Hepatitis B vaccine among healthcare workers: factors associated with the dimensions of the Health Belief Model.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between the dimensions of the Health Belief Model (HBM) and complete vaccination for hepatitis B among healthcare workers (HCW). METHODS: Cross-sectional epidemiological study with HCW in Primary Health and Medium Complexity Care. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed to test the association between the outcome variable (complete vaccination for hepatitis B based on self-report) and the variables of the HBM dimensions. Prevalence ratio (PR) and its respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. RESULTS: 453 HCW participated. The prevalence of complete vaccination for hepatitis B was 56.9%. In the final analysis model, the following variables were associated with complete vaccination for hepatitis B: chances of having hepatitis B (PR=1.73) - related to the susceptibility dimension; disease severity (PR=0.74) - related to severity; reduced risk of absenteeism (PR=1.29) - related to benefits; not spending time to get vaccinated (PR=1.41) and not worrying about Events Supposedly Attributable to Vaccination or Immunization (PR=1.43) - related to barriers. CONCLUSIONS: The completeness of the hepatitis B vaccination schedule, reported by the investigated HCW, reveals the prevalence is below the target established by the Ministry of Health, which follows the national scenario of low coverage presented for other age groups. Understanding the risk perception and severity of hepatitis B can contribute to increasing the prevalence of vaccination for this infection.

Análise qualitativa das percepções de mães residentes de Francisco Morato sobre a vacinação infantil contra a poliomielite e a hepatite A / Qualitative analysis of the perceptions of mothers living in Francisco Morato regarding childhood vaccination against polio and hepatitis A

Introdução: Segundo um epidemiologista, "O ingrediente mais importante em todas as vacinas é a confiança", que a sociedade deposita nessa medida profilática, bem como nas instituições públicas que a recomendam. Segundo o Ministério da Saúde, tem sido observada uma redução de cerca de 10 a 20% na cobertura vacinal anual nacional para diversas doenças infantis. Francisco Morato tem registrado quedas na cobertura vacinal infantil, sendo uma preocupação para os gestores. Objetivos: O presente estudo quali-quantitativo teve como objetivo descrever as percepções e atitudes de mães de crianças de 0 a 4 anos de idade sobre a vacina contra a poliomielite e contra a hepatite A. Justificativa: Segundo o Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados, cerca de 62,2% dos residentes de Francisco Morato estão nas faixas alta e muito alta de vulnerabilidade social, destacando a necessidade de se conhecer a realidade local. Os resultados deste trabalho podem contribuir para o planejamento de ações em educação e comunicação em saúde sobre a vacinação infantil. Material e Métodos: Foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade, submetidas à Análise de Conteúdo (etapas: Organização, Codificação e Categorização), com categorias apriorísticas e não apriorísticas. O roteiro das entrevistas foi baseado nos constructos do Modelo de Crenças em Saúde, "Severidade percebida", "Suscetibilidade percebida", "Benefícios percebidos" e "Barreiras percebidas". Resultados: Cinco mulheres foram entrevistadas, nenhuma demonstrou ser contrária à vacinação. A análise utilizou a seguinte classificação: (1) Categoria: adesão à vacinação infantil; subcategorias: posicionamento (a favor, contra, contradições), argumentos (percepção de risco, medo). (2) Categoria: COVID-19; subcategorias: não é o momento; reação à vacina; influência religiosa. (3) Categoria: forças impulsoras e restritivas à vacinação infantil; subcategoria: argumentos (Deslocamento, UBS). (4) Relatos e/ou críticas que elas fazem sobre o comportamento de conhecidos; subcategorias: fonte (vizinhos, membros da igreja, amigos). Conclusões: Considerando-se as respostas às entrevistas, as participantes do estudo têm uma atitude positiva em relação à vacinação contra a poliomielite e contra a hepatite A, porém apresentam preocupações em relação a outros imunobiológicos, como a vacinação contra a COVID-19. Estudos quantitativos e que analisem os comportamentos podem contribuir para a análise do problema.

The effect of interventional program underpinned by health belief model on awareness, attitude, and performance of nurses in preventing nosocomial infections: A randomized controlled trial study / Efecto de un programa de intervención basado en el modelo de creencias en salud sobre el conocimiento, la actitud y el desempeño del personal de enfermería en la prevención de las infecciones intrahospitalarias. Ensayo controlado aleatorizado / Efeito de um programa de intervenção baseado no modelo de crenças em saúde no conhecimento, atitude e atuação da equipe de enfermagem na prevenção de infecções hospitalares. Teste controlado e aleatório

Objective. The present study examined the effect of an interventional program underpinned by the Health Belief Model (HBM) on nurses' awareness, attitude, and performance in preventing nosocomialinfections.Methods. This randomized controlled trial study was performed on 60 clinical nurses in lar, Iran. Nurses were selected using the simple random sampling method and assigned to two experimental (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. Data collection tool included the valid and reliable questionnaire was developed by Soleimani et al. The research intervention consisted of five 90-min sessions based on the health belief model in preventing hospital infection for experimental group. Before the intervention, immediately and two months after the intervention, the two groups completed the questionnaire. The control group received no intervention. Results. Data analysis showed that the differences between the two groups was statistically significant immediately and two months after the intervention (p<0.05). In experimental group the changes in the mean score of knowledge, attitude and performance of nurses before, immediately and two months after the intervention were significant (p<0.05), but in the control group, only the changes in the mean score of performance were significant (p<0.05). Conclusion. The results showed that the HBM-based intervention is effective in promoting nurses' knowledge, attitude, and performance in preventing nosocomialinfections. hence, periodical and in-service HBM-based training programs on preventing nosocomialinfections are recommended to be held for nurses.

