Background Signal-Free Magnetic Bioassay for Food-Borne Pathogen and Residue of Veterinary Drug via Mn(VII)/Mn(II) Interconversion.

Paramagnetic ion-mediated sensors can greatly simplify current magnetic sensors for biochemical assays, but it remains challenging because of the limited sensitivity. Herein, we report a magnetic immunosensor relying on Mn(VII)/Mn(II) interconversion and the corresponding change in the low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) of the transverse relaxation rate (R2). The fact that the NMR R2 of the water protons detected in Mn(II) aqueous solution is much stronger than Mn(VII) aqueous solution enables the modulation of the LF-NMR signal intensity of R2. By employing immunomagnetic separation and enzyme-catalyzed reaction, this Mn(VII)/Mn(II) interconversion allows the development of a background signal-free magnetic immunosensor with a high signal-to-background ratio that enables detection of ractopamine and Salmonella with high sensitivity (the limits of detection for ractopamine and Salmonella are 8.1 pg/mL and 20 cfu/mL, respectively). This Mn-mediated magnetic immunosensor not only retains the good stability but also greatly improves the sensitivity of conventional paramagnetic ion-mediated magnetic sensors, offering a promising platform for sensitive, stable, and convenient bioanalysis.

Synthesis of tritium-labeled cyadox, a promising antimicrobial growth-promoting agent with high specific activity.

Cyadox is a new antimicrobial growth-promoting agent for food-producing animals. Studies on radiolabeled compounds enable the use of sensitive radiometric analytical methods and help in the elucidation of metabolic and elimination pathways. In the present study, 6-[3H]-cyadox with a high specific activity of 2.08 Ci/mmol was prepared by the catalytic bromine-tritium exchange of 4-bromo-2-nitroaniline followed by a three-step microscale synthesis, giving a high yield between 36.16% and 94.75%.

Structure-activity relationship for peptídic growth hormone secretagogues.

Growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRPs) could be widely used by cheating athletes because they produce growth hormone (GH) secretion, so may generate an ergogenic effect in the body. Knowledge of the essential amino acids needed in GHRP structure for interaction with the target biological receptor GHSR1a, the absorption through different administration routes, and the maintenance of pharmacological activity of potential biotransformation products may help in the fight against their abuse in sport. Several GHRPs and truncated analogues with the common core Ala-Trp-(D-Phe)-Lys have been studied with a radio-competitive assay for the GHSR1a receptor against the radioactive natural ligand ghrelin. Relevant chemical modifications influencing the activity for positions 1, 2, 3, and 7 based on the structure aa-aa-aa-Ala-Trp-(D-Phe)-Lys have been obtained. To test in vivo the applicability of the activities observed, the receptor assay activity in samples from excretion studies performed after nasal administration of GHRP-1, GHRP-2, GHRP-6, Hexarelin, and Ipamorelin was confirmed. Overall results obtained allow to infer structure-activity information for those GHRPs and to detect GHSR1a binding (intact GHRPs plus active metabolites) in excreted urines. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for determination of ractopamine residue in pork samples by solid phase extraction and pre-column derivatization.

Ractopamine (RAC) has been approved as a feed additive for swine, cattle or turkey, and is likely to have residue in edible animal products and may pose a potential risk for consumer health. Therefore, it is essential to establish a method to detect the residue of RAC in animal products. This work presents a rapid and sensitive HPLC method for the determination of RAC in pork samples with pre-column derivatization. The RAC derivative was separated on a kromasil C18 column and detected at 284nm with a UV detector. The detection capability (CCß) was 0.078µgg(-1) and the linearity was established over the concentration range of 0.15-100.0µgg(-1). The overall mean recovery in spike range of 0.2µgg(-1) to 100µgg(-1) was 89.9% with the overall mean relative standard deviation of 4.1%. This method can be used for the quantification of RAC in pork samples and help to establish adequate monitoring of the residue of RAC.

Tissue-engineered cartilage: the crossroads of biomaterials, cells and stimulating factors.

