ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The occurrence and histopathological features of incidental thyroid carcinoma (ITC) vary considerably among populations from different geographical regions. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence and histopathological characteristics of ITC in patients who underwent thyroid surgery for apparently benign thyroid diseases in an endemic goiter area in Italy. METHODS: A total of 649 consecutive patients (531 females and 118 males; mean age, 52.9 ± 11.0 years), who underwent thyroid surgery at the Endocrine Surgery Unit of the tertiary care "Renato Dulbecco" University Hospital (Catanzaro, Italy) in the period between years 2017 and 2022, were included in this retrospective study. A comprehensive histopathological examination was performed on surgically excised thyroid tissue. Logistic regression analysis was employed to identify potential predictors of ITC. RESULTS: The histopathological examination revealed the presence of ITC in 81 patients, accounting for 12.5% of the total study population. The female to male ratio was found to be 6.4 to 1. Among the patients with ITC, 72 had papillary carcinoma (PTC), with 53 of these tumors being microcarcinomas (microPTC). Additionally, 5 patients had follicular thyroid carcinoma, 2 patients had low-risk follicular cell-derived thyroid neoplasms, 1 patient had an oncocytic carcinoma, and 1 patient had a medullary thyroid carcinoma. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated a significant association between female sex and incidental microPTC. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide further evidence of the common occurrence of ITC, typically in the form of microPTC, among individuals who undergo thyroid surgery for apparently benign thyroid diseases.
Subject(s)
Goiter, Endemic , Incidental Findings , Thyroid Neoplasms , Humans , Female , Male , Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology , Thyroid Neoplasms/epidemiology , Thyroid Neoplasms/surgery , Middle Aged , Italy/epidemiology , Adult , Retrospective Studies , Aged , Goiter, Endemic/epidemiology , Goiter, Endemic/pathology , Prevalence , Thyroidectomy , Thyroid Gland/pathology , Thyroid Gland/surgery , Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/pathology , Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/epidemiology , Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/surgerySubject(s)
Christianity , Goiter, Endemic/pathology , Medicine in the Arts , Breast Feeding , Child, Preschool , Christianity/history , Famous Persons , Female , Goiter, Endemic/epidemiology , Goiter, Endemic/history , History, Medieval , Humans , Male , Medicine in the Arts/history , Nutritional Status , Paintings/history , Sicily/epidemiologyABSTRACT
This paper considers factors that play a significant role in determining inspiratory pressure and energy losses in the human trachea. Previous characterisations of pathological geometry changes have focussed on relating airway constriction and subsequent pressure loss, however many pathologies that affect the trachea cause deviation, increased curvature, constriction or a combination of these. This study investigates the effects of these measures on tracheal flow mechanics, using the compressive goitre (a thyroid gland enlargement) as an example. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed in airways affected by goitres (with differing geometric consequences) and a normal geometry for comparison. Realistic airways, derived from medical images, were used because idealised geometries often oversimplify the complex anatomy of the larynx and its effects on the flow. Two mechanisms, distinct from stenosis, were found to strongly affect airflow energy dissipation in the pathological tracheas. The jet emanating from the glottis displayed different impingement and breakdown patterns in pathological geometries and increased loss was associated with curvature.
Subject(s)
Airway Resistance/physiology , Energy Metabolism/physiology , Models, Biological , Respiratory Mechanics/physiology , Trachea/physiopathology , Computer Simulation , Constriction , Goiter, Endemic/pathology , Humans , Hydrodynamics , Pulmonary Ventilation , Trachea/pathologyABSTRACT
The cytological evaluation of fine needle biopsies (FNB) of the thyroid gland crucially depends on a close cooperation between clinicians and cytopathologists. Scintigraphy, sonography as well as clinical data and patient history are necessary for a correct interpretation of the indications for FNB; moreover, these data are of outstanding importance for cytopathologists for the correct interpretation of the cytomorphological findings. This overview describes the present standards in the acquisition, technical workup and cytopathological interpretation of thyroid gland tissue obtained by FNB, particularly focusing on the rapidly growing relevance of additional molecular pathological investigations to increase the diagnostic accuracy of thyroid FNB.