Objetivo. El presente estudio examinó el efecto de un programa de intervención basado en el modelo de creencias en salud (Health Belief Model -HBM-, en inglés sobre el conocimiento, la actitud y el desempeño de las enfermeras en la prevención de las infecciones intrahospitalarias. Métodos. Este ensayo controlado aleatorizado se realizó en 60 enfermeras clínicas de lar, Irán. Las enfermeras fueron seleccionadas mediante el método de muestreo aleatorio simple y asignadas a dos grupos experimental (n=30) y de control (n=30). La herramienta para la recogida de datos incluyó el cuestionario válido y fiable desarrollado por Soleimani et al.La intervención consistió en cinco sesiones de 90 minutos basadas en el modelo de creencias de salud para prevenir la infección intrahospitalaria en el grupo experimental. Antes de la intervención, inmediatamente y dos meses después de la intervención, los dos grupos completaron el cuestionario. El grupo de control no recibió ninguna intervención. Resultados. El análisis de los datos mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los dos grupos en los momentos inmediatamente y dos meses después de la intervención (p<0.05). En el grupo experimental, los cambios en la puntuación media de conocimientos, actitudes y rendimiento de las enfermeras se observaron en los momentos de antes, inmediatamente y dos meses después de la intervención (p<0.05); mientras que en el grupo de control solamente los cambios en la puntuación media de desempeño fueron significativos (p<0.05). Conclusión. Los resultados mostraron que la intervención basada en HBM fue eficaz para promover el conocimiento, la actitud y el rendimiento de las enfermeras en la prevención de las infecciones intrahospitalaria, por lo que se recomienda impartir a las enfermeras programas de formación periódicos y en servicio basados en HBM sobre la prevención de las infecciones intrahospitalarias.

Objetivo. Examinar o efeito de um programa de intervenção baseado no Modelo de Crenças em Saúde (MBH) no conhecimento, atitude e desempenho dos enfermeiros na prevenção de infecções hospitalares. Métodos. Este ensaio clínico randomizado foi conduzido em 60 enfermeiras clínicas de lar, Irã. Os enfermeiros foram selecionados pelo método de amostragem aleatória simples e distribuídos em dois grupos experimental (n=30) e controle (n=30). O instrumento de coleta de dados incluiu o questionário válido e confiável desenvolvido por Soleimani et al. A intervenção consistiu em cinco sessões de 90 minutos baseadas no modelo de crenças em saúde para prevenir infecção hospitalar no grupo experimental. Antes, imediatamente e dois meses após a intervenção, ambos os grupos responderam ao questionário. O grupo controle não recebeu nenhuma intervenção. Resultados.A análise dos dados mostrou diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos imediatamente e dois meses após a intervenção (p<0.05). No grupo experimental foram observadas alterações na pontuação média de conhecimentos, atitudes e desempenho dos enfermeiros antes, imediatamente e dois meses após a intervenção (p<0.05); enquanto no grupo controle apenas as alterações na pontuação média de desempenho foram significativas (p<0.05). Conclusão.Os resultados demonstraram que a intervenção baseada no HBM foi eficaz na promoção do conhecimento, atitude e desempenho dos enfermeiros na prevenção de infecções hospitalares, pelo que se recomenda proporcionar aos enfermeiros este tipo de programas de formação em serviço baseados no HBM.

The effects of health belief model-based intervention on nurses' sterilizing practices when moistening surgical instruments.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of the Health Belief Model (HBM)-based intervention on nurses' behaviors in terms of keeping surgical instruments moist. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pre- and post-training surveys about instrument moistening were conducted with the same 356 nurses from a hospital in China. Both of the surveys contained questionnaire concerning general knowledge relating to instrument moistening, perception scale-based questions concerning the same issue, and an inspection form concerning the implementation of moistening procedures. Three months' training was provided for the nurses. RESULTS: After training, the nurses' knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors for instrument moistening were improved. CONCLUSIONS: The HBM-based intervention can bring about a significant improvement in nurses' compliance with surgical instrument moistening requirements, and corresponding improvements in instrument cleanliness and patient safety.

OBJETIVO: Investigar los efectos de la intervención basada en el modelo de creencias de salud en los comportamientos de las enfermeras en términos de mantener húmedos los instrumentos quirúrgicos. MÉTODO: Se realizaron encuestas previas y posteriores a la capacitación sobre la humectación de instrumentos con las mismas 356 enfermeras de un hospital en China. Ambas encuestas contenían un cuestionario sobre el conocimiento general relacionado con la humectación del instrumento, preguntas basadas en escalas de percepción sobre el mismo tema y un formulario de inspección sobre la implementación de los procedimientos de humectación. Se proporcionó una formación de 3 meses a las enfermeras. RESULTADOS: Después de la capacitación se mejoraron los conocimientos, las actitudes, las creencias y los comportamientos de las enfermeras para la humectación del instrumento. CONCLUSIONES: La intervención basada en el modelo de creencias en salud puede generar una mejora significativa en el cumplimiento de los requisitos de humectación del instrumental quirúrgico por parte de las enfermeras, y las correspondientes mejoras en la limpieza del instrumental y la seguridad del paciente.

Mitos y creencias sobre la insulinoterapia en pacientes con diabetes mellitus y sus familiares de un hospital del norte del Perú, 2020 / Myths and beliefs about insulin therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus and their family caregivers from a hospital in northern Peru, 2020

Objetivo. Analizar y explorar los mitos y creencias sobre la insulinoterapia en pacientes con diabetes mellitus y sus familiares cuidadores de un hospital general del norte peruano en el 2020. Materiales y métodos. Se realizo un estudio con enfoque cualitativo, paradigma interpretativo y tipo de análisis temático. Se obtuvieron datos sociodemográficos y clínicos de las historias clínicas y se entrevistaron pacientes con diabetes, con uso de algún tipo de insulina por lo menos tres meses antes del estudio, y a sus familiares cuidadores. Los pacientes participaron de un grupo focal y de entrevistas a profundidad; los familiares participaron solo en entrevistas a profundidad. Resultados. Participaron 12 pacientes con diabetes (11 con diabetes mellitus tipo 2); seis en el grupo focal y seis en las entrevistas a profundidad y siete familiares. Luego del análisis se obtuvieron cuatro categorías: 1) creencias relacionadas al inicio de tratamiento con insulina: tratamiento de elección después del fracaso con otros fármacos, cura la diabetes, regula el azúcar, temor a los inyectables; 2) creencias relacionadas al mantenimiento del tratamiento: descompensación por no usar insulina, la insulina es necesaria para vivir; 3) creencias relacionadas a terapias alternativas y costo: uso de terapias alternativas, costo elevado de la insulina; y 4) mitos relacionados al uso de insulina: genera dependencia, dependencia para la administración de insulina, efectos negativos de la insulina. Conclusiones. Las creencias y mitos de los pacientes, en tratamiento con insulina, emergen desde el inicio del tratamiento y se mantienen con la evolución de este, siendo en muchas ocasiones reforzados por la cosmovisión de los familiares.

