In the thicket of fears, doubts, and murky facts: some reflections on treatment modalities for endometriosis-associated pain.

Endometriosis-associated pain can be managed by either surgery or hormonal therapy. The final decision as to which treatment modality to take is based on efficacy and possible complications of different treatment modalities, risk of recurrence, and the patient's wishes and preferences. But in the thicket of fears, doubts, and murky facts, the choice may ultimately be the trade-off between irrational fears and ignorance versus scientific evidence. We elaborate some pros and cons of the two treatment modalities and highlight some notable downsides of hormonal therapy, in particular the possible yet unquantified risk of long-term hormonal therapy for malignant transformation, perhaps with the only exception of combined oral contraceptives. Thus, when discussing with patients, we advocate the approach of discussing the advantages and disadvantages of all treatment options in detail, accounting for the known pros and cons with a full understanding of the predictive irrationality of human beings. For endometriosis-associated pain, surgery is definitely not a failure of medicine but, rather, a viable option, especially given the recently surfaced undercurrent of wariness and dissatisfaction with the current hormonal drugs among patients with endometriosis. Above all, there is a pressing need to fill the knowledge gap of perioperative interventions intended to reduce the risk of recurrence and to fulfill the demand for the development of safe and efficacious non-hormonal therapeutics.

Issues in transgender dermatology: A systematic review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Transgender patients have many unique dermatologic needs, yet the literature concerning dermatologic care of transgender individuals is lacking. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to provide a systematic review of the literature on dermatology care in transgender individuals to provide a foundation for future research and education. METHODS: We systematically reviewed peer-reviewed published studies that examined dermatologic treatment of transgender patients. RESULTS: A total of 110 articles met the inclusion criteria for systematic review. LIMITATIONS: Because of a lack of quantitative research in transgender dermatology, much of the available literature included in this review relies on case reports and expert opinions. CONCLUSION: Dermatologists have the ability to greatly affect the care of transgender patients, and there are ample opportunities for dermatologists to expand the literature pertaining to this population.

Effects of gonadal hormones on cognitive behaviour in elderly men and women.

Over the last four decades, animal and cell culture studies have shown that sex steroids can have protective effects on the ageing brain. Limited short-term positive effects (2-4 months) of oestrogen treatment were found in women without (as well as with) dementia. By contrast to these initial promising findings, several large treatment studies showed that longer-term oestrogen treatment, particularly when given in combination with progesterone, could exert negative effects on cognitive function in women aged over 65 years. Several observational studies of older women and men also suggest that longer exposure to higher endogenous oestrogen levels at an older age might confer risk for accelerated cognitive decline and dementia. However, health of participants may modify this association and, in women closer to the age at the onset of menopause, positive associations of oestrogens with cognition were also found. The 'healthy cell bias' theory suggests that oestrogens have protective effects in healthy neurones, although cells undergoing pathological change show acceleration in their demise when exposed to oestrogens. In older men, most studies reported higher bioavailable testosterone levels to be associated with better cognitive function. Other studies have reported optimal testosterone levels for better global cognitive function and a reduced risk of cognitive decline. Variation in health status over time and the use of (in)sensitive cognitive tests and hormone assays may explain why this was not always found. In older women, this association (of testosterone with cognition) is less clear. Small studies reported some benefits of testosterone treatment in combination with oestrogen on cognition, although these were of short duration. Several observational studies, on the other hand, found negative associations between high testosterone levels and worse cognitive function in older women. Age, health status, duration of treatment and sex may thus modify effects of longer-term elevated sex steroid levels on brain function.

