Development of ELISA based on Bacillus anthracis capsule biosynthesis protein CapA for naturally acquired antibodies against anthrax.

Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by the gram-positive spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Detecting naturally acquired antibodies against anthrax sublethal exposure in animals is essential for anthrax surveillance and effective control measures. Serological assays based on protective antigen (PA) of B. anthracis are mainly used for anthrax surveillance and vaccine evaluation. Although the assay is reliable, it is challenging to distinguish the naturally acquired antibodies from vaccine-induced immunity in animals because PA is cross-reactive to both antibodies. Although additional data on the vaccination history of animals could bypass this problem, such data are not readily accessible in many cases. In this study, we established a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific to antibodies against capsule biosynthesis protein CapA antigen of B. anthracis, which is non-cross-reactive to vaccine-induced antibodies in horses. Using in silico analyses, we screened coding sequences encoded on pXO2 plasmid, which is absent in the veterinary vaccine strain Sterne 34F2 but present in virulent strains of B. anthracis. Among the 8 selected antigen candidates, capsule biosynthesis protein CapA (GBAA_RS28240) and peptide ABC transporter substrate-binding protein (GBAA_RS28340) were detected by antibodies in infected horse sera. Of these, CapA has not yet been identified as immunoreactive in other studies to the best of our knowledge. Considering the protein solubility and specificity of B. anthracis, we prepared the C-terminus region of CapA, named CapA322, and developed CapA322-ELISA based on a horse model. Comparative analysis of the CapA322-ELISA and PAD1-ELISA (ELISA uses domain one of the PA) showed that CapA322-ELISA could detect anti-CapA antibodies in sera from infected horses but was non-reactive to sera from vaccinated horses. The CapA322-ELISA could contribute to the anthrax surveillance in endemic areas, and two immunoreactive proteins identified in this study could be additives to the improvement of current or future vaccine development.

Protein transfer learning improves identification of heat shock protein families.

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play a pivotal role as molecular chaperones against unfavorable conditions. Although HSPs are of great importance, their computational identification remains a significant challenge. Previous studies have two major limitations. First, they relied heavily on amino acid composition features, which inevitably limited their prediction performance. Second, their prediction performance was overestimated because of the independent two-stage evaluations and train-test data redundancy. To overcome these limitations, we introduce two novel deep learning algorithms: (1) time-efficient DeepHSP and (2) high-performance DeeperHSP. We propose a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based DeepHSP that classifies both non-HSPs and six HSP families simultaneously. It outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms, despite taking 14-15 times less time for both training and inference. We further improve the performance of DeepHSP by taking advantage of protein transfer learning. While DeepHSP is trained on raw protein sequences, DeeperHSP is trained on top of pre-trained protein representations. Therefore, DeeperHSP remarkably outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms increasing F1 scores in both cross-validation and independent test experiments by 20% and 10%, respectively. We envision that the proposed algorithms can provide a proteome-wide prediction of HSPs and help in various downstream analyses for pathology and clinical research.

Highly Precise Protein Semisynthesis through Ligation-Desulfurization Chemistry in Combination with Phenacyl Protection of Native Cysteines.

Semisynthesis of proteins via expressed protein ligation is a powerful tool to furnish full-length proteins carrying site-specific (posttranslational) modifications. The development of various ß-mercapto amino acid building blocks coupled with ligation-desulfurization chemistry enabled further advances in this methodology by alleviating the need for cysteine residues at the desired ligation sites. However, this expansion in the availability of viable ligation sites is sometimes counterbalanced by the inadvertent desulfurization of unprotected native cysteines, which might be of structural and/or functional importance. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for using the cysteine-selective protecting group phenacyl (PAc) to achieve precise protein semisynthesis preserving native cysteine residues. The PAc group can be easily installed on cysteine(s) within recombinantly produced protein thioesters, withstands standard ligation, desulfurization and reversed phase HPLC conditions, and can be smoothly removed. We have previously demonstrated the utility of this protecting group through the semisynthesis of two model proteins, human small heat shock protein Hsp27 and Prion protein, in which one or two native cysteines, respectively, were maintained through the ligation-desulfurization sequence.

Expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 as prognostic biomarkers for triple-negative breast cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Glucose-regulated protein78(GRP78) is a stress - induced endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein. it is closely related to the occurrence, development, proliferation, differentiation and drug resistance of breast cancer. However, the association and clinicopathological features between GRP78 and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) remain to be studied. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical and pathological characteristics and overall survival were analysed retrospectively in 179 surgically resected TNBC patients. GRP78 was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using breast cancer tissue microarrays (TMAs), and the association between GRP78 levels and clinicopathological factors and prognosis was analyzed. Furthermore, GRP78 expression in human TNBC and NTNBC cell lines was detected by Western blot and qRT-PCR. After Si-GRP78 knocked-down GRP78 in MDA-MB-231 and BT549 cell lines, cell proliferation was detected using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and cell colony formation was detected by crystal violet staining, respectively. RESULTS: GRP78 was expressed in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). GRP78 expression was significantly associated with invasive, distant metastasis and proliferation of TNBC (P<0.05). In addition, patients with positive GRP78 expression had shorter overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). And the high expression of GRP78 was significantly associated with disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with TNBC (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings improve our understanding of the expression pattern of GRP78 in TNBC and clarify the role of GRP78 as promising prognostic biomarkers for triple-negative breast cancer.

Actinobacillus seminis GroEL-homologous protein agglutinates sheep erythrocytes.

Actinobacillus seminis, a commensal of ovine and caprine reproductive organs, is able to induce epididymitis in the small ruminants that it infects. In this work, we characterised two protein bands of approximately 150 kDa and 65 kDa. These proteins cross-reacted with a polyclonal serum against Gallibacterium anatis hemagglutinin and with a polyclonal serum from sheep with epididymitis, indicating that the proteins are expressed in vivo; the two proteins also interacted with biotin-labeled sheep fibrinogen and fibronectin, suggesting that they may function as adhesins. The participation of these proteins as adhesins was confirmed by a cultured human bladder cell-A. seminis adhesion assay and adherence inhibition by preincubation of A. seminis with polyclonal antiserum to the 150 kDa protein. Both proteins presented sequence identity with an A. seminis GroEL protein by mass spectrometry analysis and agglutinated glutaraldehyde-fixed sheep red blood cells. Immunogold labeling was observed by transmission electron microscopy on bacterial cells that were negatively stained, and a peroxidase reaction was detected in A. seminis biofilms, when an anti-A. seminis 150 kDa protein serum was used, indicating the presence of this protein on the surface of A. seminis and in biofilms. The A. seminis GroEL-homologue is a multifunctional protein that likely acts as a hemagglutinin.

In Vivo Trapping of Proteins Interacting with the Chloroplast CLPC1 Chaperone: Potential Substrates and Adaptors.

The chloroplast stromal CLP protease system is essential for growth and development. It consists of a proteolytic CLP core complex that likely dynamically interacts with oligomeric rings of CLPC1, CLPC2, or CLPD AAA+ chaperones. These ATP-dependent chaperones are predicted to bind and unfold CLP protease substrates, frequently aided by adaptors (recognins), and feed them into the proteolytic CLP core for degradation. To identify new substrates and possibly also new adaptors for the chloroplast CLP protease system, we generated an in vivo CLPC1 substrate trap with a C-terminal STREPII affinity tag in Arabidopsis thaliana by mutating critical glutamate residues (E374A and E718A) in the two Walker B domains of CLPC1 required for the hydrolysis of ATP (CLPC1-TRAP). On the basis of homology to nonplant CLPB/C chaperones, it is predicted that interacting substrates are unable to be released; that is, they are trapped. When expressed in the wild type, this CLPC1-TRAP induced a dominant visible phenotype, whereas no viable mutants that express CLPC1-TRAP in the clpc1-1 null mutant could be recovered. Affinity purification of the CLPC1-TRAP resulted in a dozen proteins highly enriched compared with affinity-purified CLPC1 with a C-terminal STREPII affinity tag (CLPC1-WT). These enriched proteins likely represent CLP protease substrates or new adaptors. Several of these trapped proteins overaccumulated in clp mutants or were found as interactors for the adaptor CLPS1, supporting their functional relationship to CLP function. Importantly, the affinity purification of this CLPC1-TRAP also showed high enrichment of all CLPP, CLPR, and CLPT subunits, indicating the stabilization of the CLPC to CLP core interaction and providing direct support for their physical and functional interaction.

Knockdown of the small heat-shock protein p26 by RNA interference modifies the diapause proteome of Artemia franciscana.