Subject(s)
Biopsy, Fine-Needle , Cooperative Behavior , Cytological Techniques/methods , Interdisciplinary Communication , Thyroid Diseases/pathology , Thyroid Gland/pathology , Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology , Goiter, Endemic/pathology , Humans , Pathology, Molecular/methods , Sensitivity and Specificity , Thyroid Nodule/pathology , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
Military statistics and medical research were closely related over the 19th century. The army not only made use of these new forms of knowledge, but also provided an important institutional setting through the military medicine, which was of crucial importance to medical research in the 19th century. Besides that, Swiss military also played a crucial role in new geographical and geological research, resulting in a series of new mapping projects. This article looks on the ways, in which military context gained influence on scientific research practices in the second half of the 19th century, by analyzing the case of Heinrich Bircher's work on military recruiting statistics and the endemic goiter. New mapping projects and statistical practices were linked, transforming big parts of the country into pathological spaces. Coming from this point, the article discusses in how far the military context lead to politicizing medical discourses and, furthermore, linked them to discourses of an anthropological crisis, common in many European countries.
Subject(s)
Geology/history , Goiter, Endemic/history , Military Medicine/history , Military Personnel/history , Goiter, Endemic/epidemiology , Goiter, Endemic/etiology , Goiter, Endemic/pathology , History, 19th Century , Military Personnel/statistics & numerical data , Switzerland/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The purpose of the present work was to study the level of microelements and vitamins in adolescents with diffuse nontoxic goiter. It has been shown that comorbid biliary dyskinesia leads to significant dysregulation of vitamin and mineral metabolism: the level of essential elements was decreased and the level of toxic elements was increased. Comorbid biliary dyskinesia in adolescents with diffuse nontoxic goiter was accompanied by a disbalance of vitamins. The changes found in micronutrients have sex differences.
Subject(s)
Biliary Dyskinesia/metabolism , Gallbladder/metabolism , Goiter, Endemic/metabolism , Thyroid Gland/metabolism , Adolescent , Biliary Dyskinesia/complications , Biliary Dyskinesia/diagnostic imaging , Biliary Dyskinesia/pathology , Cadmium/metabolism , Child , Cobalt/metabolism , Diterpenes , Female , Gallbladder/diagnostic imaging , Gallbladder/pathology , Goiter, Endemic/complications , Goiter, Endemic/diagnostic imaging , Goiter, Endemic/pathology , Hair/chemistry , Humans , Iron/blood , Lead/metabolism , Male , Retinyl Esters , Riboflavin/urine , Selenium/metabolism , Sex Factors , Thiamine/urine , Thyroid Gland/diagnostic imaging , Thyroid Gland/pathology , Thyrotropin/blood , Thyroxine/blood , Ultrasonography , Vitamin A/analogs & derivatives , Vitamin A/blood , Zinc/blood , alpha-Tocopherol/bloodABSTRACT
This article presents the background for including phytopreparation Alba (root extract of the Potentilla alba) into complex treatment of thyroid pathology. The findings confirm visible reduction of size of the thyroid gland and normalizing its functions in children and adults with the thyroid gland with normal or enhanced function treated by Alba per oral.