Meningioma sintomático inducido por tratamiento hormonal cruzado en un transexual hombre a mujer / Symptomatic meningioma induced by cross-sex hormone treatment in a male-to-female transsexual

El transexualismo se define como una fuerte convicción de pertenecer al sexo opuesto en aquellos individuos que no tienen ninguna patología intersexual. La terapia hormonal cruzada es un componente fundamental del tratamiento médico de los transexuales, pero debemos tener en cuenta que no está exenta de efectos adversos.Comunicamos un caso de meningioma en un transexual de hombre-mujer tratado con estrógenos y acetato de ciproterona durante 4 años, que consulta por cefalea y alteraciones visuales. Los análisis de sangre eran normales y en la resonancia magnética (RM) se describía una masa en el tubérculo sellar compatible con meningioma. Con estos resultados se interrumpió el tratamiento y se remitió al paciente a cirugía para resección del tumor. La histología tumoral confirmó un meningioma con receptores de progesterona muy positivos y receptores de estrógenos negativos. Tras la cirugía, el paciente desestimó continuar con el tratamiento hormonal cruzado por lo que se comenzó tratamiento con triptorelina (análogo de GnRH). Al año de seguimiento los síntomas habían mejorado significativamente y en la RM de control no había signos de recidiva tumoral.Este es el tercer caso publicado en la literatura de un meningioma tras tratamiento con estrógenos y progesterona. Consideramos muy importante el seguimiento a largo plazo de los pacientes transexuales que sean sometidos a esta terapia hormonal cruzada para detectar lo antes posible los efectos adversos derivados de la misma (AU)

Transsexualism is defined as a strong conviction of belonging to the opposite sex in individuals without any physical intersex condition. Cross-sex hormone therapy is an important component of medical treatment of transexuals but it is not exempt from adverse effects.We report a case of a meningioma in a male-to-female transsexual patient treated with estrogens and cyproterone acetate for the past 4years. He claimed recently severe headache and visual impairment. Blood tests showed normal results. A contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan revealed a mass in the tuberculum sellae consistent with a meningioma. Treatment was discontinued and tumor resection was performed. Histologic diagnosis confirmed strongly progesterone receptor-positive and estrogen negative meningioma. After surgery, the patient rejected the possibility of continuing with the treatment of estrogens and cyproterone, and so triptorelin (GnRH agonist) was initiated. At 1-year follow-up the patient's symptoms had ameliorated and a MRI scan revealed no recurrence of the tumor.This is the third case reported in the literature of a meningioma after treatment with estrogens and cyproterone acetate. We consider extremely important a long-term follow-up observation of male-to-female transsexual undergoing cross-sex hormone therapy in order to detect as soon as possible the adverse effects that can be derived from this therapy (AU)

[Exacerbations of asthma--precipitating factors: drugs]. / Facteurs déclenchants : médicaments.

Asthmatic exacerbations are sometimes triggered by medications, primarily the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDS) and beta-blockers. Asthma attacks induced by NSAIDS occur rapidly and can be severe. Widal syndrome is a specific disease entity whose physiopathology remains incompletely explained. Asthma is characteristically severe and steroid dependent; desensitisation with aspirin has been proposed, but this remains controversial. Beta-blockers are contra-indicated in asthma; the ß1 "cardioselectivity" of some agents is not absolute, disappearing at high doses and the "partial agonists" are not better tolerated. However, certain authors have called into question the harmful effect of beta-blockade in moderate and stable asthma. More studies are needed, but the current data suggest that in some cases beta-blockers may be safe but their use requires close supervision. Other molecules can pose problems in asthmatics (dipyridamole, synthetic sex hormones and certain excipients). On the whole, there has been little innovation concerning the hazard that drugs can pose for some asthmatics. The task for the future will be to specify the physiopathology of Widal syndrome, and to clarify the categories of patients in whom beta-blockers can be safely employed as the public health consequences of cardiovascular pathologies make this an important issue for lung specialists.

