were analyzed by Heracles NEO ultra-fast gas phase E-nose to obtain the odor chromatographic information. The chemometric model was established, and the data were processed by principal component analysis(PCA), discriminant function analysis(DFA), soft independent modeling of class analogy(SIMCA), and partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA). The differential compounds of raw and sulfur-fumigated samples were qualitatively analyzed based on the Kovats retention index and Arochembase. As revealed by the comparison of gas chromatograms of raw and sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba, the heights of several peaks in the chromatograms before and after sulfur fumigation changed significantly. The peak(No.8) produced by ethylbenzene disappeared completely due to sulfonation reaction in the process of sulfur fumigation, indicating that ethylbenzene may be the key component in the identification of Paeoniae Radix Alba and its sulfur-fumigated products. In PCA, DFA, SIMCA, and PLS-DA models, the two types of samples were separated into two different regions, indicating that the established models can clearly distinguish between raw and sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba. The results showed that Heracles NEO ultra-fast gas phase E-nose technology could realize the rapid identification of raw and sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba, which provides a new method and idea for the rapid identification of sulfur-fumigated Chinese medicine.

Transcriptomic analysis of Sitophilus zeamais in response to limonene fumigation.

BACKGROUND: Frequent application of chemical fumigants has contributed to the development of resistance in stored-product pests. Essential oils provide a novel and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemical pesticides. In this work, the fumigant activity of Taxodium 'zhongshansha' essential oil (TZEO) and main active components against Sitophilus zeamais were evaluated. In addition, the molecular mechanisms mediating the fumigant activity of limonene were assessed. RESULTS: TZEO showed strong fumigant activity against Sitophilus zeamais, with a 50% lethal concentration (LC50 ) of 22.90 µL L-1 air in 24 h. The main components of TZEO were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, the main active ingredient (limonene) showed an LC50 of 9.93 µL L-1 air in 24 h which had a serious dose-time-effect. The LC50 value of the positive control (aluminum phosphide) was 1.91 µL L-1 . In total, 3982 up-regulated and 3067 down-regulated genes were sequenced in limonene-fumigated Sitophilus zeamais, the genes related to metabolic detoxification were significantly enriched. The mortality rate of 7 day-old Sitophilus zeamais adult mediated with knockdown of SzCYP6MS5 and SzCYP6MS6 raised up to 65.67% and 67.65% after fumigation with limonene in 24 h, respectively. The results showed that SzCYP6MS5 and SzCYP6MS6 are closely involved to the detoxification of limonene. CONCLUSION: In this study, candidate genes affected by limonene treatment in Sitophilus zeamais were identified. These findings provided insights into the systemic metabolic response of Sitophilus zeamais to limonene and established a basis for the development of limonene as a botanical pesticide for the control of stored-product pests. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

New trends in application of the fumigation method in medical and non-medical fields.

INTRODUCTION: In the twentieth century, fumigation became a very popular method of disinfection, although in the same century many agents used as fumigants were withdrawn for ecological reasons. Fogging (fumigation) is a relatively new disinfection technology using dry fog, which behaves more like a gas and easily fills the sanitized space, reaching all surfaces in the room. The undoubted advantage of fumigation is the possibility of disinfecting difficult to clean areas. Fumigation has become particularly important in the twenty-first century due to procedures related to combating and preventing the spread of the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review article is to summarize the current state of knowledge in the field of fumigation on the basis of past results of original research, taking into account new trends and possibilities of its application. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE: Due to the fact that fumigation is safe for apparatus, equipment, and electronics, while simultaneously enabling the highest possible bactericidal and virucidal levels, this method is widely used in various areas, both medical and non-medical. Fogging technology is used in the medical, pharmaceutical, and food industries, as well as in transportation, for air fumigation or surface disinfection in closed spaces, such as hospital and laboratory rooms, incubators, refrigerators, ships, trucks, railway containers, and aircraft, to name only a few. The most common fumigants are hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid, and their mechanism of action is related to their oxidizing properties. SUMMARY: Hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid are highly effective and non-toxic fumigants that can be safely used for fogging laboratory and medical equipment, pharmaceutical facilities, hospital rooms, and animal breeding rooms.