Subject(s)
Goiter, Endemic/drug therapy , Goiter, Nodular/drug therapy , Hypothyroidism/drug therapy , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Potentilla/chemistry , Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/drug therapy , Thyrotoxicosis/drug therapy , Administration, Oral , Adolescent , Child , Female , Goiter, Endemic/pathology , Goiter, Nodular/pathology , Humans , Hypothyroidism/pathology , Male , Organ Size/drug effects , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Plant Roots/chemistry , Thyroid Gland/drug effects , Thyroid Gland/pathology , Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/pathology , Thyrotoxicosis/pathologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Iodine is an essential micronutrient needed for the production of thyroid hormones. Pregnant mothers who are deficient in iodine provide less iodine to the fetal thyroid. This results in low production of thyroid hormones by the fetal thyroid, thereby leading to compromised mental and physical development of the fetus. The current study aimed to assess the current status of iodine nutrition among pregnant mothers in Himachal Pradesh, India, a known endemic region for iodine deficiency. DESIGN: Three districts, namely Kangra, Kullu and Solan, were selected. SETTING: In each district, thirty clusters (villages) were identified by utilizing the population-proportional-to-size cluster sampling methodology. In each cluster, seventeen pregnant mothers attending the antenatal clinics were included. SUBJECTS: A total of 1711 pregnant mothers (647 from Kangra, 551 from Kullu and 513 from Solan) were studied. Clinical examination of the thyroid of each pregnant mother was conducted. Spot urine samples were collected from ten pregnant mothers in each cluster. Similarly, salt samples were collected from eleven pregnant mothers in each cluster. RESULTS: Total goitre rate was 42·2 % (Kangra), 42·0 % (Kullu) and 19·9 % (Solan). The median urinary iodine concentration was 200 µg/l (Kangra), 149 µg/l (Kullu) and 130 µg/l (Solan). The percentage of pregnant mothers consuming adequately iodized salt (iodine content of 15 ppm and more) was found to be 68·3 % (Kangra), 60·3 % (Kullu) and 48·5 % (Solan). CONCLUSION: Pregnant mothers in Kullu and Solan districts had iodine deficiency as indicated by a median urinary iodine concentration less than 150 µg/l.
Subject(s)
Deficiency Diseases/epidemiology , Diet/adverse effects , Iodine/deficiency , Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Nutritional Status , Pregnancy Complications/epidemiology , Rural Health , Adult , Cluster Analysis , Deficiency Diseases/physiopathology , Deficiency Diseases/prevention & control , Deficiency Diseases/urine , Female , Goiter, Endemic/etiology , Goiter, Endemic/pathology , Humans , India/epidemiology , Iodine/analysis , Iodine/chemistry , Iodine/therapeutic use , Iodine/urine , Organ Size , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications/physiopathology , Pregnancy Complications/prevention & control , Pregnancy Complications/urine , Prevalence , Sodium Chloride, Dietary/therapeutic use , Thyroid Gland/pathology , Young AdultABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: Goitre in the West African sub-region is caused by iodine deficiency and goitrogens in the diet. Supplementary iodine nutrition on a mass scale was started in Ghana in 1996. In areas where iodine deficiency have been corrected the histological pattern of goitre changes and this influences surgical decision making. Data on the histological types of goitre in our institution is lacking. OBJECTIVE: To define the histopathological types of goitre in this initial period of iodine supplementation and relate this to the types of thyroid surgeries that were performed. METHODS: It was a prospective study of consecutive patients who underwent thyroidectomy from January 2003-December 2007. Descriptive statistics was employed in analyzing the data RESULTS: Five hundred and twenty eight cases were studied made up of 470 (89%) females and 58 (11%) males with mean age of 41.98 yrs, SD ± 12.90 yrs. The excised mean thyroid tissue weight was 161.4 g, SD ± 116.3 yrs. Hyperplastic goitres were 373 (70.7%), toxic goitre 70 (13.3%), adenoma 37 (7.0%), carcinoma 25 (4.7%) and thyroiditis 23 (4.4%). Papillary carcinoma accounted for 56% (14) cancers. Subtotal thyroidectomy was performed in 278 (52.7%) of patients, near total thyroidectomy 107 (20.3%), lobectomy 98 (18.6%),total thyroidectomy 24 (4.5%), excision or completion thyroidectomy 20 (3.8%) and de-bulking 1 patient. Overall, complications occurred in 32 patients (6.1%) and were made up mostly of haemorrhage in 10 (1.9%), Hypocalcaemia 10 (1.9%), unilateral Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve(RLN) injury 3 (0.57%), Tracheal collapse 3 (0.57%) and Bilateral RLN injury 2 (0.4%). CONCLUSION: The introduction of iodine supplementation on a mass scale in Ghana is yet to have its fullest impact on thyroid diseases. Goitres are still large and cause pressure effects. Toxic, inflammatory and malignant goitres are gaining prominence, and surgery for malignant goitre was oncologically inadequate.Near total thyroidectomy is recommended as the minimum surgery to avert the need for completion thyroidectomies in view of the lack of preoperative pathological diagnosis of thyroid lesions.
