An overview of retrosternal goiter.

Goiters tend to grow slowly and steadily over many years, occasionally reaching the mediastinum and extending through the thoracic inlet into the visceral compartment. In most cases, retrosternal goiters originate from the cervical portion of the thyroid. The incidence of retrosternal goiters varies considerably, ranging from 0.2 to 45% of all thyroidectomies, depending on the criteria used to define this type of goiter. Symptoms are generally related to the compressive nature of the mass on the adjacent structures, and most patients report some form of respiratory manifestation associated with the goiter. A diagnostic assessment usually includes an evaluation of thyroid function, chest radiography, and computed tomography. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy should be avoided in substernal areas of the goiter due to limited visibility and location of vital structures in this region. Treatment of retrosternal goiters is surgical, as medical therapy is generally unsuccessful in these cases.

Bocio endotorácico / Endothoracic goiter

Paciente masculino de 64 años de edad con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial y alergia al yodo, tratado con enalapril, que acudió a Consulta de Medicina Interna del Policlínico Máximo Gómez Báez de Holguín en enero de 2016 por presentar decaimiento, cansancio fácil, tos seca frecuente, palpitaciones, disfagia y cambios de la voz (ronquera), cuadro que comenzó hacía aproximadamente dos meses, y fue aumentando en intensidad sin otras complicaciones. Se realizaron los estudios de laboratorio para la valoración preoperatoria, además de los estudios de la función tiroidea, radiografías de tórax (vista antero posterior y lateral), tomografía de tórax, ecografía de la tiroides y biopsia de aspiración con aguja fina en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Lucía Íñiguez de Holguín. Se encontró un bocio endotorácico y se realizó tratamiento quirúrgico que consistió en hemitiroidectomía derecha. El transoperatorio y el posoperatorio transcurrieron sin complicaciones, y el informe anatomopatológico reveló la presencia de un bocio coloide adenomatoso.(AU)

A 64-year-old male patient with a history of hypertension and iodine allergy, treated with enalapril, who came to the Internal Medicine Consultation of Máximo Gómez Báez Polyclinic in Holguín in January 2016 due to decay, easy fatigue, frequent dry cough, Palpitations, dysphagia and voice changes (hoarseness), a condition that began about two months ago, and increased in intensity without other complications. Laboratory studies were performed for preoperative assessment, in addition to studies of thyroid function, chest X-rays (anteroposterior and lateral view), chest x-ray, thyroid ultrasound, and fine needle aspiration biopsy at Lucía Íñiguez Clinical l Surgical Hospital of Holguín. An endothoracic goiter was found and surgical treatment consisted of right hemithyroidectomy. The transoperative and the postoperative period passed without complications, and the anatomopathological report revealed the presence of an adenomatous coloid goiter.

Bocio endotorácico remanente a seis años de postiroidectomía total / Unusual endothoracic goiter after six year of total post-thyroidectomy

El bocio endotorácico remanente se define como el hallazgo de tejido tiroideo mediastinal después de una tiroidectomía total. Es una entidad infrecuente y generalmente el tumor se encuentra en el mediastino anterior, en posición retroesternal. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con bocio endotorácico remanente postiroidectomía total diagnosticado 6 años después. Se le realizó una exéresis a la enferma de la lesión sin complicaciones intra ni posoperatorias(AU)

Unusual endothoracic goiter is defined as the finding of mediastinal thyroid tissue after total thyroidectomy. It is uncommon and generally the tumor is located in the anterior mediastinum at retrosternal position. This was a patient with unusual endothoracic goiter after total thyroidectomy and diagnosed six years later. The lesion was excised with no intraoperative or postoperative complications(AU)

Bocio endotorácico remanente a seis años de postiroidectomía total / Unusual endothoracic goiter after six year of total post-thyroidectomy

El bocio endotorácico remanente se define como el hallazgo de tejido tiroideo mediastinal después de una tiroidectomía total. Es una entidad infrecuente y generalmente el tumor se encuentra en el mediastino anterior, en posición retroesternal. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con bocio endotorácico remanente postiroidectomía total diagnosticado 6 años después. Se le realizó una exéresis a la enferma de la lesión sin complicaciones intra ni posoperatorias(AU)

Unusual endothoracic goiter is defined as the finding of mediastinal thyroid tissue after total thyroidectomy. It is uncommon and generally the tumor is located in the anterior mediastinum at retrosternal position. This was a patient with unusual endothoracic goiter after total thyroidectomy and diagnosed six years later. The lesion was excised with no intraoperative or postoperative complications(AU)

Pemberton Sign: A Recommendation to Perform Arm Elevation Spirometry With Flow-Volume Loops.