Embryos of the crustacean Artemia franciscana may arrest as gastrulae, forming cysts that enter diapause, which is a state of reduced metabolism and enhanced stress tolerance. Diapausing cysts survive physiological stresses for years due, in part, to molecular chaperones. p26, a small heat-shock protein, is an abundant diapause-specific molecular chaperone in cysts, and it affects embryo development and stress tolerance. p26 is therefore thought to influence many proteins in cysts, and this study was undertaken to determine how the loss of p26 by RNA interference (RNAi) affects the diapause proteome of A. franciscana. The proteome was analyzed by shot-gun proteomics coupled to differential isotopic labeling and tandem mass spectrometry. Proteins in the diapause proteome included metabolic enzymes, antioxidants, binding proteins, structural proteins, transporters, translation factors, receptors, and signal transducers. Proteins within the diapause proteome either disappeared or were reduced in amount when p26 was knocked down, or conversely, proteins appeared or increased in amount. Those proteins that disappeared may be p26 substrates, whereas the synthesis of those proteins that appeared or increased may be regulated by p26. This study provides the first global characterization of the diapause proteome of A. franciscana and demonstrates that the sHsp p26 influences proteome composition.

Initial characterization of newly identified mitochondrial and chloroplast small HSPs from sugarcane shows that these chaperones have different oligomerization states and substrate specificities.

Chaperones belonging to the small heat shock protein (sHSP) family are ubiquitous and exhibit elevated expression under stresses conditions to protect proteins against aggregation, thereby contributing to the stress tolerance of the organism. Tropical plants are constantly exposed to high temperatures, and the mechanisms by which these plants tolerate heat stress are of foremost importance to basic science as well as applied agrobiotechnology. Therefore, this study aims to characterize sHSPs from different organelles from sugarcane, an important crop that is associated with sugar and bioenergy production. An expression sequence tag database of sugarcane was searched, and sHsp genes of mitochondrial and chloroplast organelles were selected and cloned. The proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and isolated and purified by two chromatographic steps with high purity as single species. Circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy showed that both proteins were purified in their folded states with a predominant ß-sheet secondary structure. Determination of the molecular weight, diffusion coefficient and Stokes radius parameters showed that both chaperones form large spherical-like oligomers in solution. The two sHSPs had different oligomeric states and substrate specificities. The mitochondrial sHSP was a 20-mer with ability to protect model substrates that differ from that of the 16-meric sHSP from chloroplasts. These results indicate that both sHSPs are key agents to protect against stress confirming the importance of the great diversity of sHSP chaperones in plants for homeostasis maintenance. Moreover, to our knowledge, this is the first report about small HSPs from sugarcane organelles.

A novel stress hormone response gene in tadpoles of Xenopus tropicalis.

Previous work identified a transcribed locus, Str. 34945, induced by the frog stress hormone corticosterone (CORT) in Xenopus tropicalis tails. Because thyroid hormone had no influence on its expression, Str. 34945 was dubbed the first "CORT-only" gene known from tadpoles. Here, we examine the genomic annotation for this transcript, hormone specificity, time course of induction, tissue distribution, and developmental expression profile. The location of Str. 34945 on the X. tropicalis genome lies between the genes ush1g (Usher syndrome 1G) and fads6 (fatty acid desaturase 6). A blast search showed that it maps to the same region on the X. laevis genome, but no hits were found in the human genome. Using RNA-seq data and conventional reverse transcriptase PCR and sequencing, we show that Str. 34945 is part of the 3' untranslated region of ush1g. We find that CORT but not aldosterone or thyroid hormone treatment induces Str. 34945 in tadpole tails and that expression of Str. 34945 achieves maximal expression within 12-24 h of CORT treatment. Among tissues, Str. 34945 is induced to the highest degree in tail, with lesser induction in lungs, liver, and heart, and no induction in the brain or kidney. During natural metamorphosis, Str. 34945 expression in tails peaks at metamorphic climax. The role of ush1g in metamorphosis is not understood, but the specificity of its hormone response and its expression in tail make ush1g valuable as a marker of CORT-response gene induction independent of thyroid hormone.

Role of Heat Shock Factors in Stress-Induced Transcription.

Heat shock proteins (HSP) are rapidly induced after stresses such as heat shock and accumulate at high concentrations in cells. HSP induction involves primarily a family of heat shock transcription factors (HSF) that bind the heat shock elements of the HSP genes and mediate transcription in trans. We discuss methods for the study of HSP binding to HSP promoters and the consequent increases in HSP gene expression in vitro and in vivo.