Smoke of Capsicum baccatum L. var. baccatum (Solanaceae) repels nymphs of triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) / Humo de capsicum baccatum L. var. baccatum (Solanaceae) repele las ninfas de Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

Control of the Chagas disease vector, Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) with synthetic pesticides in Bolivia has become increasingly inefficient due to the development of resistance in the insects. In the Chaco region of Bolivia, guaraní populations have approached the problem by fumigating their houses with the smoke of native plants. Through interviews and field work with local guides, the main plant used by the guaraníes was collected and later identified as Capsicum baccatumL. var. baccatum (Solanaceae). In choice bioassays, filter papers exposed to the smoke of the plant repelled nymphs of T. infestans. Activity remained significant after storing the exposed filter papers for 9 days. Chemical analysis of smoke and literature data suggested that capsaicinoids present in the smoke were responsible for the repellent effect. The data presented provide a rationale for the use of C. baccatumvar. baccatumto control the Chagas vector bythe guaraní populations.

El control del vector de la enfermedad de Chagas, Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) con plaguicidas sintéticos en Bolivia se ha vuelto cada vez más ineficiente debido al desarrollo de resistencias en los insectos. En la región del Chaco de Bolivia, las poblaciones guaraníes han abordado el problema fumigando sus casas con el humo de las plantas nativas. A través de entrevistas y trabajo de campo con guías locales, se recogió la principal planta utilizada por los guaraníes y posteriormente se identificó como Capsicum baccatumL. var. baccatum (Solanaceae). En bioensayos selectos, los papeles de filtro expuestos al humo de la planta repelieron a las ninfas de T. infestans. La actividad siguió siendo significativa después de almacenar los papeles de filtro expuestos durante 9 días. El análisis químico del humo y los datos de la literatura sugieren que los capsaicinoides presentes en el humo eran responsables del efecto repelente. Los datos presentados proporcionan una justificación para el uso de C. baccatum var. baccatum para el control del vector Chagas por las poblaciones guaraníes.

Effects of chloropicrin fumigation and azoxystrobin application on ginger growth and phosphorus uptake.

Soil chloropicrin (CP) fumigation helps to increase crop yields by eliminating soil-borne diseases which inhibit plant growth. However, little is known about the effect of the CP fumigation combined with fungicide application on plant growth and nutrient uptake. In this study, we conducted a mesocosm experiment with six treatments: CK (untreated soil), AZO1 (a single application of azoxystrobin (AZO)), AZO2 (double applications of AZO), CP (CP fumigation with no AZO), CP+AZO1 (CP combined with AZO1) and CP+AZO2 (CP combined with AZO2) to investigate the effects of CP fumigation and AZO application on ginger growth and phosphorus (P) uptake. Results showed that a single application of AZO had no significant effect on ginger height, biomass and P uptake whether treated with or without CP fumigation, whereas double applications of AZO combined with CP fumigation significantly improved ginger height and the total amount of P in root (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, AZO residues were similar in all treatments with the same number of applications, with less than 50% remaining in the soil after 7 days applied, indicating that CP fumigation treatment did not influence AZO degradation in ginger cultivation. In addition, although the differences in P use efficiency observed across the different treatments were not significant, they nevertheless suggest that the P budget and soil microbial activity may contribute to those differences. Therefore, further studies should be done to link P cycling with microbial communities, and how these related to fumigation and fungicide application.

Effects of chloropicrin fumigation combined with biochar on soil bacterial and fungal communities and Fusarium oxysporum.

Chloropicrin (CP) can cause long-term damage to beneficial microbes which reduces soil health. Biochar (BC) can mitigate against the effects of CP by reducing the time for beneficial microbes to recover after CP fumigation. In this study, we used Real-Time Quantitative PCR to determine the effects of different rates of BC added to CP-fumigated soil on the speed of recovery of bacteria and fungi population and on changes to gene copy number of the target pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. And then we compared the structure and composition of the beneficial microbial community in the different treatments soil by using High throughput Illumina sequencing. As the results shown, adding 1 or 3% BC after CP fumigation accelerated the recovery of bacterial and fungal populations without increasing F. oxysporum abundance. BC also promoted the recovery of beneficial bacteria Rokubacteria and Latescibacteria damaged by CP. And these two bacteria may be related to the immunity of soil to F. oxysporum. In CP-fumigated soil, BC improved the disease resistance of the soil by increasing beneficial microbes, such as Steroidobacter, Sphingomonas, Purpureocillium and Mortierella. This combination of CP and BC is a new concept that could encourages the development of a healthy and sustainable soil ecosystems while controlling plant pathogens.