Subject(s)
Dietary Supplements , Goiter, Endemic/pathology , Goiter, Endemic/surgery , Iodine/therapeutic use , Trace Elements/therapeutic use , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Biopsy, Fine-Needle , Child , Female , Ghana , Goiter, Endemic/diet therapy , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Postoperative Complications , Prospective Studies , Recurrence , Thyroidectomy , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Insulin resistance (IR) is a key factor involved in the pathogenesis of impaired glucose metabolism. IR is associated with increased thyroid volume and nodule prevalence in patients with metabolic syndrome. Data on the association of thyroid morphology and abnormal glucose metabolism are limited. This prospective study was carried out to evaluate thyroid volume and nodule prevalence in patients with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in a mild-to-moderate iodine deficient area. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were gathered on all newly diagnosed patients with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus between May 2008 and February 2010. 156 patients with pre-diabetes and 123 patients with type 2 DM were randomly matched for age, gender, and smoking habits with 114 subjects with normal glucose metabolism. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid ultrasonography was performed in all participants. RESULTS: Mean TSH level in the diabetes group (1.9±0.9 mIU/L) was higher than in the control group (1.4±0.8 mIU/L) and the pre-diabetes group (1.5±0.8 mIU/L) (P<0.0001 for both). Mean thyroid volume was higher in the pre-diabetes (18.2±9.2mL) and diabetes (20.0±8.2mL) groups than in controls (11.4±3.8mL) (P<0.0001 for both). Percentage of patients with thyroid nodules was also higher in the pre-diabetes (51.3%) and diabetes groups (61.8%) than in controls (23.7%) (P<0.0001 for both). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that patients with impaired glucose metabolism have significantly increased thyroid volume and nodule prevalence.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Goiter, Endemic/pathology , Insulin Resistance , Iodine/deficiency , Prediabetic State/complications , Thyroid Gland/pathology , Thyroid Nodule/pathology , Autoantibodies/blood , Case-Control Studies , Female , Goiter, Endemic/complications , Goiter, Endemic/epidemiology , Goiter, Endemic/metabolism , Humans , Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating/analysis , Iodine/urine , Male , Middle Aged , Organ Size , Prevalence , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Thyroid Gland/immunology , Thyroid Gland/metabolism , Thyroid Nodule/complications , Thyroid Nodule/epidemiology , Thyroid Nodule/metabolism , Thyrotropin/blood , Thyrotropin/metabolism , Turkey/epidemiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Stiffness has been associated to malignancy in prostate and breast, as well as thyroid. Ultrasound elastography objectively measures tissue elasticity, and previous studies have described it as a high sensitivity and specificity technique for the detection of malignant thyroid nodules in high-risk populations. The aim was to assess the accuracy of elastography in a population with low risk of malignancy. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: 128 consecutive patients with nodular goiter were recruited. Elastography and ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration were performed. When malignancy was suspected by citology, surgery was recommended. Thyroid nodules were classified by elastography according the criteria described by Ueno, and an alternative classification. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and odds ratio were calculated. RESULTS: Most patients were female, aged 56.1 year, with single nodule (52.0%) or multinodular goiter (45.6%), and a few thyroiditis (2.4%). The majority of nodules were mostly elastic. Fine-needle aspiration found 86% of benign nodules, 9.3% of indeterminate, and 4.7% possibly malignant. After surgery, 3 malignant nodules were confirmed, all of them being papillary carcinomas. All the malignant nodules were mostly elastic, as well as 75% of indeterminate nodules. Low values of sensitivity and specificity were found for elastic nodules being benign and hard nodules malignant. CONCLUSION: In a low-risk population for thyroid cancer, elastography lacks accuracy for the diagnosis of malignant nodules.