Surgical training of minimally invasive mitral valve repair on a patient-specific simulator improves surgical skills.

OBJECTIVES: Minimally invasive mitral valve repair (MVR) is considered one of the most challenging operations in cardiac surgery and requires much practice and experience. Simulation-based surgical training might be a method to support the learning process and help to flatten the steep learning curve of novices. The purpose of this study was to show the possible effects on learning of surgical training using a high-fidelity simulator with patient-specific mitral valve replicas. METHODS: Twenty-five participants were recruited to perform MVR on anatomically realistic valve models during different training sessions. After every session their performance was evaluated by a surgical expert regarding accuracy and duration for each step. A second blinded rater similarly assessed the performance after the study. Through repeated documentation of those parameters, their progress in learning was analysed, and gains in proficiency were evaluated. RESULTS: Participants showed significant performance enhancements in terms of both accuracy and time. Their surgical skills showed sizeable improvements after only 1 session. For example, the time to implant neo-chordae decreased by 24.64% (354 s-264 s, P < 0.001) and the time for annuloplasty by 4.01% (54 s-50 s, P = 0.165), whereas the number of irregular stitches for annuloplasty decreased from 52% to 24%.The significance of simulation-based surgical training as a tool for acquiring and training surgical skills was reviewed positively. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that simulation-based surgical training is a valuable and effective method for learning reconstructive techniques of minimally invasive MVR and overall general dexterity.The novel learning and training options should be implemented in the surgical traineeship for systematic teaching of various surgical skills.

Return to work after coronary artery bypass grafting and aortic valve replacement surgery: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery bypass grafting surgery and aortic valve replacement surgery are essential treatment options for people suffering from angina pectoris or aortic valve disease. Surgery aims to prolong life expectancy, improve quality of life, and facilitate participation in society for the individuals afflicted. The aim of this review was to explore the literature on work participation in patients following coronary artery bypass grafting or aortic valve replacement surgery, and to identify demographic and clinical characteristics associated with returning to work. METHODS: A scoping review framework of Arksey and O'Malley was chosen. Four electronic databases: Medline, CINAHL, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched for studies in English, Swedish, Danish or Norwegian between January 1988 and January 2020. A blinded selection of articles was performed. The data were then charted and summarized by descriptive numerical analyses and categorized into themes. RESULTS: Forty-five out of 432 articles were included in the final full-text analysis. Absence from work following coronary artery bypass graft grafting or aortic valve replacement surgery lasted on average 30 weeks, whereas 34% of the patients never returned to work. Being female, suffering from pre-existing depression, having limited secondary education, or low income were associated with decreased return to work rates. Previous employment was a decisive factor for returning to work after surgery. Data on return to work after aortic valve replacement were scarce. CONCLUSIONS: A significant number of patients never return to work following coronary artery bypass grafting or aortic valve surgery, and the time interval until work return is longer than expected. Failure to resume work represents a threat to the patients' finances and quality of life. Nurses are in a unique position to assess work-related issues and have an active part in the multi-disciplinary facilitation of tailored occupational counselling after cardiac surgery.

Pass On What You Have Learned: A Structured Mentor-Mentee Concept for the Implementation of a Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Surgery Program.