We report a case of intrathoracic goiter with positive Pemberton sign. Conventional spirometry did not show abnormalities, but arm elevation spirometry with flow-volume loops revealed expiratory flow limitation with a plateau. Clinicians should consider repeating flow-volume loops with arm elevation in all cases of intrathoracic goiter with initially normal loops.

Bocio endotorácico / Endothoracic goiter

Se informa el caso de una paciente de 71 años de edad, con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, que acude a consulta externa pues hace unos 5 años presenta aumento de volumen de la región inferior y lateral del cuello que se acompaña de decaimientos, palpitaciones y disfagia ocasional. Se realizaron los estudios de laboratorio para la valoración preoperatoria, además de los estudios de la función tiroidea, radiografías de tórax (vista anteroposterior), tomografía de tórax, ecografía de la tiroides y biopsia de aspiración con aguja fina. Se encontró un bocio endotorácico eutiroideo y se realizó tratamiento quirúrgico que consistió en hemitiroidectomía izquierda con istmectomía. El transoperatorio y el posoperatorio transcurrieron sin complicaciones, y el informe anatomopatológico reveló la presencia de un bocio coloide nodular(AU)

This is the case of a female patient aged 71 with a history of high blood pressure seen in external consultation since five years ago she presents a volume increase of lower and lateral region of the neck accompanied of weakness, palpitations and occasional dysphagia. Laboratory studies were conducted to preoperative assessment in addition to thyroid function studies, thorax X-rays (anteroposterior view), thorax tomography, thyroid gland echography and fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). A euthyroid endothoracic goiter was present; surgical treatment was done consisting of left hemithyroidectomy with isthmectomy. In transoperative and postoperative periods there were not complications and the anatomic and pathologic report revealed the presence of nodular colloid goiter(AU)

Bocio endotorácico / Endothoracic goiter

Se informa el caso de una paciente de 71 años de edad, con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, que acude a consulta externa pues hace unos 5 años presenta aumento de volumen de la región inferior y lateral del cuello que se acompaña de decaimientos, palpitaciones y disfagia ocasional. Se realizaron los estudios de laboratorio para la valoración preoperatoria, además de los estudios de la función tiroidea, radiografías de tórax (vista anteroposterior), tomografía de tórax, ecografía de la tiroides y biopsia de aspiración con aguja fina. Se encontró un bocio endotorácico eutiroideo y se realizó tratamiento quirúrgico que consistió en hemitiroidectomía izquierda con istmectomía. El transoperatorio y el posoperatorio transcurrieron sin complicaciones, y el informe anatomopatológico reveló la presencia de un bocio coloide nodular(AU)

This is the case of a female patient aged 71 with a history of high blood pressure seen in external consultation since five years ago she presents a volume increase of lower and lateral region of the neck accompanied of weakness, palpitations and occasional dysphagia. Laboratory studies were conducted to preoperative assessment in addition to thyroid function studies, thorax X-rays (anteroposterior view), thorax tomography, thyroid gland echography and fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). A euthyroid endothoracic goiter was present; surgical treatment was done consisting of left hemithyroidectomy with isthmectomy. In transoperative and postoperative periods there were not complications and the anatomic and pathologic report revealed the presence of nodular colloid goiter(AU)

A critical analysis of 33 patients with substernal goiter surgically treated by neck incision.

UNLABELLED: The possibility of needing a combined access, with neck and chest incisions makes the treatment of substernal goiter a challenge both in the pre-op and the intraoperative. We hereby, discuss a standardization of the surgical technique to minimize the need for a chest approach, making the substernal goiter a surgically treatable disease, through a single neck incision, and with low indices of complication. AIM: To assess the substernal goiter surgically approach through a neck incision and to analyze the surgical complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out a historical cohort by retrospective analysis of the charts of patients submitted to thyroidectomy, and 33 of them (10.4%) had substernal goiter. RESULTS: All 33 patients were surgically treated through a neck incision without the need for sternotomy. We did not observe definitive lesions in the inferior laryngeal nerve or definitive hypoparathyroidism. Only 2 patients had recurrent nerve paresis; and 2 patients were re-operated because of a neck hematoma. CONCLUSION: Patients with substernal goiter can be safely treated surgically through a single neck incision, bearing low complication rates.