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma/diagnostic imaging , Thyroid Gland/diagnostic imaging , Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Thyroid Nodule/diagnostic imaging , Adult , Aged , Biopsy, Fine-Needle , Carcinoma/epidemiology , Carcinoma/pathology , Carcinoma/surgery , Carcinoma, Papillary , Elasticity , Elasticity Imaging Techniques , Female , Goiter, Endemic/diagnostic imaging , Goiter, Endemic/epidemiology , Goiter, Endemic/pathology , Goiter, Nodular/diagnostic imaging , Goiter, Nodular/epidemiology , Goiter, Nodular/pathology , Hospitals, University , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Risk , Sensitivity and Specificity , Spain/epidemiology , Thyroid Cancer, Papillary , Thyroid Gland/immunology , Thyroid Gland/pathology , Thyroid Gland/surgery , Thyroid Neoplasms/epidemiology , Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology , Thyroid Neoplasms/surgery , Thyroid Nodule/epidemiology , Thyroid Nodule/pathology , Thyroid Nodule/surgery , Thyroiditis/diagnostic imaging , Thyroiditis/epidemiology , Thyroiditis/pathologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The role of costimulatory molecules expressed on lymphocytes and thyrocytes in hyperthyroidism has attracted increasing attention and research has shown a close correlation between variant expression of these molecules on lymphocytes and thyrocytes and the development of GD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: [corrected] Thyroid tissues were collected from GD patients during surgery and from Hashimoto disease (HT) and non-toxic goiter (NTG) patients as controls. ICOSL expression on infiltrated B cells and TFC was detected by flow cytometry (FCM), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Variation in ICOSL expression on TFC in primary cultures was analyzed in the absence or presence of cytokines using FCM assays. The role of ICOS-ICOSL signaling in proliferation, thyroid hormone production and thyroglobulin (Tg) release was investigated in primary TFC cultures using ICOS gene transfected L929 cells (ICOS-L929 cells) and the blocking ICOSL antibody (11 C4) in MTT assays and radioimmunoassays. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: ICOSL expression on infiltrated B cells and TFC was detected in GD patient tissue. However, ICOSL expression was only detected on infiltrated B cells in control HT and NTG patient tissue. ICOSL expression on TFC was induced in vitro by the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-6 and TNF-α. Compared with mock transfected L929 (mock-L929) control cells, ICOS-L929 cells promoted significant proliferation of primary cultured TFC, with increased thyroid hormone and Tg production (all P < 0.01). TFC proliferation and production of thyroid hormones and Tg were inhibited significantly in the presence of ICOSL blocking antibody (11 C4) (all P < 0.05). Our observations suggest that ICOS-ICOSL signal plays a direct role in proliferation and differentiation of TFC and may exert important effects in the initiation, maintenance and exaggeration of autoimmune responses in local tissue.
Subject(s)
Goiter, Endemic/genetics , Graves Disease/genetics , Hashimoto Disease/genetics , Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Ligand/genetics , Thyroid Gland/metabolism , Adult , Animals , Antibodies/pharmacology , Cell Line , Cell Movement/drug effects , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Female , Gene Expression/drug effects , Goiter, Endemic/immunology , Goiter, Endemic/metabolism , Goiter, Endemic/pathology , Graves Disease/immunology , Graves Disease/metabolism , Graves Disease/pathology , Hashimoto Disease/immunology , Hashimoto Disease/metabolism , Hashimoto Disease/pathology , Humans , Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Ligand/antagonists & inhibitors , Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Ligand/metabolism , Interferon-gamma/pharmacology , Interleukin-6/pharmacology , Lymphocytes/drug effects , Lymphocytes/immunology , Lymphocytes/pathology , Male , Mice , Middle Aged , Primary Cell Culture , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Thyroid Gland/immunology , Thyroid Gland/pathology , Transfection , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Endemic goitre is a major concern in many parts of the world, including Southeast Asia. Goitrous thyroid lesion is postulated as a precursor lesion to thyroid cancer (TC). This paper reviews the prevalence rates and characteristics of TC among cases of goitrous thyroid-swelling in different parts of Malaysia and Myanmar. Recorded data from hospital-based retrospective studies of thyroid cases, whose study periods ranged from three to 11 years, were analysed. These included research findings from the author's publications as well as other published review articles of retrospective analyses. The incidence of TC varies among gender, age, race/ethnicity and histological type. There appears to be a higher rate of occurrence among females aged 21-60 years. Papillary thyroid carcinoma is the more common histological type compared to follicular cancer. This review also presents a descriptive analysis and discussion on studies conducted in other countries. Further exploration is warranted in order to uncover the possible risk factors for the rising incidence of TC.