INTRODUCTION: Starting a minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS) for mitral valve repair (MVR) program is challenging as it requires a new learning curve, but compromising surgical results at the same time is not acceptable. Here, we describe our surgical educational experience of starting a new MICS program at a university heart center in Germany. METHODS: A dedicated team for the new MICS program including 2 cardiac surgeons, 1 cardiac anesthetist, 1 perfusionist, and 1 scrub nurse was chosen. The use of long shafted instruments was trained in a low-cost self-assembled MICS simulator, and the EACTS endoscopic dry lab course was visited. Thereafter, 1 MICS center was visited for direct observation and peer-to-peer education for 6 weeks. The mentor observed the first 10 cases performed by the mentee. The surgical mitral valve expertise of 1 single cardiac surgeon was retrospectively analyzed between April 2016 and April 2021. RESULTS: Before the implementation of the MICS-MVR program, 18 mitral valve operations have been performed through sternotomy between April 2016 and October 2018 including 12 replacements and 6 ring annuloplasties. After starting the MICS-MVR program, 73 mitral operations have been performed by the same surgeon of which 53 video-assisted through minithoracotomy (72.6%). 83.1% of the MICS procedures included complex repair (n = 38) and ring annuloplasty (n = 6). Open heart MV surgery was necessary in 20 patients due to concomitant procedures (n = 8), redo procedures (n = 2), severe endocarditis (n = 4), or contraindication for MICS such as PAD (n = 6). There have been no deaths, 1 stroke, and 1 cardiac vascular (RCX) complication. Two patients required conversion to sternotomy and one pericardiocentesis in the long term. CONCLUSION: Typically, excellent exposure and high repair rates of the MV has led us offer MICS approach to a majority of patients with isolated MV disease. Careful planning and a strict mentor-mentee concept facilitated a safe startup of an MICS program in a busy university heart center.

Learning Curve from 100 Cases of Totally Thoracoscopic Mitral Valve Replacement.

BACKGROUND: To investigate and analyze the learning curve of totally thoracoscopic mitral valve replacement and provide a quantitative reference for cardiac surgeons to carry out the operation step by step. METHODS: The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed of 100 consecutive patients with totally thoracoscopic mitral valve replacement successively performed by the same surgeon in a single center from May 2019 to June 2020. The learning curve was divided into 2 stages by using cumulative sum analysis, and relevant surgical parameters and perioperative indicators were analyzed. RESULTS: The first stage of the learning curve is the skill acquisition stage, which includes 1 to 40 surgical procedures. The second stage is the proficiency stage, involving 41 to 100 operations. Among the surgical parameters of the patients in the 2 stages, detectable improvements were observed in operative time, cardiopulmonary bypass time, cross-clamp time, and intraoperative injury. After surgery, the amount of drainage, length of hospital stay, blood creatinine levels, and oxygenation index 24 h after surgery were also significantly different between the 2 groups (all P < .05). The age and sex distributions of the patients were balanced, and there was no statistically significant difference in terms of conversion to median sternotomy between the 2 stages (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Cumulative sum analysis was used to accurately analyze the learning curve of totally thoracoscopic mitral valve replacement, indicating that 40 cases are needed to master the technique.

Aortic valve-sparing root replacement (David): learning curve and impact on outcome.

OBJECTIVES: Aortic valve-sparing root replacement (David procedure) offers the benefit of preserving the native aortic valve but is often criticized for being technically challenging and time-consuming. We analysed whether the surgeon's level of experience affects the early and long-term outcome after the David procedure. METHODS: From July 1993 to October 2015, a total of 582 patients underwent aortic valve-sparing David I procedure at our institution. A retrospective review with follow-up (mean follow-up time 8.6 ± 5.6 years) was performed. Statistical analysis of the surgeon's level of experience was performed as a categorical variable, after patients were chronologically assigned to groups of tens. Study end points assessing the surgeon's learning curve included both measures of patient outcome and measures of task efficiency. Study end points included both short- and long-term outcomes. RESULTS: Analysis of task efficiency showed that there was a statistically significant inverse correlation between the surgeon's level of experience and both cardiopulmonary bypass time (P = 0.026) and aortic cross-clamp time (P = 0.017). Analysis of patient outcome revealed that the incidence of aortic valve-related reoperation during follow-up showed a significant inverse correlation with the surgeon's level of experience (P = 0.048). Cox regression analysis found that the surgeon's level of experience (odds ratio 0.802, 95% confidence interval 0.673-0.957; P = 0.014) was a significant risk factor for aortic valve-related reoperation-free survival during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: There is a surgeon's learning curve for aortic valve-sparing David procedure. The surgeon's experience has a direct impact on both the perioperative outcome and the long-term performance of the aortic valve.

