ABSTRACT
This Viewpoint looks at PEPFAR (the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief) from its inception to today, including successes and goals for the future to help care for people worldwide living with HIV.
Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , HIV Infections , International Cooperation , Humans , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/history , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/therapy , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/history , HIV Infections/therapy , United States , History, 21st CenturySubject(s)
Human Rights , Racism , Female , Humans , Male , Apartheid/history , COVID-19/prevention & control , COVID-19 Vaccines/therapeutic use , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , HIV Infections/history , Human Rights/history , Racism/history , Sexual and Gender Minorities/history , South Africa , Tuberculosis/history , Famous PersonsABSTRACT
The "great AIDS patient revolt" had a major impact on the world of health care in Western countries. It is considered to be one of the social factors that led to the emergence of the notion of health democracy at the turn of the century. A look back at a historic struggle.
Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Health Services Accessibility , Political Activism , Humans , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/history , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/therapy , Democracy , Health Inequities , Health Services Accessibility/history , Health Services Accessibility/standards , HIV Infections/history , HIV Infections/therapy , Social Determinants of Health/history , Social Determinants of Health/standards , History, 20th Century , History, 21st CenturyABSTRACT
At Bristol-Myers (BM) (1985-1990), John C. Martin started his HIV career with directing the clinical development of didanosine (ddI) and stavudine (d4T). During this period, he became aware of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs), such as (S)-HPMPA and PMEA, as potential antiviral drugs. Under his impulse, BM got involved in the evaluation of these ANPs, but the merger of BM with Squibb (to become BMS) incited John to leave BM and join Gilead Sciences, and the portfolio of the ANPs followed the transition. At Gilead, John succeeded in obtaining the approval from the US FDA for the use of cidofovir in the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients, which was reminiscent of John's first experience with ganciclovir (at Syntex) as an anti-CMV agent. At Gilead, John would then engineer the development of tenofovir, first as TDF (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) and then as TAF (tenofovir alafenamide) and various combinations thereof, for the treatment of HIV infections (i), TDF and TAF for the treatment of hepatitis B (HBV) infections (ii), and TDF and TAF in combination with emtricitabine for the prophylaxis of HIV infections (iii).
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Tenofovir/therapeutic use , Alanine/therapeutic use , Anti-HIV Agents/history , Drug Therapy, Combination , Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination/history , Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination/therapeutic use , HIV/drug effects , HIV Infections/history , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Hepatitis B/drug therapy , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/history , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Tenofovir/analogs & derivatives , Tenofovir/historySubject(s)
Biomedical Research/history , HIV Infections/history , Physicians, Women/history , Aged , Female , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , IranABSTRACT
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disproportionately impacted lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) communities. Many disparities mirror those of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS epidemic. These health inequities have repeated throughout history due to the structural oppression of LGBTQ+ people. We aim to demonstrate that the familiar patterns of LGBTQ+ health disparities reflect a perpetuating, deeply rooted cycle of injustice imposed on LGBTQ+ people. Here, we contextualize COVID-19 inequities through the history of the HIV/AIDS crisis, describe manifestations of LGBTQ+ structural oppression exacerbated by the pandemic, and provide recommendations for medical professionals and institutions seeking to reduce health inequities.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Health Inequities , Sexual and Gender Minorities , Transgender Persons , COVID-19/epidemiology , Female , HIV Infections/history , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Male , PandemicsSubject(s)
HIV Infections/history , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/history , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/psychology , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/psychology , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Perception , Social StigmaSubject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/history , Anniversaries and Special Events , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/history , Pandemics , COVID-19/epidemiology , Global Health , Health Equity , Health Services Accessibility , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , SARS-CoV-2Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/history , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , HIV Infections/history , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Nurses/psychology , Nursing Care/psychology , Adult , Female , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , PhiladelphiaABSTRACT
In 1981, the HIV/AIDS epidemic was first recognized in young gay men presenting with opportunistic infections and Kaposi sarcoma. Over the past 40 years, there has been an unparalleled and hugely successful effort on the part of physicians, scientists, public health experts, community activists, and grassroots organizations to study, treat, and prevent HIV/AIDS. Yet the role of dermatologists in the investigation of HIV/AIDS and in the treatment of infected patients has largely been neglected in the historical literature. It is important to revisit dermatologists' historic contributions and problematic biases during this epidemic and honor the legacy of the dermatologists who were instrumental in treating and advocating for patients affected by HIV/AIDS.
Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/history , Dermatologists/history , HIV Infections/history , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Anniversaries and Special Events , Dermatologists/organization & administration , Dermatology/history , HIV Infections/epidemiology , History, 20th Century , Humans , Physician's Role/historySubject(s)
Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control , HIV Infections/history , Pandemics/prevention & control , Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control , COVID-19 , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/therapy , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/epidemiology , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control , History, 20th Century , Humans , Pandemics/history , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , United StatesABSTRACT
The human immunodeficiency virus, the lentivirus that causes AIDS, is responsible for the most prevalent epidemic in the history of mankind. Here in this Timeline, we have attempted to illustrate a short history of HIV-1, from its identification in landmark papers published by Robert Gallo, Myron Essex, and Luc Montagnier, to the numerous drug and vaccine trials as well as the stride toward a possible cure. Even today, a vaccine and cure against HIV-1 remains elusive. In spite of this, in the space of 30 years, from the time when being HIV positive meant an instant death sentence, to today where millions of HIV positive people are living normal lives, the progress we have made in such a short period of time should be celebrated. To view this Timeline, open or download the PDF.
Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/history , HIV Infections/history , HIV-1/pathogenicity , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , HIV Infections/prevention & control , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , HumansABSTRACT
In the last five years there has been a resurgence of scholarly research and museum exhibitions on the history of HIV and AIDS. This work has called into question some of the conventions of archiving and interpreting the history of the pandemic. It is increasingly clear that a narrow range of materials have been saved. As historians and curators turn to these holdings for analysis and exhibition, they find they inadequately represent the impact of AIDS across diverse groups as well as the range of local, national, international responses. This essay considers some of the factors that shape collection of the material culture, particularly the heritage of public health, and the consequences for our understanding of lessons from the past.
Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/history , Archives , HIV Infections/history , Museums , Public Health/history , Female , HIV Infections/transmission , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Homosexuality, Male/history , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
Abstract In the last five years there has been a resurgence of scholarly research and museum exhibitions on the history of HIV and AIDS. This work has called into question some of the conventions of archiving and interpreting the history of the pandemic. It is increasingly clear that a narrow range of materials have been saved. As historians and curators turn to these holdings for analysis and exhibition, they find they inadequately represent the impact of AIDS across diverse groups as well as the range of local, national, international responses. This essay considers some of the factors that shape collection of the material culture, particularly the heritage of public health, and the consequences for our understanding of lessons from the past.
Resumo Nos últimos cinco anos, retomaram-se as pesquisas acadêmicas e exposições museológicas sobre a história do HIV e da aids. Este trabalho questiona algumas das convenções de arquivamento e interpretação da história da pandemia. Fica cada vez mais claro que foi preservada uma pequena amostra de materiais. À medida que historiadores e curadores recorrem a esse patrimônio para análise e exposição, descobrem que representam de maneira inadequada o impacto da aids em diversos grupos, bem como o escopo das respostas locais, nacionais e internacionais. Este artigo considera alguns dos fatores que influenciam a coleção de cultura material, em particular o legado da saúde pública e as consequências de nossa compreensão das lições do passado.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Archives , HIV Infections/history , Public Health/history , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/history , Museums , HIV Infections/transmission , Homosexuality, Male/historySubject(s)
Epidemics/history , General Surgery/history , Pandemics/history , COVID-19/epidemiology , Forecasting , General Surgery/statistics & numerical data , General Surgery/trends , HIV Infections/history , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/history , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , History, Medieval , Humans , Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919/history , Plague/history , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/historySubject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/history , Anti-Retroviral Agents/history , HIV Infections/history , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , Epidemics/history , Global Health , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/epidemiology , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , International CooperationABSTRACT
The author analyzes the aftermath of Edward Hooper's suggestion that the trial of an oral polio vaccine (OPV) in the Belgian colonies of Africa engendered the pandemic form of the AIDS virus, HIV-1. In response to Hooper's book, The River (1999), the Royal Society in London held a conference to debate the origins of HIV. Examination of the quick dismissal of the OPV theory opens a space for legitimately challenging the widely held belief that the vaccine contamination question was convincingly resolved. This article interrogates the relationship between historiography and the making of scientific facts and history, suggesting that historians have been too credulous of scientists' testimony. The further result of the lack of a thorough analysis of the evidence backing the OPV hypothesis has resulted in a missed opportunity to read The River as one of the few detailed accounts of the immense social, political, technological, and interspecies infrastructure constituted by Cold War vaccine production. This biomedical infrastructure dramatically changed the geographic and interspecies mobility of viruses in ways that may be impossible to reconstruct. Yet these potential transmission routes remain crucial to acknowledge. The COVID-19 pandemic draws attention to the critical importance of studying The WetNet, a concept coined by the author to name the conceptual and material infrastructures of inter- and intraspecies fluid bonding.