Subject(s)
Goiter, Endemic/epidemiology , Goiter, Endemic/pathology , Precancerous Conditions/pathology , Thyroid Neoplasms/epidemiology , Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology , Adult , Age Distribution , Biopsy, Needle , Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology , Developing Countries , Female , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Incidence , Malaysia/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Myanmar/epidemiology , Precancerous Conditions/epidemiology , Risk Assessment , Sex Distribution , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The exclusion of cancer in endemic goiter is often difficult mainly because of the high number of nodules and the as-yet unclear natural history of diagnosed cancer in endemic goiter patients. In a large number of consecutive patients who were to undergo total thyroidectomy for endemic multinodular goiter, we assessed indications for surgery and thyroid cancer outcome. METHODS: All patients who were to undergo total thyroidectomy for diffuse multinodular goiter on histological examination between January 1990 and October 2008 were evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 1,161 patients included in the study, 252 were cases of thyroid cancer (21.7%). Sensitivity of thyroid ultrasound (US) and fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) for cancer detection was 30.3 and 64.1%, respectively. Differentiated thyroid carcinoma accounted for most of the tumors (96%), with 54.8% of them being papillary microcarcinomas, while bilateral-multicentric cancer occurred in 20.3%. In multivariate analysis, younger age (p = 0.06), sonographic findings (p = 0.03), and presence of histological thyroiditis (p = 0.09) were independently associated with the occurrence of tumors with diameter greater than 2 cm. The percentage of transient and permanent postoperative complications were approximately 25 and below 2%, respectively. After a median follow-up time of 78.5 months, overall recurrence rate was 6.7% and disease-specific mortality was 1.2%. CONCLUSION: As US and FNAC did not consistently detect cancer in patients with diffuse multinodular goiter in our endemic area, evidence-based indications for surgery in this group of patients is needed, although radical surgery and favorable tumor histology offer favorable outcomes in commonly diagnosed thyroid cancer after total thyroidectomy for endemic multinodular goiter.
Subject(s)
Goiter, Endemic/complications , Goiter, Nodular/complications , Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnosis , Thyroidectomy , Adult , Aged , Biopsy, Fine-Needle , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Goiter, Endemic/diagnostic imaging , Goiter, Endemic/pathology , Goiter, Endemic/surgery , Goiter, Nodular/diagnostic imaging , Goiter, Nodular/pathology , Goiter, Nodular/surgery , Humans , Logistic Models , Male , Middle Aged , Multivariate Analysis , Preoperative Care , Prevalence , Retrospective Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity , Thyroid Gland/diagnostic imaging , Thyroid Gland/pathology , Thyroid Neoplasms/complications , Thyroid Neoplasms/epidemiology , Thyroid Neoplasms/surgery , Treatment Outcome , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
The paper deals with etiopathogenetic and clinical peculiarities, and also therapeutic methods during the pathological processes in the thyroid system in the childhood. The most common of these processes is the diffuse nontoxic goiter, which results in abnormality of metabolic processes regulation in the child's growing organism and often signals to the beginning of many thyropathies.
Subject(s)
Goiter, Endemic/pathology , Goiter, Nodular/pathology , Graves Disease/pathology , Iodine/deficiency , Thyroid Gland/pathology , Child , Child, Preschool , Europe/epidemiology , Goiter, Endemic/epidemiology , Goiter, Endemic/metabolism , Goiter, Nodular/epidemiology , Goiter, Nodular/metabolism , Graves Disease/epidemiology , Graves Disease/metabolism , Humans , Russia/epidemiology , Severity of Illness Index , Thyroid Gland/metabolism , Thyrotropin/metabolism , Thyroxine/metabolism , Triiodothyronine/metabolism , Ukraine/epidemiologySubject(s)
Goiter, Endemic/diagnosis , Goiter, Nodular/diagnosis , Radionuclide Imaging , Thyroid Function Tests , Ultrasonography , Biopsy, Fine-Needle , Diagnosis, Differential , Goiter, Endemic/pathology , Goiter, Endemic/surgery , Goiter, Nodular/pathology , Goiter, Nodular/therapy , Humans , Iodine/therapeutic use , Thyroid Gland/pathology , Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnosis , Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology , Thyroidectomy , Thyroxine/therapeutic useABSTRACT
The essentially desirable standardisation of various European and American guidelines for the evaluation of thyroid nodules has led to the recommendation to perform fine-needle biopsy (FNB) in all nodules >1 cm in order to detect clinically occult thyroid carcinoma early. However, in iodine-deficient areas such as Germany (where thyroid nodules are found in approximately 25% of the adult population) this recommendation would substantially increase both the number of FNB and thyroid operations without significantly increasing the cancer detection rate. The recommendation for FNB in Germany, therefore, should be restricted to hypofunctioning ("cold") nodules >1 cm.