Damage to cartilage represents one of the most challenging tasks of musculoskeletal therapeutics due to its limited propensity for healing and regenerative capabilities. Lack of current treatments to restore cartilage tissue function has prompted research in this rapidly emerging field of tissue regeneration of functional cartilage tissue substitutes. The development of cartilaginous tissue largely depends on the combination of appropriate biomaterials, cell source, and stimulating factors. Over the years, various biomaterials have been utilized for cartilage repair, but outcomes are far from achieving native cartilage architecture and function. This highlights the need for exploration of suitable biomaterials and stimulating factors for cartilage regeneration. With these perspectives, we aim to present an overview of cartilage tissue engineering with recent progress, development, and major steps taken toward the generation of functional cartilage tissue. In this review, we have discussed the advances and problems in tissue engineering of cartilage with strong emphasis on the utilization of natural polymeric biomaterials, various cell sources, and stimulating factors such as biophysical stimuli, mechanical stimuli, dynamic culture, and growth factors used so far in cartilage regeneration. Finally, we have focused on clinical trials, recent innovations, and future prospects related to cartilage engineering.

Complex influence of dermatan sulphate on breast cancer cells.

Tumor transformation and progression both lead to extracellular matrix remodeling, which is also reflected in an alteration in the proportion of dermatan sulphate (DS) and chondroitin sulphate (CS) and an accumulation of the latter. In addition, a significant increase in the 6-O-sulphated disaccharide contribution to the structure of both glycosaminoglycans has been observed. It is commonly accepted that CS is more permissive for tumor growth than DS. However, the detailed role of DS in tumor progression is poorly known. We tested the effects of structurally different DSs on the behavior of cultured breast cancer cells. At a high dose (10 µg/mL), all of the DSs significantly reduced cancer cell growth, although some differences in the efficiency of action were apparent. In contrast, when used at a concentration of 1 µg/mL, the examined DSs evoked different responses ranging from the stimulation to the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. The highest stimulatory activity was associated with fibrosis-affected fascia decorin DS, which is characterized by a particularly high content of 6-O-sulphated disaccharides. Further reduction in DS concentration to 0.5 µg/mL preserved majority of biological effects which were apparent at a dose of 1 µg/mL. The enzymatic fragmentation of the DSs, particularly by chondroitinase AC I, abolished the impact exerted by 1 µg/mL of the intact DS chains and sometimes resulted in the opposite effect. In contrast to DSs, highly sulphated C-6-S exhibited no effect on the cancer cells. Our data revealed the complexity of the effects of DSs on breast cancer cells, which include both co-receptor activity and the prevention of vascular endothelial growth factor action. In addition, the biological effect of DSs is strongly dependent not only on the glycosaminoglycan structure but also on its content in the cancer environment.

Natural single amino acid polymorphism (F19Y) in human galectin-8: detection of structural alterations and increased growth-regulatory activity on tumor cells.

UNLABELLED: Natural amino acid substitution by single-site nucleotide polymorphism can become a valuable tool for structure-activity correlations, especially if evidence for association to disease parameters exists. Focusing on the F19Y change in human galectin-8, connected clinically to rheumatoid arthritis, we here initiate the study of consequences of a single-site substitution in the carbohydrate recognition domain of this family of cellular effectors. We apply a strategically combined set of structural and cell biological techniques for comparing properties of the wild-type and variant proteins. The overall hydrodynamic behavior of the full-length protein and of the separate N-domain is not noticeably altered, but displacements in the F0 ß-strand of the ß-sandwich fold in the N-domain are induced, as evidenced by protein crystallography. Analysis of thermal stability by circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed perceptible differences for the full-length proteins, pointing to an impact of the substitution beyond the N-domain. In addition, small differences in thermodynamic parameters of carbohydrate binding are detected. On the level of two types of tumor cells, characteristics of binding appeared rather similar. In further comparison of the influence on proliferation, the variant proved to be more active as growth regulator in the six tested lines of neuroblastoma, erythroleukemia and colon adenocarcinoma. The seemingly subtle structural change identified here thus has functional implications in vitro, encouraging further analysis in autoimmune regulation and, in a broad context, in work with other natural single-site variants, using the documented combined strategy. DATABASE: The atomic coordinates and structure factors (codes 4BMB, 4BME) have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank.

Insulin-like growth factor-I aerosol formulations for pulmonary delivery.