Avaliação crítica de 33 pacientes com bócio mergulhante tratados cirurgicamente por cervicotomia / A critical analysis of 33 patients with substernal goiter surgically treated by neck incision

A possibilidade de ser necessário um acesso combinado, com uma incisão cervical e outra torácica, torna o tratamento do bócio mergulhante um desafio tanto no pré quanto no intra-operatório. Discutimos uma padronização da técnica cirúrgica para minimizar a necessidade da abordagem torácica, tornando o bócio mergulhante uma patologia tratável cirurgicamente, por uma única incisão cervical, e com baixos índices de complicações. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a abordagem cirúrgica do bócio mergulhante por cervicotomia e analisar as complicações cirúrgicas. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma coorte histórica com corte transversal por análise retrospectiva dos prontuários de pacientes submetidos à tireoidectomia no período de maio de 2002 a julho de 2007. Um total de 316 pacientes foi submetido à tireoidectomia sendo 33 (10,4 por cento) por bócio mergulhante. RESULTADOS: Todos os 33 pacientes foram tratados cirurgicamente por via cervical sem necessidade de esternotomia. Não foram observadas lesões definitivas de nervo laríngeo inferior ou hipoparatireoidismo definitivo. Apenas 2 pacientes apresentaram paresia de nervo recorrente e 2 pacientes foram reabordados por hematoma cervical. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com bócio mergulhante podem ser tratados cirurgicamente por uma única incisão cervical com segurança e baixos índices de complicação.

The possibility of needing a combined access, with neck and chest incisions makes the treatment of substernal goiter a challenge both in the pre-op and the intraoperative. We hereby, discuss a standardization of the surgical technique to minimize the need for a chest approach, making the substernal goiter a surgically treatable disease, through a single neck incision, and with low indices of complication. AIM: to assess the substernal goiter surgically approach through a neck incision and to analyze the surgical complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: we carried out a historical cohort by retrospective analysis of the charts of patients submitted to thyroidectomy, and 33 of them (10.4 percent) had substernal goiter. RESULTS: all 33 patients were surgically treated through a neck incision without the need for sternotomy. We did not observe definitive lesions in the inferior laryngeal nerve or definitive hypoparathyroidism. Only 2 patients had recurrent nerve paresis; and 2 patients were re-operated because of a neck hematoma. CONCLUSION: patients with substernal goiter can be safely treated surgically through a single neck incision, bearing low complication rates.

Bócio ectópico intratorácico primário no mediastino posterior: relato de caso e revisão de literatura / Primary ectopic intrathoracic goiter in posterior mediastinum: a case report and review of the literature

O bócio ectópico intratorácico primário é entidade muito rara que corresponde à presença de tecido tireoidiano aberrante hiperplasiado, localizado no interior do tórax, sem possuir nenhum contatoou relação com a tireóide cervical, que se encontra geralmente com aspecto normal. Apresentamos um caso de paciente do sexo feminino, 61 anos de idade, com os achados de radiografia etomografia computadorizada, associado a revisão de literatura, demonstrando os achados de imagem, diagnósticos diferenciais, possíveis fatores etiológicos e os tratamentos.

The ectopic primary intrathoracic goiter is an uncommon tumor that corresponds to a hyperplasia of an ectopic thyroid tissue, that develops in the thorax, distinct from the cervical thyroid gland,which usually exists on its normal aspect. We report the case of a 61-year-old female patient, with the aspects of the radiograph and computed tomography examinations, comparing them with the literature, demonstrating the image aspects, differential diagnosis,possible etiology factors and treatments of the disease.

Adenoma paratiroideo intratorácico: diagnóstico y terapéutica / Intrathoracic parathyroid adenoma: diagnosis and treatment

El hiperparatiroidismo primario es una entidad rara vez provocada por Adenomas Paratiroideos Intratorácicos (19-6,8 por ciento), requiriendo en menos del 2 por ciento un abordaje mediastinal transesternal. El objetivo de la presente comunicación analiza 1 paciente con HPTP, cuyos estudios preoperatorios localizan una tumoración funcionalmente hipercaptante en mediastino anterior e inferior y que necesitó una esternotomía mediana completa para su terapéutica(AU)

Bócio de tireóide intratorácico e timoma invasivo: apresentação simultânea incomum / Intrathoracic goiter and invasive thymoma: rare concomitant presentation