Objective. To analyze and explore the myths and beliefs about insulin therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus and their family caregivers from a general hospital in northern Peru in 2020. Materials and methods. This qualitative study used a thematic analysis model, following the interpretative paradigm. Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained from medical records. Patients with diabetes that used some type of insulin for at least three months prior to the study were interviewed, as well as their family caregivers. Patients participated in a focus group and in-depth interviews; family caregivers participated only in in-depth interviews. Results. Twelve patients with diabetes (11 with type 2 diabetes mellitus) were included; six in the focus group and six in the in-depth interviews. Seven family caregivers were included. After analysis, we obtained four categories: 1) beliefs related to starting insulin treatment: treatment of choice after failure of other drugs, cures diabetes, regulates sugar, fear of injectables; 2) beliefs related to treatment adherence: decompensation for not using insulin, insulin is necessary to live; 3) beliefs related to alternative therapies and cost: use of alternative therapies, high cost of insulin; and 4) myths related to the use of insulin: generates dependence, dependence for insulin administration, negative effects of insulin. Conclusions. The beliefs and myths of patients treated with insulin arise from the beginning of treatment, remain throughout the course of treatment, and are often reinforced by the worldview of family members.

The effect of interventional program underpinned by health belief model on awareness, attitude, and performance of nurses in preventing nosocomial infections: A randomized controlled trial study.

Objective: The present study examined the effect of an interventional program underpinned by the Health Belief Model (HBM) on nurses' awareness, attitude, and performance in preventing nosocomial infections. Methods: This randomized controlled trial study was performed on 60 clinical nurses in lar, Iran. Nurses were selected using the simple random sampling method and assigned to two experimental (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. Data collection tool included the valid and reliable questionnaire was developed by Soleimani et al. The research intervention consisted of five 90-min sessions based on the health belief model in preventing hospital infection for experimental group. Before the intervention, immediately and two months after the intervention, the two groups completed the questionnaire. The control group received no intervention. Results: Data analysis showed that the differences between the two groups was statistically significant immediately and two months after the intervention (p<0.05). In experimental group the changes in the mean score of knowledge, attitude and performance of nurses before, immediately and two months after the intervention were significant (p<0.05), but in the control group, only the changes in the mean score of performance were significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that the HBM-based intervention is effective in promoting nurses' knowledge, attitude, and performance in preventing nosocomial infections. hence, periodical and in-service HBM-based training programs on preventing nosocomial infections are recommended to be held for nurses.

Crenças em saúde de mulheres lésbicas e bissexuais acerca da realização do teste de Papanicolaou / Lesbian and bisexual women's health beliefs about performing the Papanicolaou's test

RESUMO Objetivo identificar as crenças em saúde de mulheres lésbicas e bissexuais acerca da realização do teste de Papanicolaou. Métodos estudo transversal desenvolvido exclusivamente online, com 55 participantes. Utilizou-se o Google Forms® para coleta de dados, com questões sociodemográficas e econômicas, além de questões relacionadas às práticas, à intenção e às crenças na realização do teste de Papanicolaou. Os dados foram organizados no Google Sheets® e analisados no software SPSS®. Resultados verificou-se que mulheres bissexuais acreditam mais no benefício "quando eu faço o exame preventivo, eu fico aliviada" (p=0,047). Contudo, possuem maior pontuação de vergonha de fazer o exame preventivo (p=0,005). Identificou-se associação significativa entre ter realizado o exame e benefícios percebidos (p=0,040); gravidade percebida e nível de instrução (p=0,006); ter realizado o exame (p=0,039); e ter parceria fixa (p=0,028). Conclusão mulheres bissexuais acreditam que realizar o exame gera alívio, mas o sentimento de vergonha pode prejudicar a adesão ao exame. Mulheres lésbicas e bissexuais sem acesso à educação superior, que nunca realizaram o exame e que possuem múltiplas parcerias sexuais estão mais vulneráveis ao câncer de colo do útero. Contribuições para a prática: refletir sobre esse cenário para que estratégias educativas sejam efetivadas acerca da prevenção do câncer de colo do útero.

ABSTRACT Objective to identify the health beliefs of lesbian and bisexual women about performing the Papanicolaou's test. Methods cross-sectional study developed exclusively online, with fifty-five participants. Google Forms® were used for data collection, with sociodemographic and economic questions, as well as questions related to practices, intention, and beliefs about performing the Papanicolaou's test. Data were organized in Google Sheets® and analyzed in SPSS® software. Results it was found that bisexual women believe more in the benefit "when I do the preventive exam, I am relieved" (p=0.047). However, they have higher scores of ashamed for doing the preventive exam (p=0.005). Significant association was identified between having done the exam and perceived benefits (p=0.040); perceived severity and education level (p=0.006); having done the exam (p=0.039); and having fixed partnership (p=0.028). Conclusion bisexual women believe that performing the exam generates relief, but feelings of shame may hinder adherence to the exam. Lesbian and bisexual women without access to higher education, who never had the exam, and who have multiple sexual partnerships are more vulnerable to cervical cancer. Contributions to practice: reflect on this scenario so that educational strategies are effective for cervical cancer prevention.

Creencias, Actitudes Y Prácticas Del Médico En Rol De Paciente: Perspectivas En República Dominicana / Beliefs, Attitudes and Practices of the Medical in the Patient Role: Perspectives in the Dominican Republic

El mito existente sobre la ausencia de vulnerabilidad en los médicos hace que estos sean más difíciles de manejar en su rol de paciente. Así mismo, en ocasiones sus conocimientos previos los hacen tener creencias, actitudes y prácticas no favorables. En este artículo se presentan los resultados de un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, cuyo objetivo fue determinar las creencias, actitudes y prácticas del médico dominicano en el rol de paciente. En el mismo se aplicó una encuesta virtual que generó un total de 238 respuestas. Como resultado, se observó que, en su mayoría, los médicos consideran que es más difícil tratar como paciente a un colega. Sobre sus creencias y actitudes, las mismas suelen ser favorables en sus labores como médico, sin embargo, actitudes como la automedicación y los cambios de receta fueron notorios. En conclusión, se entiende que es necesario realizar estudios similares a este y concientizar a quienes se desempeñan como médicos en cuanto a esta temática.