Production and Purification of the Native Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hsp12 in Escherichia coli.

Hsp12 is a small heat shock protein produced in many organisms, including the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has been described as an indicator of yeast stress rate and has also been linked to the sweetness sensation of wine. To obtain a sufficient amount of protein, we produced and purified Hsp12 without tag in Escherichia coli. A simple fast two-step process was developed using a microplate approach and a design of experiments. A capture step on an anion-exchange salt-tolerant resin was followed by size exclusion chromatography for polishing, leading to a purity of 97%. Thereafter, specific anti-Hsp12 antibodies were obtained by rabbit immunization. An ELISA was developed to quantify Hsp12 in various strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The antibodies showed high specificity and allowed the quantitation of Hsp12 in the yeast. The quantities of Hsp12 measured in the strains differed in direct proportion to the level of expression found in previous studies.

[Preparation of chaperone-antigen peptide vaccine derived from human gastric cancer stem cells and its immune function].

Objective: To explore the method of extracting chaperone antigen peptide complexes from gastric cancer stem cells and its immune function. Methods: Gastric cancer stem cells and gastric cancer cells were screened by low temperature ultrasonic lysis. After salting out and dialysis, the lysate supernatant was processed with SDS-PAGE to analyze the expression of chaperone antigen peptide complexes, and then was separated and purified with CNBr-activated SepharoseTM 4B. Reverse high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), SDS-PAGE and Western blotting were used to analyze the purity and nature of the acquired albumen. Lymphocyte proliferation assay and lymphocytotoxicity assay were used to ditermine the immunological activity of the chaperone-antigen peptide complexes. Results: The chaperone antigen peptide complexes of gastric cancer stem cells were prepared and identified successfully, of which the main components were the antigen peptides of HSP60, HSP70, HSP90 and HSP110. 0.75 µg and 1.00 µg HSP70-antigen peptide and 1.00 µg HSP90-antigen peptide activated lymphocytes significantly. Their A(490) values were 0.26±0.03, 0.45±0.05 and 0.32±0.04, respectively, while the corresponding doses of HSP60-antigen peptide and HSP110-antigen peptide did not activate lymphocytes. The killing rates of 1.00 µg HSP70-antigen peptide and 1.00 µg HSP70 were (45.0±2.0)% and (16.0±2.0)%, respectively, showing a significant difference (P=0.012). Similarly, the killing rates of 1.00 µg HSP90-antigen peptide and 1.00 µg HSP90 were (36.0±5.0)% and (13.0±4.0)%, respectively, also showing a significant difference (P=0.048). Conclusions: The amount of chaperone antigen peptide complexes in gastric cancer cells is extremely low, but it is obviously increased in gastric cancer stem cells. After purification, the chaperone antigen peptide complexes with high purity can be prepared. The extracted chaperone antigen peptide complexes have stronger immunogenicity, and can be used to make tumor vaccine in vitro, which may have a good application value in the targeted therapy of gastric cancer.

[Proteomic analysis of contaminants in recombinant membrane hemeproteins expressed in E. coli and isolated by metal affinity chromatography].

Contaminating proteins have been identified by "shotgun" proteomic analysis in 14 recombinant preparations of human membrane heme- and flavoproteins expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography of ten proteins was performed on Ni2+-NTA-sepharose 6B, and the remaining four proteins were purified by ligand affinity chromatography on 2',5'-ADP-sepharose 4B. Proteomic analysis allowed to detect 50 protein impurities from E. coli. The most common contaminant was Elongation factor Tu2. It is characterized by a large dipole moment and a cluster arrangement of acidic amino acid residues that mediate the specific interaction with the sorbent. Peptidyl prolyl-cis-trans isomerase SlyD, glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase, and catalase HPII that contained repeating HxH, QxQ, and RxR fragments capable of specific interaction with the sorbent were identified among the protein contaminants as well. GroL/GroS chaperonins were probably copurified due to the formation of complexes with the target proteins. The Ni2+ cations leakage from the sorbent during lead to formation of free carboxyl groups that is the reason of cation exchanger properties of the sorbent. This was the putative reason for the copurification of basic proteins, such as the ribosomal proteins of E. coli and the widely occurring uncharacterized protein YqjD. The results of the analysis revealed variation in the contaminant composition related to the type of protein expressed. This is probably related to the reaction of E. coli cell proteome to the expression of a foreign protein. We concluded that the nature of the protein contaminants in a preparation of a recombinant protein purified by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography on a certain sorbent could be predicted if information on the host cell proteome were available.