Learning curve in minimally invasive mitral valve surgery: a single-center experience.

BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery is becoming a gold standard and provides many advantages for patients. A learning curve is required for a surgeon to become proficient, and the exact number to overcome this curve is controversial. Our study aimed to define this number for mitral valve surgery in general, for replacement and repair separately. METHODS: A total of 204 mitral valve surgeries were performed via the right minithoracotomy approach from October 2014 to January 2019 by a single surgeon who isexperienced in conventional mitral valve surgery. Learning curves were analysed based on the trend of important variables (cross-clamp time, CPB time, ventilation time, ICU time, composite technical failure) over time, and the number of operations required was calculated by CUSUM method. RESULTS: MIMVS provided an excellent outcome in the carefully selected patients, with low mortality of 0.5% and low rate of complications. The decreasing trend of the important variables were observed over the years and as the cumulative number of procedures increased. The number of operations required to overcome the learning curve was 75 to 100 cases. When considered separately, the quantity for mitral valve replacement was 60 cases, whereas valve repair necessitated at least 90 cases to have an acceptable technical complication rate. CONCLUSION: MIMVS is an excellent choice for mitral valve surgery. However, this approach required a long learning curve for a surgeon who is experienced in conventional mitral valve surgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The research was registered and approved by the ethical board of the University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, number 141/DHYD-HDDD, on April 11th 2018.

Replicated mitral valve models from real patients offer training opportunities for minimally invasive mitral valve repair.

OBJECTIVES: Minimally invasive mitral valve repair is considered a challenging procedure. Mastering the necessary skills takes years of training and clinical experience. To date, reconstructive surgery is performed mainly by a few surgeons with a strong track record, whereas trainees have only limited opportunities to practise. METHODS: A high-fidelity training simulator was equipped with novel silicone replicas of patient-specific mitral valves containing all of the anatomical components of the valve. The goal of this system was to aid members of the surgical community to overcome the steep learning curve. RESULTS: Twelve surgeons (5 experts and 7 surgical resident trainees) performed a minimally invasive mitral valve repair procedure on these models and assessed the usefulness for different applications. The trainees found the main application to be general surgical training and education for mitral valve repair, whereas the experts found the main benefit to be rehearsal for a specific patient. The skills of the trainees were improved in only a single session. The valve models placed in a water solution showed a high echogenicity. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative patient-specific simulation could improve the safety and effectiveness of mitral valve repair in the hands of a larger number of surgeons. Because the system is based on a quantitative segmentation of the anatomy of the mitral valve, it offers young surgeons training in general dexterity and also provides an exact numerical quantitative assessment of valvular geometry. This system can be used to educate surgeons to strive for and achieve well-defined and measurable surgical changes to the anatomy of the valve and to achieve the desired functional results.

Analysis of the Learning Curve in Mitral Valve Replacement Through the Right Anterolateral Minithoracotomy Approach: A Surgeon's Experience with the First 100 Patients.

BACKGROUND: To apply the cumulative sum (CUSUM) failure analysis to assess the performance of a single surgeon during mitral valve replacement via the right anterolateral minithoracotomy (RAMT) approach and to analyse the learning curve for the procedure. METHODS: A total of 100 mitral valve replacements were performed using the RAMT approach from June 2011 to April 2013 by a single surgeon with no prior experience of this technique. Patients were divided into five blocks according to the operation date. The perioperative data were collected prospectively and analysed using descriptive statistics and CUSUM failure analysis. RESULTS: No significant differences in the background factors among the five periods were observed, except for a small increase in patient age from periods 1 to 5 (p=0.004). The surgeon's performance improved with time; a decrease in the cross-clamp time, operative time, and blood loss was observed (p<0.001). However, no significant difference in the number of failed cases was observed among the periods. All failure cases were evaluated by the CUSUM failure analysis and the CUSUM curve reflected a learning curve associated with this new procedure. The surgeon crossed the lower 80% boundary after about 33 operations, which indicates that better results can be obtained after this point. CONCLUSIONS: Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery using the RAMT approach can be performed by a new surgeon. Furthermore, CUSUM curve analysis is a simple statistical method to implement continuous individual performance monitoring.