The existing myth about the absence of vulnerability in doctors makes them more challenging to manage in their role as patients. Likewise, sometimes their previous knowledge makes them have opposing beliefs, attitudes, and practices. Therefore, a descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the Dominican doctor's beliefs, attitudes, and practices in the role of the patient. A survey was created and disseminated online, and 238 responses were obtained. As a result, most doctors find it more challenging to treat a patient if they are colleagues. Concerning their beliefs and attitudes, they are usually favorable in their work as a doctor; however, in practice, acts such as self-medication and change of prescription are present in large proportion.

Notas para decolonizar os estudos transpessoais no brasil: contribuições do pluriperspectivismo participativo / Notes for decolonizing transpersonal studies in brazil: contributions of participatory pluriperspectivism / Apuntes para la decolonización de los estudios transpersonales en brasil: aportes del pluriperspectivismo participativo

O campo dos estudos transpessoais tem avançado em diversas áreas no Brasil. Comemorou seus 40 anos com uma inserção ativa nas Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) e uma ampliação de núcleos formativos e apoiadores de ensino, pesquisa e ações sociais, além de diálogos com o Sistema de Conselhos de Psicologia. Desafios são apresentados a partir do levantamento de uma série de questões importantes e ignoradas dentro da Psicologia Transpessoal no Brasil. Apresentamos o pluriperspectivismo participativo como possibilidade de decolonizar as matrizes eurocêntricas e estadunidenses, que dão suporte ao pensamento transpessoal brasileiro, buscando honrar nossas raízes históricas e incluir outras epistemologias e ontologias, que dão continuidade à crítica à lógica cartesiana moderna. Indicamos uma breve agenda de notas temáticas que carecem de um processo decolonizador no campo transpessoal: a) crítica às perspectivas de um pensamento hegemônico, em termos globais por meio da dominação Norte-Sul ou no campo das relações sociais; b) revisão das formas de "centrocentrismo"; c) questionamento da noção de universalismo das ciências e da ética; d) aprofundamento da análise crítica da supremacia restritiva da racionalidade formal técnico-científica em relação às formas de subjetividade, de vivências holísticas e integradoras e de valorização do corpo; e) revisão da noção de sujeito moderno desprovida da cocriação do humano com a comunidade, a história, a natureza e o cosmos.(AU)

The field of transpersonal studies has advanced in several areas in Brazil. It celebrated its 40th anniversary with an active insertion in Higher Education Institutions (HEI) and an expansion of training centers and supporters of teaching, research, and social actions, in addition to dialogues with the System of Councils of Psychology. Challenges are presented based on a survey of a series of important and ignored issues within Transpersonal Psychology in Brazil. We present participatory pluriperspectivism as a possibility to decolonize the Eurocentric and North American matrices that support Brazilian transpersonal thought, seeking to honor our historical roots and include other epistemologies and ontologies, which continue the critique of modern Cartesian logic. We indicate a brief agenda of thematic notes that lack a decolonizing process in the transpersonal field: a) criticism of the perspectives of a hegemonic thought, whether in global terms via North-South domination or in the field of social relations; b) review of the forms of "centrocentrism"; c) questioning of the notion of universalism of science and ethics; d) deepening of the critical analysis of the restrictive supremacy of the technical-scientific formal rationality in relation to the forms of subjectivity, of holistic and integrative experiences, and of valuing the body; e) review of the notion of the modern subject devoid of the co-creation of the human with the community, the history, the nature, and the cosmos.(AU)

El campo de los estudios transpersonales ha avanzado en varias áreas de Brasil. Se celebró su 40.º aniversario con una inserción activa en Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) y una ampliación de los centros de formación y promotores de la docencia, la investigación y la acción social, además de diálogos con el Sistema de Consejos de Psicología. Los desafíos se presentan a partir de una encuesta de una serie de temas importantes e ignorados dentro de la Psicología Transpersonal en Brasil. Presentamos el pluriperspectivismo participativo como una posibilidad para decolonizar las matrices eurocéntrica y americana, que sustentan el pensamiento transpersonal brasileño, buscando honrar nuestras raíces históricas e incluir otras epistemologías y ontologías que continúan la crítica de la lógica cartesiana moderna. Indicamos una breve agenda de apuntes temáticos que carecen de un proceso decolonizador en el campo transpersonal: a) crítica de las perspectivas de un pensamiento hegemónico, ya sea en términos globales a través del dominio Norte-Sur o en el campo de las relaciones sociales; b) revisión de las formas de "centrocentrismo"; c) cuestionamiento de la noción de universalismo de la ciencia y la ética; d) profundización del análisis crítico de la supremacía restrictiva de la racionalidad formal técnico-científica en relación a las formas de subjetividad, de experiencias holísticas e integradoras y de valoración del cuerpo; e) revisión de la noción de sujeto moderno desprovisto de la cocreación de lo humano con la comunidad, la historia, la naturaleza y el cosmos.(AU)

Using the health belief model to analyze nurses' perception toward their behaviors for keeping surgical instruments moist: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Nurses' perception toward their behaviors for keeping surgical instruments moist has been rarely studied. METHODS: The survey which utilized a questionnaire regarding respondent's demographic information and a self-designed nurses' perception-behavior scale for keeping surgical instruments moist was conducted with 360 nurses from a hospital in China. RESULTS: Total score of nurses' perception-behavior scale for keeping surgical instruments moist was 139.93 ± 15.145. Score of nurses' perception-behavior scale for keeping surgical instruments moist varied with age, length of service, and job title, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). Length of service was the main factor affecting nurses' perception toward their behaviors for keeping surgical instruments moist. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses should be offered intensive training on keeping surgical instruments moist due to their inadequate perception on it. The nurses' change in health beliefs and behaviors must be based on developing the right attitude.