Injectable insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) is therapeutically deployed for severe IGF-I deficiency and clinically explored for various other indications such as muscle wasting disease. In the present study, liquid IGF-I formulations for pulmonal application were screened with regard to buffer type (acetate, citrate, histidine, and succinate), sodium chloride concentration (50-150 mM), and pH value (4.5-6.5). Methionine 59 oxidation (Met(o)) was observed in acetate buffer along with reducible dimer and trimer formation at low pH. Oxidation correlated with formation of covalent, reducible aggregates, and complete loss of potency was observed for severely aggregated samples. Bioactivity was partly retained in cases where complete oxidation but limited aggregation was found. In contrast, IGF-I integrity was preserved in histidine buffer during accelerated stability. After delivery from air-jet or vibrating-mesh nebulizers, limited Met(o) formation and no aggregation was observed. Nebulization performance regarding aerosol output rate, mass median aerodynamic diameter, and fine particle fraction for liquid IGF-I formulation was comparable to 0.9% sodium chloride reference, confirming the suitability for pulmonal application. In conclusion, different IGF-I liquid formulations were studied and compositions were identified maintaining bioactivity and chemical stability throughout storage at accelerated conditions for up to 4 months as well as compatibility with air-jet and vibrating-mesh nebulizers.

Impact of IGF-I release kinetics on bone healing: a preliminary study in sheep.

Spatiotemporal release of growth factors from a delivery device can profoundly affect the efficacy of bone growth induction. Here, we report on a delivery platform based on the encapsulation of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in different poly(D,L-lactide) (PLA) and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microsphere (MS) formulations to control IGF-I release kinetics. In vitro IGF-I release profiles generally exhibited an initial burst (14-36% of total IGF-I content), which was followed by a more or less pronounced dormant phase with little release (2 to 34 days), and finally, a third phase of re-increased IGF-I release. The osteoinductive potential of these different IGF-I PL(G)A MS formulations was tested in studies using 8-mm metaphyseal drill hole bone defects in sheep. Histomorphometric analysis at 3 and 6 weeks after surgery showed that new bone formation was improved in the defects locally treated with IGF-I PL(G)A MS (n=5) as compared to defects filled with IGF-I-free PL(G)A MS (n=4). The extent of new bone formation was affected by the particular release kinetics, although a definitive relationship was not evident. Local administration of IGF-I resulted in down-regulation of inflammatory marker genes in all IGF-I treated defects. The over-expression of growth factor genes in response to IGF-I delivery was restricted to formulations that produced osteogenic responses. These experiments demonstrate the osteoinductive potential of sustained IGF-I delivery and show the importance of delivery kinetics for successful IGF-I-based therapies.

Nerve conduit scaffolds for discrete delivery of two neurotrophic factors.

Axonal repair and regeneration remain critical due to lack of appropriate delivery systems for efficient release of neurotrophic factors (NTFs). Recently, we have demonstrated the synergistic activity of nerve growth factor (NGF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) on axonal regeneration. Combined delivery of GDNF and NGF with individually controlled release kinetics may be crucial for exploiting their synergistic action on axonal elongation in animals. For engineering discrete NTF release kinetics, we have developed several nerve conduits (NCs) using collagen (Col) and silk fibroin (SF); the NC were made of Col or SF alone, or of Col and SF layers, or of Col/SF blends, all loaded with GDNF and NGF. All NC types provided sustained combined release of NGF and GDNF over 28 days. NC made of combinations of Col and SF showed reduced burst and more sustained dual release of GDNF and NGF. SF/Col-based NC scaffolds provide an adaptable delivery system for growth factors and hold potential for nerve regeneration and possibly for other tissue engineering applications.

Chemometric optimization of cation-selective exhaustive injection sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography for quantification of ractopamine in porcine meat.

An online stacking capillary electrophoresis (CE) method, cation-selective exhaustive injection sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CSEI-sweep-MEKC), is developed and optimized for analysis of ractopamine (RP) and its homologue dehydroxyractopamine (DRP) in porcine meat. Chemometric experimental design was used to achieve the best possible optimization and reduce the number of trials and errors. The CSEI-sweep-MEKC method enables nanogram per gram level analysis, with limits of detection (LODs) in meat of 5 ng/g for RP and 3 ng/g for DRP (S/N = 3). A higher conductivity buffer (HCB) zone was injected into the capillary, allowing for the analytes to be electrokinetically injected at a voltage of 9 kV for 12 min. Using 125 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate and 15% methanol in the sweeping buffer, RP and DRP were well-separated. The method was validated with a linear calibration curve of 10-300 ng/g (r > 0.994). In comparison to the normal capillary zone electrophoresis method (1 psi for 10 s), this stacking strategy resulted in 900 times sensitivity enhancement. This technique was further applied for analyzing seven kinds of commercial meats, and the residual RP was detected in one (5.76 ng/g of RP). The data were corresponding to the data analyzed by the commercial testing kit and mass spectrometry spectra. This method was successfully used on real samples and is considered feasible for serving as a tool for routine examination in markets.