Knowledge transfer and quality control in minimally invasive aortic valve replacement.

Cardiac surgery has adapted to new demands and the development of new technologies has become a necessity. With this in mind, the interest in minimally invasive aortic valve replacement has grown tremendously. It is evident that the learning curve is an important consideration in the adoption of new technologies and has an impact on outcomes while it is being navigated. In this review, we discuss the process of knowledge transfer and quality control in the setting of minimally invasive aortic valve replacement.

Learning curve analysis of transapical NeoChord mitral valve repair.

OBJECTIVES: Transapical off-pump mitral valve intervention with neochordae implantation is a novel, minimally invasive procedure for treatment of degenerative mitral valve regurgitation. The aim of this study was to apply control charts (CUSUM curves) to monitor the performance of NeoChord repair during the initial phase of its adoption. METHODS: The first 112 consecutive patients who underwent NeoChord repair at our institution between November 2013 and March 2016 were included in the analysis. Mitral Valve Academic Research Consortium criteria for 1-year patient success was utilized to determine failed procedures. Control charts had predetermined acceptable and unacceptable failure rates of 5% and 15%, respectively. RESULTS: The actual incidence of 1-year-patient failure was 11% (12 of 112 cases), with a cluster of failures within the first 20 cases. The CUSUM analysis demonstrated an initial learning curve; however, the upper boundary (alarm line) was never crossed. The reassurance line was first crossed after 40 procedures and performance remained stable after 49 procedures. CONCLUSIONS: NeoChord repair is a safe procedure, and the results are maintained through the 1-year follow-up. A relative high number of implants were required to overcome the learning curve at our institution due to the concurrent development of patient selection criteria and the technical refinement of the procedure. Future studies are needed to assess the evolution of the learning curve after the wide adoption of the procedure across European and North American centres.

A low-cost bioprosthetic semilunar valve for research, disease modelling and surgical training applications.

OBJECTIVES: This paper provides detailed instructions for constructing low-cost bioprosthetic semilunar valves for animal research and clinical training. This work fills an important gap between existing simulator training valves and clinical valves by providing fully functioning designs that can be employed in ex vivo and in vivo experiments and can also be modified to model valvular disease. METHODS: Valves are constructed in 4 steps consisting of creating a metal frame, covering it with fabric and attaching a suture ring and leaflets. Computer-aided design files are provided for making the frame from wire or by metal 3D printing. The covering fabric and suturing ring are made from materials readily available in a surgical lab, while the leaflets are made from pericardium. The entire fabrication process is described in figures and in a video. To demonstrate disease modelling, design modifications are described for producing paravalvular leaks, and these valves were evaluated in porcine ex vivo (n = 3) and in vivo (n = 6) experiments. RESULTS: Porcine ex vivo and acute in vivo experiments demonstrate that the valves can replicate the performance of clinical valves for research and training purposes. Surgical implantation is similar, and echocardiograms are comparable to clinical valves. Furthermore, valve leaflet function was satisfactory during acute in vivo tests with little central regurgitation, while the paravalvular leak modifications consistently produced leaks in the desired locations. CONCLUSIONS: The detailed design procedure presented here, which includes a tutorial video and computer-aided design files, should be of substantial benefit to researchers developing valve disease models and to clinicians developing realistic valve training systems.

Echocardiography for Intraoperative Decision Making in Mitral Valve Surgery-A Pilot Simulation-Based Training Module.