OBJETIVO: La percepción de los enfermeros sobre sus comportamientos para mantener húmedo el instrumental quirúrgico ha sido poco estudiada. MÉTODOS: La encuesta que utilizó un cuestionario sobre la información demográfica del encuestado y una escala de percepción y comportamiento de las enfermeras de diseño propio para mantener húmedos los instrumentos quirúrgicos se realizó con 360 enfermeras de un hospital en China. RESULTADOS: La puntuación total de la escala de percepción-conducta de las enfermeras para mantener húmedo el instrumental quirúrgico fue de 139.93 ± 15.145. La puntuación de la escala de percepción-conducta de las enfermeras para mantener húmedos los instrumentos quirúrgicos varió con la edad, la duración del servicio y el cargo, con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,05). El tiempo de servicio fue el principal factor que influyó en la percepción de los enfermeros sobre sus comportamientos para mantener húmedo el instrumental quirúrgico. CONCLUSIÓN: Se debe ofrecer a las enfermeras un entrenamiento intensivo sobre el mantenimiento de la humedad del instrumental quirúrgico por su inadecuada percepción al respecto. El cambio de creencias y comportamientos de salud de las enfermeras debe basarse en el desarrollo de la actitud correcta.

Effectiveness of the application of an educational program based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) in Adopting Preventive Behaviors from Self-Medication among Women in Iran. A Randomized Controlled Trial / Eficacia de la aplicación de un programa educativo basado en el Modelo de Creencias sobre la Salud en la adopción de conductas preventivas de la automedicación entre las mujeres de Irán. Un ensayo controlado aleatorio / Eficácia da aplicação de um programa educativo baseado no Modelo de Crenças sobre Saúde na adoção de comportamentos preventivos de automedicação entre mulheres no Irã. Um ensaio clínico randomizado

Objective.To evaluate the effectiveness of the application of an educational program based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) in Adopting Preventive Behaviors from Self-Medication among Women in Iran. Methods. Interventional study with pre and post phases. 200 women referring to the health centers of Urmia were selected by simple random sampling, divided into two groups of treatment and control. Data collection instruments were researcher-devised questionnaire including the questionnaire of Knowledge of Self-medication, the Questionnaire of Preventive Behaviors from Self-medication, and the questionnaire of Health Belief Model. The questionnaires were assessed for expert validity and then, were checked for reliability. The educational intervention was conducted for the treatment group during four weeks four 45-minute sessions. Results.The average scores of knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, self-efficiency, and post-intervention performance in have increased in treatment group, comparing to the control group, All findings were statistically significant (p<0.05). Furthermore, social media, doctors, and disbelief in self-medication were more effective in increasing awareness and encouraging to have proper medication, also, the highest self-medication was in taking pain-relievers, cold tablets and antibiotics, which showed significant decrease in treatment group after the intervention. Conclusion.The educational program based onHealth Belief Modelwas effective in reducing the self-medication among the studied women. Furthermore, it is recommended to use social media and doctors to improve the awareness and motivation among people. Thus, applying the educational programs and plans according to the Health Belief Model can be influential in reducing the self-medication.

Objetivo. Evaluar la eficacia de la aplicación de un programa educativo basado en el Modelo de Creencias sobre la Salud (MCS) en la adopción de conductas preventivas de la automedicación entre las mujeres de Irán. Métodos. Estudio de intervención con evaluación pre y post. Se seleccionaron 200 mujeres que acudieron a los centros de salud de Urmia, a quienes se asignaron a los dos grupos de estudio (tratamiento y control) mediante un muestreo aleatorio simple. Para la recolección de la información se utilizaron los cuestionarios sobre: Conocimientos acerca de la automedicación, conductas preventivas de la automedicación y el modelo de creencias sobre la salud. Se evaluó la validez de los cuestionarios por parte de los expertos y luego se comprobó su confiabilidad. La intervención educativa se llevó a cabo para el grupo de tratamiento durante cuatro semanas con 1 sesión semanal de 45 minutos de duración.Resultados.Las puntuaciones medias de los conocimientos, la susceptibilidad percibida, la gravedad percibida, los beneficios percibidos, las barreras percibidas, las señales para la acción, la autoeficacia y el rendimiento posterior a la intervención aumentaron en el grupo de tratamiento en comparación con el grupo de control, y todos los resultados fueron estadísticamente significativos (p<0.05). Además, los medios de comunicación social fueron eficaces para aumentar la concienciación y animar a tener una medicación adecuada. La mayor automedicación fue en la toma de analgésicos, pastillas para el resfriado y antibióticos, que mostró una disminución significativa en el grupo de tratamiento después de la intervención. Conclusión. El programa educativo basado en el Modelo de Creencias de Salud fue eficaz para reducir la automedicación entre las mujeres estudiadas. Además, se recomienda utilizar los medios de comunicación social para mejorar la concienciación y la motivación de las personas.

Objetivo. Avaliar a eficácia da aplicação de um programa educativo baseado no Modelo de Crenças em Saúde (HCM) na adoção de comportamentos preventivos de automedicação entre mulheres no Irã. Métodos. Estudo de intervenção com pré e pós avaliação. Duzentas mulheres que frequentavam os centros de saúde de Urmia foram selecionadas e alocadas nos dois grupos de estudo (tratamento e controle) por meio de amostragem aleatória simples. Para a coleta de informações, foram utilizados os questionários sobre: Conhecimento sobre automedicação, comportamentos preventivos de automedicação e o modelo de crenças sobre saúde. A validade dos questionários foi avaliada pelos especialistas e, em seguida, verificada sua confiabilidade. A intervenção educativa foi realizada para o grupo de tratamento durante quatro semanas com 1 sessão semanal com duração de 45 minutos. Resultados.Os escores médios de conhecimento, suscetibilidade percebida, gravidade percebida, benefícios percebidos, barreiras percebidas, pistas para ação, autoeficácia e desempenho pós-intervenção aumentaram no grupo de tratamento em comparação com o grupo de intervenção. controle, e todos os resultados foram estatisticamente significativos (p<0.05). Além disso, as mídias sociais foram eficazes na conscientização e no incentivo à medicação adequada. A maior automedicação foi em uso de analgésicos, antissépticos e antibióticos, que apresentou diminuição significativa no grupo de tratamento após a intervenção. Conclusão.O programa educativo baseado no Modelo de Crenças em Saúde foi eficaz na redução da automedicação entre as mulheres estudadas. Além disso, recomenda-se o uso das mídias sociais para melhorar a conscientização e a motivação das pessoas.