Dummy-template molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction for selective analysis of ractopamine in pork.

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for selective adsorption of ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) were synthesised by an in situ method, in which salbutamol (SAL) was used as the dummy-template to avoid the template leakage. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury porosimerty and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to investigate the physical and morphological characteristics of the dummy-template MIPs. The test of adsorption selectivity indicated that the dummy-template MIPs exhibited high selectivity to RAC. The saturated adsorption capacity for RAC on dummy-template MIPs was 90.9 µg g(-1). Based on the dummy-template polymers, a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed for the selective analysis of RAC in real pork samples. The averages of intra- and inter-day accuracy ranged from 78.9% to 92.2% and from 90.7% to 93.1%, respectively. The RSD% of repeatability ranged from 1.9% to 6.3%, and the RSD% of intermediate precision ranged from 3.5% to 9.2%, while the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.02 µg kg(-1).

A sensitive and selective imprinted solid phase extraction coupled to HPLC for simultaneous detection of trace quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid and methyl-3-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid in animal muscles.

A new molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP), selective for major metabolites of quinoxaline-1,4-dioxides, was prepared through bulk polymerisation using quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (QCA) as template, diethylaminoethylmethacrylate as functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross-linker in tetrahydrofuran. The synthesised MIP was characterised by Fourier transform infrared and adsorption experiments. MIP exhibited high affinity, fast kinetics for QCA and good selectivity for QCA and methyl-3-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (MQCA). MIP obtained was used as a selective sorbent for molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE) coupled with HPLC to detect QCA and MQCA. Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection (S/N=3) of porcine, chicken and fish muscles were 0.1, 0.3, 0.1 µg/kg for QCA and 0.2, 0.3, 0.1 µg/kg for MQCA, respectively and good recoveries were obtained in the range from 60.0 to 119.4%. These results indicated the MISPE-HPLC procedure could be successfully used for the determination QCA and MQCA in animal muscles.

An optimised method for the accurate determination of zeranol and diethylstilbestrol in animal tissues using isotope dilution-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.

Isotope dilution-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (ID-LC/MS) has been established as a candidate reference method for the accurate determination of growth promoters (zeranol, taleranol, and diethylstilbesterol) in raw meat samples. Sample preparation processes including an enzymatic hydrolysis, extraction, and SPE clean-up were optimised. The sensitivity difference of trans- and cis-diethylstilbestrol (isomerizing in sample preparation processes) by the LC/MS was measured by running a trans/cis mixture (ratio measured by a quantitative NMR) with and without sample matrices, and applied for the determination of total diethylstilbestrol. Validity, repeatability, and reproducibility of the analytical method were tested by measuring gravimetrically fortified samples (chicken breast, bovine muscles, and porcine muscle) in a number of different time periods. Measurement results agreed with the fortified values within their uncertainties. The method provided accurate results of the target analytes in the range of 0.05-15 µg/kg with the relative expanded uncertainty of 2-15%.

Merkel cell polyomavirus large T antigen has growth-promoting and inhibitory activities.

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive form of skin cancer. In at least 80% of all MCC, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) DNA has undergone clonal integration into the host cell genome, and most tumors express the MCPyV large and small T antigens. In all cases of MCC reported to date, the integrated MCPyV genome has undergone mutations in the large T antigen. These mutations result in expression of a truncated large T antigen that retains the Rb binding or LXCXE motif but deletes the DNA binding and helicase domains. However, the transforming functions of full-length and truncated MCPyV large T antigen are unknown. We compared the transforming activities of full-length, truncated, and alternatively spliced 57kT forms of MCPyV large T antigen. MCPyV large T antigen could bind to Rb but was unable to bind to p53. Furthermore, MCPyV-truncated large T antigen was more effective than full-length and 57kT large T antigen in promoting the growth of human and mouse fibroblasts. In contrast, expression of the MCPyV large T antigen C-terminal 100 residues could inhibit the growth of several different cell types. These data imply that the deletion of the C terminus of MCPyV large T antigen found in MCC serves not only to disrupt viral replication but also results in the loss of a distinct growth-inhibitory function intrinsic to this region.

A field survey on the presence of prednisolone and prednisone in urine samples from untreated cows.

Prednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid widely employed in bovine clinical practice that may also be used illegally as a growth promoter. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies lend support to the hypothesis that prednisolone could be synthesised from cortisol in untreated cattle subjected to stressful events. To verify such a hypothesis, a field survey was conducted on urine samples collected from 131 guaranteed untreated cows and analysed for the presence of prednisolone and prednisone - in some instances also for cortisol and cortisone - with a validated LC/MS-MS method. None of the examined samples exhibited either prednisolone levels higher than the CCα limit (around 0.70 µg l⁻¹) or prednisone, being therefore officially compliant for both analytes. Trace amounts of prednisolone, approximately estimated in the range 0.1-0.3 µg l⁻¹ were found in only seven samples from cows also showing urinary cortisol and cortisone levels higher than those detected in negative specimens, as the result of a probable stress condition.

Understanding the structure-function relationship between FGF19 and its mitogenic and metabolic activities.

FGF19 differs from the classical FGFs in that it has a much-reduced heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding affinity that allows it to act as endocrine hormone. Although FGF19 regulates several different metabolic activities, it still activates downstream signaling pathways through FGF receptors, in a similar manner to that seen in classical FGFs. Aberrant FGF signaling has been implicated in tumor development, and mouse models have confirmed that FGF19 has the potential to induce hepatocellular carcinoma. Treatment with anti-FGF19 antibody suppressed tumor progression in both FGF19 transgenic mice and colon cancer cell xenograft models. FGFR4, the predominant FGF receptor expressed in the liver, may play an important role in FGF19-mediated tumorigenesis. This review reports the current advances in understanding the structure-function relationship between FGF19 and its interactions with FGFRs, its physiological activities, and its differences from FGF21. The review also discusses strategies to separate the mitogenic and metabolic activities for the development of potential therapeutic molecules based on FGF19.

Fibroblast growth factor 2-functionalized collagen matrices for skeletal muscle tissue engineering.

Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) protein plays important roles in wound healing and tissue regeneration. Collagen is clinically used for wound care applications. We investigated the potential value of FGF2-functionalized collagen matrices for skeletal muscle tissue engineering. When C2C12 cells were treated with FGF2, cell adhesion increased after 3 and 5 days compared to the control (P < 0.05). Wound healing activity of FGF2 was slightly higher than the control through cell migration. Cell proliferation activity of FGF2-functionalized collagen matrices on C2C12 cells also increased. Taken together, FGF2 stimulated C2C12 myoblast growth by promoting cell adhesion, proliferation and wound healing activity after injury. The potential effect of FGF2-functionalized collagen matrices was also observed. Thus FGF2 stimulates skeletal muscle development and regeneration, thereby leading to potential utility for skeletal muscle tissue engineering.

Wound healing by a 3.2 kDa recombinant polypeptide from velvet antler of Cervus nippon Temminck.

Velvet antler (VA) is used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat a wide range of ailments including the enhancement of wound healing. A 3.2 kDa recombinant polypeptide of VA from sika deer was purified and compared to native polypeptides stimulation growth of NIH3T3 cells. Both stimulated growth in a dose-dependent manner (10-100 µg/ml). To study its wound healing properties, burn-wounded rats were topically administered with recombinant VA polypeptide or native polypeptide. Rats treated with 0.05 and 0.1% (w/w) polypeptides exhibited significant wound healing. As the yield of recombinant polypeptide was 40-fold higher than that of the native polypeptide, it may therefore be a useful biopharmaceutical.

Binding of ATP to vascular endothelial growth factor isoform VEGF-A165 is essential for inducing proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

BACKGROUND: ATP binding is essential for the bioactivity of several growth factors including nerve growth factor, fibroblast growth factor-2 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Vascular endothelial growth factor isoform 165 (VEGF-A(165)) induces the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, however a dependence on ATP-binding is currently unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine if ATP binding is essential for the bioactivity of VEGF-A(165). RESULTS: We found evidence that ATP binding to VEGF-A(165) induced a conformational change in the secondary structure of the growth factor. This binding appears to be significant at the biological level, as we found evidence that nanomolar levels of ATP (4-8 nm) are required for the VEGF-A(165)-induced proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. At these levels, purinergic signaling by ATP via P2 receptors can be excluded. Addition of alkaline phosphate to cell culture lowered the ATP concentration in the cell culture medium to 1.8 nM and inhibited cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that proliferation of endothelial cells is induced by a VEGF-A(165)-ATP complex, rather than VEGF-A(165) alone.