An integrated strategy for evaluation of sulfur-fumigated edible herb Astragali Radix based on UPLC-MS/MS platforms and pharmacological analysis.

Astragali Radix is an edible herb that has been employed in Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and has recently been recognized by various countries; however, it is also one of the most extensively sulfur-fumigated TCM components. This study designed a UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-guided isolation approach to generate sulfur-containing derivatives, and a novel sulfur-containing marker, namely, astragaloside sulfate, was characterized based on 1D and 2D NMR, which were derived from the main component of Astragali Radix, namely, astragaloside. Pharmacological experiments also showed that the activity of astragaloside decreased after it was converted into sulfate. Moreover, a rapid assay for the determination of astragaloside sulfate content by UPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS was established to evaluate samples that were non-fumigated and sulfur-fumigated at different levels. The method was applied to determine the content of JGS in the different batches of commercial samples. This research reveals that the practical procedure-based typical sulfur-containing indicator can be utilized for quality assurance of sulfur-fumigated and non-fumigated Astragali Radix.

The effect of traditional Chinese medicine fumigation and washing as a complementary and alternative therapy on the recovery of joint function after development dysplasia of the hip in children: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Development dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a common childhood orthopedic disease in clinic. The cause of DDH is not yet clear. If DDH is not treated promptly or correctly, it will seriously affect the life quality of the child. At present, surgery is the main means of treating older DDH, but it is easy to appear development dysplasia of the hip after surgery, and the joint movement is limited after surgery. For modern medicine, it has not many treatments to solve this problem. As one of the commonly used treatment methods, but the effect of routine functional exercise is not ideal. Traditional Chinese medicine fumigation and washing belongs to the category of Chinese medicine external treatment, which can directly act on the focus. It has the functions of relaxing muscles and tendons and removing obstruction from meridians, activating blood to eliminate stagnation. It has achieved good effects in relieving joint disorders, but it is lack of the high-quality evidence support, so there is controversy about the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine fumigation and washing. This study will conduct a systematic review to compare the application effect and safety of traditional Chinese medicine fumigation and washing as a complementary and alternative therapy and traditional rehabilitation training in the treatment of postoperative joint function recovery after development dysplasia of the hip in children. The research results will provide evidence-based medical evidence to support the choice of treatment for the disease. METHODS: Using computer to retrieve PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, EMBase, Cochrane Library, WANFANG Database, CNKI, and VIP Database, CBM, and using the method of combining mesh words with item words to retrieve the Chinese and English databases, to retrieve the randomized controlled study on the application of traditional Chinese medicine fumigation and washing on the recovery of joint function after development dysplasia of the hip in children. The retrieval time is from January 1990 to January 2021. Two researchers screen and evaluate the quality of the retrieved literatures according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In the event of a disagreement, a third researcher will join the discussion to resolve the disagreement. Using Revman 5.3 software to conduct meta-analysis. RESULTS: This study will compare the application effect and safety of traditional Chinese medicine fumigation and washing as a complementary and alternative therapy and traditional rehabilitation training in the treatment of postoperative joint function recovery after development dysplasia of the hip in children. CONCLUSION: The results of this study will be published in an internationally influential academic journal to provide evidence-based medical evidence for the selection of supplement and alternative therapies on the recovery of joint function after development dysplasia of the hip in children. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study does not involve specific patients, and all research data comes from publicly available professional literature, so an ethics committee is not required to conduct an ethical review and approval of this study. OSF REGISTRATION: DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/RUHK5.

The effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine fumigation and washing nursing care after arthroscopic debridement of Knee Osteoarthritis: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA) is a degenerative osteoarthrosis with knee joint pain as the main symptom. In recent years, arthroscopic removal of loose body and repair of meniscus have become common methods for the treatment of KOA. However, postoperative pain, swelling and limited joint movement affect the functional recovery of knee joint and the effect of surgical treatment. Early postoperative control of pain and swelling is of great significance to improve the curative effect of arthroscopic debridement and promote the recovery of knee joint function. In recent years, many clinical studies have reported that the nursing method of fumigation and washing with Chinese medicine after arthroscopic debridement of KOA can relieve pain, promote the recovery of joint function and improve the clinical curative effect, but there is a lack of evidence-based medicine. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of fumigation and washing with traditional Chinese medicine after KOA arthroscopy. METHODS: Computer retrieval English database (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library) and Chinese database (China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, China Biology Medicine disc), moreover manual retrieval academic, Google and baidu from building to since December 2020, traditional Chinese medicine fumigation applied to KOA arthroscopy postoperative nursing of randomized controlled clinical research, by two researchers independently evaluated the quality of the included study and extracted the data. Meta-analysis of the included literatures was performed using RevMan5.3 software. RESULTS: The main observation index of this study was the effective rate, and the secondary indexes included Visual Analogue Scale Score, the Western Ontario and McMaster university orthopedic index, Lysholms score and adverse reactions, so as to evaluate the efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine fumigation nursing after KOA arthroscopy. CONCLUSION: This study will provide reliable evidence for the clinical application of Fumigation and washing nursing of traditional Chinese medicine after KOA arthroscopy. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Private information from individuals will not be published. This systematic review also does not involve endangering participant rights. Ethical approval will not be required. The results may be published in a peer-reviewed journal or disseminated at relevant conferences. OSF REGISTRATION NUMBER: DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/THZP4.

Traditional Chinese medicine fumigation as auxiliary treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is 1 of the most common clinical complications of diabetes, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients and causes a substantial economic burden on diabetes care. The pathogenesis of DPN is complex. There is no targeted treatment method, and mainstream treatment methods have low efficacy and large side effects. Traditional Chinese medicine has rich clinical experience in the prevention and treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, which has dramatically improved the quality of life of patients. It is clinically proven that traditional Chinese medicine fumigants (TCMF) have apparent effects in treating diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Therefore, we aim to systematically review the effectiveness and safety of TCMF for DPN. METHODS: We will search the following databases: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, Cqvip Database, and Wanfang Data. Besides, we will also search for clinical trial registrations, potential grey literature, relevant conference abstracts, and reference lists of established studies. The studies published from the inception of the database to November 2020 will be retrieved. The randomized controlled trials on TCMF for DPN will be included. Also, we will search for clinical trial registrations, potential grey literature, relevant conference abstracts, and reference lists of established studies. The main result is clinical efficacy and nerve conduction velocity. Fasting blood glucose, 2 hours postprandial blood glucose, blood lipid, glycosylated hemoglobin, and adverse events are secondary results. We will perform the analyses using RevMan V.5.3 software. RESULTS: This study will provide a high-quality comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of TCMF in the treatment of DPN. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review will evaluate the effectiveness and safety of TCMF in the treatment of DPN, and provide the latest evidence for clinical application. INPLASY REGISTRATION NUMBER: INPLASY2020110137.

Evidence of Chinese herbal fumigation for knee osteoarthritis: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is the most common cause of musculoskeletal pain and disability worldwide. Chinese herbal fumigation, an external therapy, is commonly used for the treatment of KOA, while there is no systematic review or meta-analysis designed to evaluate the effects of Chinese herbal fumigation on KOA. METHODS: Seven databases including Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang data, VIP, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database will be searched up to October 31, 2020. Data that meet the inclusion criteria will be extracted and analyzed by using RevMan V.5.3 software. Two reviewers will assess quality of the included studies based on the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool. The funnel plot and Begg test will be used to evaluate publication bias. And Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation will be employed to assess the quality of evidence. RESULTS: This study will provide high-quality evidence for Chinese herbal fumigation for the treatment of KOA in terms of effectiveness and safety. CONCLUSION: This systematic review will provide evidence to help us confirm the clinical efficacy of Chinese herbal fumigation in the treatment of KOA.