Percepciones de aceptabilidad y reticencia a las vacunas contra la COVID-19 en el Perú / Perceptions of acceptance and reluctance to COVID-19 vaccination in Peru

RESUMEN Objetivos. Explorar los factores que predisponen la aceptabilidad o reticencia a la vacunación contra la COVID-19 utilizando métodos cualitativos. Materiales y métodos. Estudio cualitativo descriptivo realizado entre abril y junio del 2021. Se utilizó una guía de entrevista semiestructurada que exploró las percepciones de los participantes de diferentes regiones del Perú con relación a la aplicación de la vacuna para la COVID-19, tomando como marco teórico el modelo de creencias en salud, cuyas dimensiones son: susceptibilidad, severidad, beneficios, barreras y estímulos asociados para ejecutar la acción. Resultados. Se entrevistó a treinta personas, en su mayoría mujeres. Para los participantes la eficacia de las vacunas se relaciona con el país de procedencia, además, consideran que es importante conocer los efectos a largo plazo en la salud luego de la aplicación de la vacuna. La información recibida por las autoridades gubernamentales y sanitarias puede ser un factor decisivo para la aplicación de la vacuna. Las personas con la intención de no vacunarse sienten que las estrategias de promoción de la vacunación vulneran sus derechos humanos. Conclusiones. Existe un grupo de personas indecisas o inseguras de recibir las vacunas contra la COVID-19 en quienes es necesario fomentar estímulos de acuerdo con sus preocupaciones y necesidades. Las autoridades gubernamentales y sanitarias deben trabajar conjuntamente para mejorar la confianza de la población y brindar mensajes que despejen las principales dudas sobre la eficacia y las reacciones adversas de las vacunas.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To explore factors that influence the acceptance or reluctance to COVID-19 vaccination using qualitative methods. Materials and methods. Descriptive qualitative study conducted between April and June 2021. A semi-structured interview guide was used to explore the perceptions of participants from different regions of Peru regarding COVID-19 vaccination. The Health Belief Model was used as theoretical framework and its dimensions are: susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, and cues to action. Results. We interviewed 30 people, mostly were women. For the participants, the efficacy of vaccines is related to the country of origin of the vaccines; in addition, they consider that it is important to know the long-term effects on health after vaccination. The information received by governmental and health authorities can be a decisive factor for vaccination. People with the intention of not being vaccinated feel that vaccination promotion strategies violate their human rights. Conclusions. There is a group of people undecided or unsure about receiving COVID-19 vaccines who need to be encouraged according to their concerns and needs. Governmental and health authorities should work together to improve the confidence of the population and provide messages to clarify doubts about the efficacy and adverse reactions of vaccines.

Explaining interpersonal differences in COVID-19 disease prevention behavior based on the health belief model and collective resilience theory: a cross-sectional study from Bolivia.

BACKGROUND: Governments have attempted to combat the COVID-19 pandemic by issuing guidelines for disease prevention behavior (e.g., wearing masks, social distancing, etc.) and by enforcing these guidelines. However, while some citizens have complied with these guidelines, others have ignored them or have even participated in large-scale protests. This research aims both to understand the causes of such variation in citizens' adherence to government guidelines on disease prevention behavior and to extend the scientific literature on disease prevention to account for the collective resilience of a society to diseases. Thus, this research draws on the health belief model and collective resilience theory to develop hypotheses about the determinants of a citizen's disease prevention behavior. These hypotheses deal with how citizens' vulnerability, attitudes toward disease prevention, and social orientation are associated with COVID-19 prevention behaviors. METHODS: From March 24 to April 4, 2020, a cross-sectional online survey was conducted in Bolivia. It included questions on demographic characteristics, chronic health problems, emotional burden, attitudes towards preventive behaviors, trust in public institutions, and culture. Among 5265 participants who clicked on the survey, 1857 at least partially filled it out. After removing data with missing responses to any variable, the final sample consists of 1231 respondents. The collected data were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling. RESULTS: Regarding a citizen's vulnerability, chronic health problems have a U-shaped association with disease prevention behavior. Moreover, age, female gender, and worries have positive associations with disease prevention behavior, whereas depression showed a negative association. Regarding attitudes toward disease prevention, trust in public institutions, and attitudes toward social distancing, a government-imposed lockdown and the enforcement of this lockdown showed positive associations with disease prevention behavior. Regarding social orientation, individualism and collectivism both have positive relationships with disease prevention behavior. CONCLUSIONS: In the COVID-19 pandemic, a citizen's low vulnerability, weak social orientation, and beliefs about low benefits of disease prevention behavior are associated with poor compliance with guidelines on disease prevention behavior. More research on these associations would help generalize these findings to other populations and other public health crises.

Escala del modelo de creencias de salud en español para el cáncer y la autoexploración testicular

[RESUMEN]. El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar y validar la escala del modelo de creencias de salud para el cáncer y autoexploración testicular (AT) en estudiantes universitarios en México y determinar las variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y del modelo de creencias que influyen en efectuar la AT. Se realizó el proceso de traducción y retraducción de la cual se obtuvieron 72 ítems, que fueron revisados por expertos y se eligieron 39 ítems, los cuales fueron aplicados en un grupo de 30 estudiantes para revisar la comprensión y el tiempo de aplicación; por último, esta versión se aplicó en 803 estudiantes de una universidad pública. Se obtuvo una escala de 38 ítems divididos en 6 factores congruentes con el modelo de creencias de salud: susceptibilidad (α = 0,77), seriedad (α = 0,82), beneficios (α = 0,80), barreras (α = 0,83), autoeficacia (α = 0,88) y motivación para la salud (α = 0,71) que explican el 44% de la varianza y presentan una consistencia interna de adecuada a buena. La variable que más influye en la realización de la autoexploración testicular fue la autoeficacia. La versión en español de la escala del modelo de creencias de salud para el cáncer y la autoexploración testicular obtuvo evidencias de validez y confiabilidad en esta muestra de estudiantes universitarios.