Apresentamos uma rara situação de ocorrência simultânea de dois tumores de mediastino com diferentes topografias e histologias, encontrados durante a ressecção de volumosa massa mediastinal em paciente assintomático. A possibilidade de diferentes tumores contidos numa mesma massa tumoral está relatada; entretanto, não encontramos na literatura médica relato de diferentes tumores em localizações distintas. Os bócios de tiróide intratorácicos e os timomas representam uma grande parcela dos tumores encontrados no mediastino. O tratamento cirúrgico, sempre que possível, desempenha papel fundamental na perspectiva de cura. A exploração cirúrgica minuciosa é fundamental para uma ressecção completa e possível achado de lesões concomitantes.

We present a rare situation in which two mediastinal tumors of different topology and histology were found during the resection of an extensive mediastinal tumor in an asymptomatic patient. Different histologies within the same mass have been reported, although, to our knowledge, there have been no reports of different tumors at distinct locations. Thymomas and intrathoracic goiters account for a large proportion of the tumors found in the mediastinum. When feasible, surgical resection plays a fundamental role in effecting a cure. In order to identify concomitant lesions and perform a complete resection, detailed surgical exploration is required.

Intrathoracic goiter and invasive thymoma: rare concomitant presentation.

We present a rare situation in which two mediastinal tumors of different topology and histology were found during the resection of an extensive mediastinal tumor in an asymptomatic patient. Different histologies within the same mass have been reported, although, to our knowledge, there have been no reports of different tumors at distinct locations. Thymomas and intrathoracic goiters account for a large proportion of the tumors found in the mediastinum. When feasible, surgical resection plays a fundamental role in effecting a cure. In order to identify concomitant lesions and perform a complete resection, detailed surgical exploration is required.

Manejo diagnóstico e terapêutico do bócio mergulhante / Diagnostic and therapeutic management of substernal goiter

As condutas clínicas e cirúrgicas no bócio mergulhante ainda são controversas, não havendo um consenso na literatura sobre qual o momento ideal para intervir cirurgicamente nos pacientes com esta enfermidade. É preciso conhecer as indicações, conseqüências e complicações do tratamento cirúrgico do bócio mergulhante. Este trabalho resulta de uma revisão de publicações sobre tratamento do bócio mergulhante no período de 1995 a 2000. As bases de dados utilizadas foram Medline e Lillacs. Objetiva-se atualizar, orientar e esclarecer dúvidas dos profissionais a respeito desses fatores. Discutem-se os métodos diagnósticos e as condutas terapêuticas em casos de bócio mergulhante...

There is no unanimity regarding clinical or surgical procedures in treatment of substernal goiter. Indications, consequences, and complications of substernal goiter surgery must be carefully evaluated. A review of the literaturc based on Medline and Lillacs regarding surgery of substernal goiter from 1995 to 2000 is made and discussed.

Tumores y quistes del mediastino / Mediastinum tumors and cysts

Los tumores y quistes del medistino son lesiones poco frecuentes, que se originan en las estructuras propias de cada uno de sus compartimientos o en elementos extramediastínicos que lo invaden. El logro de buenos resultados terapéuticos en este tipo de patología requiere de un diagnóstico preciso y oportuno lo cual no siempre es fácil. En este artículo se revisan algunos aspectos de estas lesiones, destacando sus relaciones anatómicas, presentación clínica y estudio de laboratorio. Se describen los tumores más frecuentes y sus respectivas características clínicas, los exámenes complementarios de mayor rendimiento y modalidades terapéuticas actualmente en uso

Bocio cervicotorácico: experiencias y consideraciones sobre 57 casos / Cervicothoracic goiter: considerations and experiences of 57 cases

Se considera la experiencia sobre 57 casos de bocio cervicotorácico. Analizamos las clasificaciones de esta patología y se adopta la que consideramos más apropiada; se realiza el estudio clínico y métodos complementarios, destacándose la importancia de la T.A.C., como elemento de diagnóstico y orientador de la táctica quirúrgica a seguir. Damos las pautas de la técnica quirúrgica empleada; se analizan las complicaciones encontradas y advertimos de los riesgos de esta cirugía. Hacemos notar que con una cervicotomía amplia, prolija disección, individualizados los elementos nobles que se nos presentan, llegamos por esta vía a un final satisfactorio, en la casi totalidad de los casos. Destacamos las escasas complicaciones surgidas como consecuencia de un acto realizado con minuciosidad