Echocardiographic assessment of the repaired or replaced mitral valve intraoperatively involves making a high-impact joint decision with the surgeon, in a time-sensitive manner, in a dynamic clinical situation. These decisions have to take into account the degree of imperfection if any, the likelihood of obtaining a better result, the underlying condition of the patient, and the impact of a longer cardiopulmonary bypass period if the decision is made to reintervene. Traditional echocardiography teaching is limited in its ability to provide this training. The authors report the development and implementation of a training module simulating the dynamic clinical environment of a mitral valve surgery in progress and the critical echo-based intraoperative decision making involved in the assessment of the acceptability of the surgical result.

Three-dimensional Printed Cardiac Models: Applications in the Field of Medical Education, Cardiovascular Surgery, and Structural Heart Interventions.

In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) printed models have been incorporated into cardiology because of their potential usefulness in enhancing understanding of congenital heart disease, surgical planning, and simulation of structural percutaneous interventions. This review provides an introduction to 3D printing technology and identifies the elements needed to construct a 3D model: the types of imaging modalities that can be used, their minimum quality requirements, and the kinds of 3D printers available. The review also assesses the usefulness of 3D printed models in medical education, specialist physician training, and patient communication. We also review the most recent applications of 3D models in surgical planning and simulation of percutaneous structural heart interventions. Finally, the current limitations of 3D printing and its future directions are discussed to explore potential new applications in this exciting medical field.

How safe is it to train residents to perform mitral valve surgery?

A best evidence topic was constructed according to a structured protocol. The enquiry: In [patients undergoing mitral valve surgery] are [postoperative morbidity and mortality outcomes] acceptable when patients are operated on by [residents]? Four hundred and twenty-three were identified from the search strategy. Six articles selected as best evidence were tabulated. All current published evidence, encompassing open and minimally invasive mitral valve repair in addition to mitral valve replacement, supports the involvement of trainees in mitral procedures. Although trainees may experience longer aortic cross-clamp and cardiopulmonary bypass times than specialist surgeons, they are not associated with significantly worse perioperative or postoperative outcomes in comparable mitral procedures. Important factors in the viability of mitral valve training and its quality include the volume of cases per institution and the expertise of the supervising surgeon, and these remain largely unexplored. Overall, mitral valve surgery remains a valuable potential training opportunity, one which is perhaps underexploited.

Exploring the learning curve for minimally invasive sutureless aortic valve replacement.

OBJECTIVE: The study objective was to assess the learning process and quality of care of right minithoracotomy aortic valve replacement with a sutureless bioprosthesis at a single institution. METHODS: We performed an analysis of the first 300 consecutive patients (aged 76 ± 6 years; logistic European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation 9 ± 6) who underwent sutureless valve implantation via a right minithoracotomy by 6 surgeons at the G. Pasquinucci Heart Hospital between 2011 and 2015. The learning curve was analyzed by dividing the study population into tertiles of 100 patients each. Departmental and individual learning curves were calculated using sequential probability cumulative sum failure analysis. Quality indicators were 2 composite end points reflecting the technical success and 30-day complications. RESULTS: The overall mortality was 0.7% (2 patients). No significant differences were noted in terms of mortality and complications between tertiles. The sutureless valve was implanted successfully in 99% of patients (298/300). Cumulative sum analysis failed to identify any significant learning effects for technical success. Nevertheless, surgeons A, B, and C had a small initial learning curve, and surgeons D, E, and F did not, reflecting a trend toward a positive effect of cumulative institutional experience on the individual learning curve. The 30-day complications analysis revealed a cluster of failures at the beginning of the experience. This cluster prompted an internal audit and modification of the patients' selection process. Consecutively, the procedure returned in control. CONCLUSIONS: Right minithoracotomy sutureless valve implantation can be performed safely without learning curve effects. Cumulative sum analysis is a valuable tool to describe and monitor the learning process. The analysis can identify periods of less than expected performance and alert the team to react.