[ABSTRACT]. The objective of this study was to adapt and validate the health belief model scale for testicular cancer and testicular self-examination (TSE) in university students in Mexico and to determine the sociodemographic, clinical, and health belief model variables that influence TSE performance. Translation and back translation were conducted, and 72 items were obtained and reviewed by experts, following which 39 items were selected and applied to a group of 30 students to assess comprehension and application time. Finally, this version was applied to 803 students at a public university. A scale consisting of 38 items was obtained, and the items were divided across six factors consistent with the health belief model: susceptibility (α = 0.77), seriousness (α = 0.82), benefits (α = 0.80), barriers (α = 0.83), self-efficacy (α = 0.88), and health motivation (α = 0.71). These factors explain 44% of the variance and show an internal consistency ranging from acceptable to good. The variable that most strongly influenced the performance of testicular self-examination was self-efficacy. The Spanish-language version of the health belief model scale for testicular cancer and testicular self-examination yielded evidence of validity and reliability in this sample of university students.

[RESUMO]. O objetivo deste estudo foi adaptar e validar a escala do modelo de crenças em saúde para o câncer e o autoexame testicular (AT) em estudantes universitários no México e determinar as variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e do modelo de crenças que influenciam a realização do AT. Realizou-se o processo de tradução e retrotradução, do qual foram obtidos 72 itens que foram revisados por especialistas. Posteriormente, foram escolhidos 39 itens que foram aplicados em um grupo de 30 estudantes para verificação da compreensão e do tempo de aplicação. Por último, esta versão foi aplicada a 803 alunos de uma universidade pública. Obteve-se uma escala de 38 itens, divididos em 6 fatores consistentes com o modelo de crenças em saúde: suscetibilidade (α = 0,77), seriedade (α = 0,82), benefícios (α = 0,80), barreiras (α = 0,83), autoeficácia (α = 0,88) e motivação para a saúde (α = 0,71), que explicam 44% da variância e apresentam consistência interna de adequada a boa. A variável que mais influenciou a realização do autoexame testicular foi a autoeficácia. A versão em espanhol da escala do modelo de crenças em saúde para câncer e autoexame testicular obteve evidências de validade e confiabilidade nesta amostra de estudantes universitários.

Knowledge, Perceptions, Needs and Challenges of Dominican Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus / Conocimientos, percepciones, necesidades y desafíos de los adolescentes dominicanos con diabetes mellitus tipo 1

Introduction: The lack of metabolic control in patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) can cause severe complications and reduce their life expectancy. Transition into adolescence among children with T1DM effects important changes that could negatively influence their metabolic control. Purpose: To determine knowledge, perceptions, needs and challenges of Dominican adolescents with T1DM. Methodology: Phone interviews to adolescents with T1DM between 14 and 18 years. Analysis included coding using the Health Belief Model, and using Nvivo, with a deductive and inductive approach. Results: Participants reported a high level of perceived susceptibility to complications, and severity associated to an incurable disease that causes severe complications. Within modifying factors, the family socioeconomic level was identified as relevant, and the role of support networks in managing their disease was mentioned as an external variable. Conclusions: Culturally, relevant interventions are needed to improve metabolic control and psychosocial aspects among Dominican adolescents with T1DM, including the use of a self-management mobile application; in addition, incorporating perspectives, context realities and knowledge of adolescents in developing therapeutical education strategies about T1DM could improve the impact of these strategies

Introducción: el descontrol metabólico en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 (DMT1) puede provocar complicaciones severas y reducir la esperanza de vida. La transición a la adolescencia en jóvenes con DMT1 determina cambios importantes que pueden influenciar negativamente el control metabólico. Propósito: determinar el nivel de conocimiento, las percepciones, las necesidades y los desafíos de los adolescentes dominicanos con DMT1. Metodología: entrevistas telefónicas a adolescentes con DMT1, entre 14 y 18 años. El análisis incluyó la codificación con base al Modelo de Creencias de Salud, utilizando NVivo, a través de un abordaje deductivo e inductivo. Resultados: participantes reportaron un alto nivel de susceptibilidad percibida de sufrir complicaciones y una percepción de severidad asociada a una enfermedad incurable que causa complicaciones severas. En los factores modificadores se destacan determinantes sociales como el nivel socioeconómico de la familia y, en las variables externas, el rol de las redes de apoyo en el manejo de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: se requieren intervenciones culturalmente relevantes para mejorar el control metabólico y los aspectos psicosociales en los adolescentes dominicanos con DMT1, como sería una aplicación móvil para el automanejo; además, incorporar las perspectivas, las realidades contextuales y los conocimientos de los adolescentes en las estrategias de educación terapéutica sobre la DMT1 favorecería su impacto

Effectiveness of the application of an educational program based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) in Adopting.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of the application of an educational program based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) in Adopting Preventive Behaviors from Self-Medication among Women in Iran. METHODS: Interventional study with pre and post phases. 200 women referring to the health centers of Urmia were selected by simple random sampling, divided into two groups of treatment and control. Data collection instruments were researcher-devised questionnaire including the questionnaire of Knowledge of Self-medication, the Questionnaire of Preventive Behaviors from Self-medication, and the questionnaire of Health Belief Model. The questionnaires were assessed for expert validity and then, were checked for reliability. The educational intervention was conducted for the treatment group during four weeks four 45-minute sessions. RESULTS: The average scores of knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, self-efficiency, and post-intervention performance in have increased in treatment group, comparing to the control group, All findings were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Furthermore, social media, doctors, and disbelief in self-medication were more effective in increasing awareness and encouraging to have proper medication, also, the highest self-medication was in taking pain-relievers, cold tablets and antibiotics, which showed significant decrease in treatment group after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The educational program based on Health Belief Model was effective in reducing the self-medication among the studied women. Furthermore, it is recommended to use social media and doctors to improve the awareness and motivation among people. Thus, applying the educational programs and plans according to the Health Belief Model can be influential in reducing the self-medication.

Pills and prayers: a comparative qualitative study of community conceptualisations of pre-eclampsia and pluralistic care in Ethiopia, Haiti and Zimbabwe.