Long-term deprivation of gonadal hormone accelerates brain aging in mice.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of long-term deprivation of gonadal hormone on brain aging in mice to develop a model of gonadectomy-accelerated brain aging. METHODS: Male and female mice at 2 months old were orchiectomized (ORX) or ovarectomized (OVX) bilaterally or sham operated, and then they were fed for 10 months. The spatial learning and memory ability was tested using Morris Water Maze. The biomarkers of brain neuropathology were examined by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Ovarectomy mildly impaired spatial learning and memory of mice, while the impairment in ORX-mice was not significant. The amount of Nissl bodies decreased in the hippocampus and cortex of gonadectomied mice. The expression of beta-amyloid (Aß), beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 and phosphorylated-Tau increased in gonadectomied mice. Nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) decreased in the brain of OVX-mice, but neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) showed no change. We detected no decrease of NGF, BDNF or NT-3 in ORX-mice. TrkA expression decreased and p75(NTR) increased in the brain of gonadectomied mice. In all the above tests, there were no significant differences between young (2 months old) and sham operated (12 months old) mice. Alternations in the brain aging parameters were more obvious in OVX-mice than in ORX-mice. CONCLUSION: Long-term gonadal hormone deprivation by young-age gonadectomy accelerated mouse brain aging, which could serve as a valuable mouse model to study brain aging and aging-related pathological changes.

Cambios en el uso de la terapia hormonal sustitutiva tras una intervención informativa dirigida a mujeres y prescriptores / Changes in the use of hormone replacement therapy after an educational intervention aimed at women and prescribers

Objetivos: Describir las acciones desarrolladas en Asturias en 2004 y 2005 a partir de las recomendaciones de la Agencia Española del Medicamento (AEM) sobre el uso de la terapia hormonal sustitutiva (THS) después de la publicación del Women's Health Initiative y del Million Women Study.Métodos: Estudio casi experimental sin grupo control. Los datos utilizados fueron las ventas de THS entre 1996 y 2003, previamente a la intervención. En 2004–2005 se analizaron las ventas anuales de THS y el porcentaje estimado de mujeres que usaban este tratamiento respecto a la población de 50–59 años de edad. Para el análisis de la evolución de los costes se tomaron los precios de cada especialidad en pesetas hasta el año 2001 y en euros a partir de entonces.Resultados: Hubo un incremento de las ventas hasta el año 2001. A partir de entonces cambió la tendencia, con un descenso hasta 2005 del 73,6%. El descenso observado en el período 2004–2005 (49,1%) fue el doble del producido durante 2002–2003 (24,5%). El porcentaje estimado de mujeres usuarias de THS entre 50 y 59 años habría sido de un 17,2% en 2001 y de un 4,1% en 2005. El gasto total de la THS experimentó un descenso similar, aunque Boltin® (tibolona) duplicó sus ventas. Conclusiones: Las acciones para proporcionar una información sistemática e independiente a los profesionales y la población general son necesarias y eficaces. Es preciso investigar en el ámbito nacional la «epidemia» de la THS y sus costes en la salud, así como el uso de tibolona y sus efectos adversos (AU)

Objective: To describe changes in prescription of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in Asturias (Spain) after the publication of the results of the Women's Health Initiative and the Million Women Study and following the recommendations of the Spanish Drugs Agency to women and prescribers (2004–2005).Methods: We performed a quasiexperimental study with no control group. The data used consisted of sales of HRT products from 1996 to 2003 (preintervention period). In 2004 and 2005, annual sales of HRT products and the percentage of women using HRT among the population aged 50–59 years were analyzed. To analyze trends in costs, we used the price of each product in pesetas until 2001 and in euros thereafter.Results: Sales of HRT increased until 2001. Total sales declined by 73.6% between 2001 and 2005. The decrease between 2004 and 2005 (49.1%) was twice that observed between 2002 and 2003 (24.5%). An estimated 17.2% of women aged 50–59 years old were using HRT in 1996 compared with 4.1% in 2005. The total pharmaceutical cost related to HRT showed a similar decrease, although sales of Boltin® (tibolone) increased by two-fold.Conclusions: Systematic and independent educational interventions aimed at women in the general population and prescribers are both effective and necessary. The HRT epidemic and its health costs, as well as the shift to tibolone prescription and the adverse effects of this drug, should be investigated nationwide (A)