Structure prediction, expression, and antigenicity of c-terminal of GRP78.

Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is a typical endoplasmic reticulum luminal chaperone having a main role in the activation of the unfolded protein response. Because of hypoxia and nutrient deprivation in the tumor microenvironment, expression of GRP78 in these cells becomes higher than the native cells, which makes it a suitable candidate for cancer targeting. Suppression of survival signals by antibody production against C-terminal domain of GR78 (CGRP) can induce apoptosis of cancer cells. The aim of this study was in silico analysis, recombinant production, and characterization of CGRP in Escherichia coli. Structural prediction of CGRP by bioinformatics tools was done and the construct containing optimized sequence was transferred to E. coli T7 shuffle. Expression was induced by isopropyl-ß-d-thiogalactoside, and recombinant protein was purified by Ni-NTA agarose resin. The content of secondary structures was obtained by circular dichroism (CD) spectrum. CGRP immunogenicity was evaluated from the immunized mouse sera. SDS-PAGE analysis showed CGRP expression in E. coli. CD spectrum also confirmed prediction of structures by bioinformatics tools. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using sera from immunized mice revealed CGRP as a good immunogen. The results obtained in this study showed that the structure of truncated CGRP is very similar to its structure in the whole protein context. This protein can be used in cancer researches.

Proteomic Profiles Reveal the Function of Different Vegetative Tissues of Moringa oleifera.

Moringa oleifera is a rich source of bioactive compounds and is widely used in traditional medicine and food for its nutritional value; however, the protein and peptide components of different tissues are rarely discussed. Here, we describe the first investigation of M. oleifera proteomes using mass spectrometry and bioinformatics methods. We aimed to elucidate the protein profiles of M. oleifera leaves, stem, bark, and root. Totally 202 proteins were identified from four vegetative organs. We identified 101 proteins from leaves, 51 from stem, 94 from bark and 67 from root, finding that only five proteins existed in both four vegetative parts. The calculated pI of most of the proteins is distributed in 5-10 and the molecular weight distributed below 100 kDa. Functional classification analysis revealed that proteins which are involved in catalytic activities are the most abundant both in leaves, stem, bark and root. Identification of several heat shock proteins in four vegetative tissues might be adaptive for resistance to high temperature environmental stresses of tropical or subtropical areas. Some enzymes involved in antioxidant processes were also identified in M. oleifera leaves, stem, bark and root. Among the four tissues studies here, leaves protein content and molecular diversity were the highest. The identification of the flocculating protein MO2.1 and MO2.2 in the bark and root provides clue to clarify the antimicrobial molecular mechanisms of root and bark. This study provides information on the protein compositions of M. oleifera vegetative tissues that will be beneficial for potential drug and food supplement development and plant physiology research.

Immunoreactivity of the AAA+ chaperone ClpB from Leptospira interrogans with sera from Leptospira-infected animals.

BACKGROUND: Leptospira interrogans is a spirochaete responsible for leptospirosis in mammals. The molecular mechanisms of the Leptospira virulence remain mostly unknown. Recently, it has been demonstrated that L. interrogans ClpB (ClpBLi) is essential for bacterial survival under stressful conditions and also during infection. The aim of this study was to provide further insight into the role of ClpB in L. interrogans and answer the question whether ClpBLi as a potential virulence factor may be a target of the humoral immune response during leptospiral infections in mammals. RESULTS: ClpBLi consists of 860 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 96.3 kDa and shows multi-domain organization similar to that of the well-characterized ClpB from Escherichia coli. The amino acid sequence identity between ClpBLi and E. coli ClpB is 52 %. The coding sequence of the clpB Li gene was cloned and expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) strain. Immunoreactivity of the recombinant ClpBLi protein was assessed with the sera collected from Leptospira-infected animals and uninfected healthy controls. Western blotting and ELISA analysis demonstrated that ClpBLi activates the host immune system, as evidenced by an increased level of antibodies against ClpBLi in the sera from infected animals, as compared to the control group. Additionally, ClpBLi was found in kidney tissues of Leptospira-infected hamsters. CONCLUSIONS: ClpBLi is both synthesized and immunogenic during the infectious process, further supporting its involvement in the pathogenicity of Leptospira. In addition, the immunological properties of ClpBLi point to its potential value as a diagnostic antigen for the detection of leptospirosis.