BACKGROUND: Pre-eclampsia is a leading cause of preventable maternal and perinatal deaths globally. While health inequities remain stark, removing financial or structural barriers to care does not necessarily improve uptake of life-saving treatment. Building on existing literature elaborating the sociocultural contexts that shape behaviours around pregnancy and childbirth can identify nuanced influences relating to pre-eclampsia care. METHODS: We conducted a cross-cultural comparative study exploring lived experiences and understanding of pre-eclampsia in Ethiopia, Haiti and Zimbabwe. Our primary objective was to examine what local understandings of pre-eclampsia might be shared between these three under-resourced settings despite their considerable sociocultural differences. Between August 2018 and January 2020, we conducted 89 in-depth interviews with individuals and 17 focus group discussions (n = 106). We purposively sampled perinatal women, survivors of pre-eclampsia, families of deceased women, partners, older male and female decision-makers, traditional birth attendants, religious and traditional healers, community health workers and facility-based health professionals. Template analysis was conducted to facilitate cross-country comparison drawing on Social Learning Theory and the Health Belief Model. RESULTS: Survivors of pre-eclampsia spoke of their uncertainty regarding symptoms and diagnosis. A lack of shared language challenged coherence in interpretations of illness related to pre-eclampsia. Across settings, raised blood pressure in pregnancy was often attributed to psychosocial distress and dietary factors, and eclampsia linked to spiritual manifestations. Pluralistic care was driven by attribution of causes, social norms and expectations relating to alternative care and trust in biomedicine across all three settings. Divergence across the contexts centred around nuances in religious or traditional practices relating to maternal health and pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Engaging faith and traditional caregivers and the wider community offers opportunities to move towards coherent conceptualisations of pre-eclampsia, and hence greater access to potentially life-saving care.

Modelo predictivo para el vaticinio de la baja calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en mujeres de edad mediana / A Predictive Model of Low Quality of Life Related to Health in Middle-Aged Women

Introducción: La calidad de vida ha sido una preocupación e interés para los investigadores, es definida como constructo social con limitaciones para su estudio, que se enmarcan en tres grupos de problemas: conceptuales, metodológicos e instrumentales. Objetivo: Desarrollar un modelo predictivo para el vaticinio de baja calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en mujeres de edad mediana. Métodos: Investigación de desarrollo tecnológico (I+D+I). Se estipuló un tamaño de muestra de 532 mujeres, para la validación del modelo, se escogieron por muestreo simple aleatorio a 200 mujeres de edad mediana. Variables utilizadas: edad, edad de la menopausia, apoyo familiar percibido, cantidad de enfermedades e intensidad del síndrome climatérico. Resultados: Se creó un modelo estadístico para el vaticinio de la baja calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, se presentan la aplicación de la regresión logística múltiple. En esta se aprecia el ajuste del modelo, evaluado por el estadígrafo X2 de Hosmer y Lemeshow (X2 Hosmer-Lemeshow = 8,656), que resultó significativo (p = 0,374). Conclusiones: El incremento de la edad en años, el apoyo familiar percibido y la intensidad del síndrome climatérico constituyen factores de riesgo de baja calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en las mujeres investigadas.El modelo estadístico es adecuado para su uso en el vaticinio de la baja calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en mujeres de edad mediana(AU)

Introduction: Quality of life has been a concern and interest for researchers. It is defined as a social construct with limitations for its study, which are framed into three groups of problems: conceptual, methodological and instrumental. Objective: To develop a predictive model of low quality of life related to health in middle-aged women. Methods: Technological development research (R+D+I). A sample size of 532 women was chosen. For the validation of the model, 200 middle-aged women were chosen by simple random sampling. The variables used were age, age at menopause, perceived family support, number of illnesses, and intensity of climacteric syndrome. Results: A statistical model was created for predicting low quality of life related to health. The application of multiple logistic regression is presented. This shows the fit of the model, evaluated by Hosmer and Lemeshow's X2 statistic (X2 Hosmer-Lemeshow=8.656), which was significant (P=0.374). Conclusions: Age increase in years, perceived family support and intensity of climacteric syndrome are risk factors for low quality of life related to health in the women investigated. The statistical model is suitable to be used for predicting low quality of life related to health in middle-aged women(AU)

Harnessing Social Media in the Modelling of Pandemics-Challenges and Opportunities.

As COVID-19 spreads throughout the world without a straightforward treatment or widespread vaccine coverage in the near future, mathematical models of disease spread and of the potential impact of mitigation measures have been thrust into the limelight. With their popularity and ability to disseminate information relatively freely and rapidly, information from social media platforms offers a user-generated, spontaneous insight into users' minds that may capture beliefs, opinions, attitudes, intentions and behaviour towards outbreaks of infectious disease not obtainable elsewhere. The interactive, immersive nature of social media may reveal emergent behaviour that does not occur in engagement with traditional mass media or conventional surveys. In recognition of the dramatic shift to life online during the COVID-19 pandemic to mitigate disease spread and the increasing threat of further pandemics, we examine the challenges and opportunities inherent in the use of social media data in infectious disease modelling with particular focus on their inclusion in compartmental models.

Development and Validation of a Mexican Version of the Champion's Health Belief Model Scale for Breast Cancer Screening.

Although the Champion's Health Belief Model Scale for breast cancer screening has been adapted and validated in different populations worldwide, a Spanish version for the Latin American population is still not available. The aim of this study was to adapt and validate the Spanish version of the Champion's Health Belief Model Scale for mammograms for use with Mexican women and determine the sociodemographic, clinical, and health belief model variables which influence undergoing a mammogram. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was designed. Participants included 612 women aged 40 years and above who attended a public tertiary hospital. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted, from which six factors with adequate loadings were obtained. In addition, Cronbach's alpha was used to obtain a reliability coefficient of 0.68-0.94. To obtain criterion validity, a binary logistic regression analysis was conducted, with the mammogram being the dependent variable and sociodemographic, clinical, and health belief model dimensions being the predictors; perceived benefits was the variable that most influenced the obtaining of mammography. This Spanish version of the Champion's Health Belief Model Scale for breast cancer screening for Mexican women was found to be valid and reliable, which means it could be a useful tool in identifying beliefs surrounding breast cancer screening.