Subject(s)
Biopsy, Fine-Needle , Goiter, Endemic/pathology , Thyroid Gland/pathology , Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology , Thyroid Nodule/pathology , Adult , Algorithms , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diagnosis, Differential , Germany , Goiter, Endemic/diagnostic imaging , Goiter, Endemic/epidemiology , Humans , Iodine/deficiency , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Radionuclide Imaging , Thyroid Gland/diagnostic imaging , Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Thyroid Neoplasms/epidemiology , Thyroid Nodule/diagnostic imaging , Thyroid Nodule/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The recurrent goiter is the regrowth of thyroid tissue after thyroidectomy. An inadequate surgical removal of the thyroid gland, lack of substitution therapy and pathological stimulation of the thyroid growth can all promote the recurrence. The aim of this study was to find the connection between the histopathological findings during the first and second operation and the recurrence of goiter. The study group consisted of 29 women and 1 man. The mean time to recurrence was 15 years. The most frequent histopathological finding during the first and second operation was struma nodosa. According to our observations different histopathological findings were found in 63.4% cases after primary and secondary thyroidectomy. Some genetic investigations showed that nodules in recurrent goiters did not derive from nodules left during the first operation but from a group of cells which had high growth potential. Thus, not only the operation technique and substitution after operation are key factors of successful therapy of goiter, but also other factors which stimulate the re-growth of thyroid tissue.
Subject(s)
Goiter/pathology , Goiter/prevention & control , Thyroid Gland/pathology , Female , Goiter/surgery , Goiter, Endemic/pathology , Goiter, Endemic/surgery , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Recurrence , Reoperation , Thyroid Gland/surgery , Thyroidectomy , Time FactorsABSTRACT
In developed countries, the use of iodised salt represents the best prophylaxis of endemic goitre in areas exposed to iodine deficiency. In the present study we re-evaluated goitre prevalence and iodine intake 10 years after the introduction of iodised salt in an area of goitre endemia in north-eastern Sicily (Italy), and we compared these results with those obtained in previous surveys. Three centres with known moderate goitre endemia (Bronte, Nicosia, and Gagliano) and three other smaller ones with severe goitre endemia (Sperlinga, Villadoro, and Maniace) were studied. We surveyed 697 schoolchildren. Goitre prevalence was assessed by thyroid palpation and by a thyroid ultrasound scan. Iodine urinary excretion was also measured. Iodised salt consumption was 44% of total salt consumption. Goitre prevalence assessed by thyroid palpation was significantly decreased in all towns studied compared to previous surveys. However, the persistence of a mild goitre endemia was observed in some small rural centres (5.8% in Sperlinga/Villadoro, and 11.4% in Maniace). Goitre prevalence evaluated by thyroid ultrasound scan was greater than 5% in all centres of the endemic area and was always greater than that assessed by thyroid palpation. Iodine urinary excretion was above 100 microg/l in all localities studied. In conclusion, our studies indicate a progressive reduction in goitre prevalence over a period of about 30 years in schoolchildren in a well-characterised endemic area in northeastern Sicily. The decrease in goitre prevalence was associated with a significant increase in urinary iodine excretion. However, it may be speculated that iodine deficiency is the pre-eminent, but not the exclusive cause of goitre endemia in this area.