Constructing Proteome Reference Map of the Porcine Jejunal Cell Line (IPEC-J2) by Label-Free Mass Spectrometry.

In this study, the global proteome of the IPEC-J2 cell line was evaluated using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole Q Exactive™ Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Proteins were isolated from highly confluent IPEC-J2 cells in biological replicates and analyzed by label-free mass spectrometry prior to matching against a porcine genomic dataset. The results identified 1,517 proteins, accounting for 7.35% of all genes in the porcine genome. The highly abundant proteins detected, such as actin, annexin A2, and AHNAK nucleoprotein, are involved in structural integrity, signaling mechanisms, and cellular homeostasis. The high abundance of heat shock proteins indicated their significance in cellular defenses, barrier function, and gut homeostasis. Pathway analysis and annotation using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database resulted in a putative protein network map of the regulation of immunological responses and structural integrity in the cell line. The comprehensive proteome analysis of IPEC-J2 cells provides fundamental insights into overall protein expression and pathway dynamics that might be useful in cell adhesion studies and immunological applications.

Purification of Protein Chaperones and Their Functional Assays with Intermediate Filaments.

Intermediate filament (IF) scaffolds facilitate small heat shock protein (sHSP) function, while IF function is sHSP dependent. sHSPs interact with IFs and the importance of this interaction is to maintain the individuality of the IFs and to modulate interfilament interactions both in networks and in assembly intermediates. Mutations in both sHSPs and their interacting IF proteins phenocopy each other in the human diseases they cause. This establishes a key functional relationship between these two very distinct protein families, and it also evidences the role of this cytoskeleton-chaperone complex in the cellular stress response. In this chapter, we describe the detailed experimental protocols for the preparation of purified IF proteins and sHSPs to facilitate the study in vitro of their functional interactions. In addition, we describe the detailed biochemical procedures to assess the effect of sHSP on the assembly of IFs, the binding to IFs, and the prevention of noncovalent filament-filament interactions using in vitro cosedimentation, electron microscopy, and viscosity assays. These assays are valuable research tools to study and manipulate sHSP-IF complexes in vitro and therefore to determine the structure-function detail of this complex, and how it contributes to cellular, tissue, and organismal homeostasis and the in vivo stress response.

Characterization of the Escherichia coli YajL, YhbO and ElbB glyoxalases.

The DJ-1 superfamily is a group of proteins that shares a similarity with the human DJ-1, known to be associated with Parkinson disease. Novel glyoxalase activity, converting α-oxoaldehydes to carboxylic acids, has been reported for DJ-1 homologs in humans, worms, plants and bacteria. The four Escherichia coli genes, hchA, yajL, yhbO and elbB, have been known to share sequence similarities and catalytic residues with other DJ-1 superfamily members. We investigated here whether they exhibit similar glyoxalase activity, as previously shown for HchA protein. Purified YajL, YhbO and ElbB exhibited glyoxalase activity with different substrate specificities, optimal pHs and metal effects. Overexpressions of the homologs enhance cellular protection from exogenously added glyoxals and reduce the glyoxal-dependent increase in intracellular advanced glycation end products. Based on their expression, primarily during the stationary phase, we speculate that their roles in cells as glyoxalases are manifested during the stationary phase.

Sedimentation Equilibrium Analysis of ClpB Self-Association in Diluted and Crowded Solutions.

ClpB belongs to the Hsp100 family of ring-forming heat-shock proteins involved in degradation of unfolded/misfolded proteins and in reactivation of protein aggregates. ClpB monomers reversibly associate to form the hexameric molecular chaperone that, together with the DnaK system, has the ability to disaggregate stress-denatured proteins. Here, we summarize the use of sedimentation equilibrium approaches, complemented with sedimentation velocity and composition-gradient static light scattering measurements, to study the self-association properties of ClpB in dilute and crowded solutions. As the functional unit of ClpB is the hexamer, we study the effect of environmental factors, i.e., ionic strength and natural ligands, in the association equilibrium of ClpB as well as the role of the flexible N-terminal and M domains of the protein in the self-association process. The application of the nonideal sedimentation equilibrium technique to measure the effects of volume exclusion, reproducing in part the natural crowded conditions inside a cell, on the self-association and on the stability of the oligomeric species of the disaggregase will be described. Finally, the biochemical and physiological implications of these studies and future experimental challenges to eventually reconstitute minimal disaggregating machineries will be discussed.