Modelling COVID-19 transmission in a hemodialysis centre using simulation generated contacts matrices.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been particularly threatening to patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) on intermittent hemodialysis and their care providers. Hemodialysis patients who receive life-sustaining medical therapy in healthcare settings, face unique challenges as they need to be at a dialysis unit three or more times a week, where they are confined to specific settings and tended to by dialysis nurses and staff with physical interaction and in close proximity. Despite the importance and critical situation of the dialysis units, modelling studies of the SARS-CoV-2 spread in these settings are very limited. In this paper, we have used a combination of discrete event and agent-based simulation models, to study the operations of a typical large dialysis unit and generate contact matrices to examine outbreak scenarios. We present the details of the contact matrix generation process and demonstrate how the simulation calculates a micro-scale contact matrix comprising the number and duration of contacts at a micro-scale time step. We have used the contacts matrix in an agent-based model to predict disease transmission under different scenarios. The results show that micro-simulation can be used to estimate contact matrices, which can be used effectively for disease modelling in dialysis and similar settings.

COVID-19 in patients undergoing long-term dialysis in Ontario.

BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing long-term dialysis may be at higher risk of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and of associated disease and mortality. We aimed to describe the incidence, risk factors and outcomes for infection in these patients in Ontario, Canada. METHODS: We used linked data sets to compare disease characteristics and mortality between patients receiving long-term dialysis in Ontario who were diagnosed SARS-CoV-2 positive and those who did not acquire SARS-CoV-2 infection, between Mar. 12 and Aug. 20, 2020. We collected data on SARS-CoV-2 infection prospectively. We evaluated risk factors for infection and death using multivariable logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: During the study period, 187 (1.5%) of 12 501 patients undergoing dialysis were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of those with SARS-CoV-2 infection, 117 (62.6%) were admitted to hospital and the case fatality rate was 28.3%. Significant predictors of infection included in-centre hemodialysis versus home dialysis (odds ratio [OR] 2.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.59-4.05), living in a long-term care residence (OR 7.67, 95% CI 5.30-11.11), living in the Greater Toronto Area (OR 3.27, 95% CI 2.21-4.80), Black ethnicity (OR 3.05, 95% CI 1.95-4.77), Indian subcontinent ethnicity (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.02-2.81), other non-White ethnicities (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.38-2.97) and lower income quintiles (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.15-2.89). INTERPRETATION: Patients undergoing long-term dialysis are at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and death from coronavirus disease 2019. Special attention should be paid to addressing risk factors for infection, and these patients should be prioritized for vaccination.

Analysis of experience of the use of plastic cannulas in Spanish haemodialysis units.

INTRODUCTION: Plastic cannulas (PC) have shown efficacy in haemodialysis (HD) and are presented as a positive innovation for patients and vascular access survival. OBJECTIVE: To analyse Spanish HD nurses' experience of using PC. DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study. METHODS: An ad hoc questionnaire was administered on nurses' experience of PC use. RESULTS: A total of 163 Spanish HD nurses were surveyed, of whom 42.3% had PC in their workplace and 50.9% had used them. In all, 55.8% had received training and 77.9% wished to receive more training. These needles were significantly more available in public institutions than in private centres (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between years of experience and having received training (p = 0.915). There was a moderate-strong correlation (ρ = 0.659) between greater professional satisfaction with the product and greater patient satisfaction (p < 0.001). The nurses would make a median of two [P25 , 1; P75 , 3] modifications in the product design. The characteristics of the PC were rated positively by 55.8% and negatively by 10.3%. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of the nurses surveyed did not use PC and had not received training in their use. Respondents reported that PC could be improved and a small percentage perceived them negatively. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Based on the evidence presented and available, if we manage to integrate this knowledge and work on the continuum of achieving excellence, we will continue to grow as a profession and provide higher quality care.

[COVID-19 emergency management at the Nephrology and Dialysis Unit in Savona, Albenga and Cairo Montenotte].

Our Nephrology and Dialysis Unit includes three Haemodialysis Centres based in Savona, Albenga and Cairo Montenotte. These provide assistance to 150 patients. We have a Peritoneal Dialysis Clinic with 35 patients, two Post-Transplant Clinics with about 120 patients in follow-up in Savona and Albenga, and three Pre-Dialysis Clinics across the three locations. Finally, there is an autonomous hospital ward with 15 beds that has continued its activity, even if at reduced regimes. With this report we intend to share the strategy we used to prevent the spread of the SARS CoV-2 virus among the patients and the staff at our Unit, following the National, Regional and Corporate guidelines published during "Phase 1". We decided that the Haemodialysis Centres needed to remain a safe place. To insure this, medical and nursing staff and patients had to behave conscientiously and collaboratively, and according to the official Hospital guidance. Our main concern was to protect patients who, despite suffering complications and being at high risk because of their age, immunodepression and multiple comorbidities, were forced to leave their house three times a week to be treated with dialysis. The results of this strategy have ensured that, of the 150 patients undergoing haemodialysis, only 3 have been tested positive: no patients in Albenga, 2 in Savona and 1 in Cairo Montenotte, all of them lived and were infected in their nursing homes. Also, there was no positivity among any of the staff members across the three locations. Our results are extremely positive and confirm the validity that prevention and protection procedures had in the earlier stages of the pandemic.

[Efficacy of serological tests for COVID-19 in asymptomatic HD patients: the experience of an Italian hemodialysis unit].

We report the brief experience of the Nephrology Center located in a "no-COVID" Hospital in Massa Marittima. We describe the actions taken to prevent the transmission of the virus SARS-CoV-2 among hemodialysis patients and healthcare workers and the methods for diagnosing COVID-19, with particular attention to serological tests and nasopharyngeal swabs in asymptomatic subjects. The detection of IgM and IgG antibodies through the serological test performed on 34 patients, all negative for nasopharyngeal swabs, showed positivity in 41,18% of cases. These have been classified as false positives following repeated negative nasopharyngeal swabs, the evaluation of clinical and epidemiological history and of clinical manifestations and, finally, a second serological test performed after 18 days, which resulted negative for all patients. Interpreting serological tests is not easy; the strategies for diagnosis should include clinical and epidemiological history and clinical manifestations, as well as the results of confirmation tests and the evaluation over a precise observation period. Otherwise, there is a risk of considering as protected by antibodies subjects that are in fact false positives.

[The peak of the Coronavirus emergency and hemodialysis patients: the experience of the Dialysis Center in Crema].

Lombardy was violently hit by Covid-19 between the end of February and the beginning of March 2020. On 09.05.2020 there were 81225 total registered Covid-19+ cases (8051 / million inhabitants) with 14924 deaths (1479 deaths / million inhabitants). The province of Cremona presented a higher number of Covid-19+ cases and a worse relative mortality than the already high regional average. Patients on regular hemodialysis treatment present a high risk of infection due to the co-pathologies present, while healthcare workers may represent a risk for themselves and for the patients, due to the treatment environment and the close contact with them. All patients and healthcare workers of the Dialysis Center in Crema were evaluated (oro-pharyngeal swab for viral RNA research, qualitative anti-Covid-19 antibodies, quantitative IgG antibodies, co-pathologies), regardless of the symptomatology, over a 60-day period. Hemodialysis patients have a risk of infection that is 12.7 times that of the local population, while healthcare workers outperform the patients for Covid-positivity (30.3% vs 21.6%). Lethality in infected patients is high (31% of Covid-19+ subjects), while it is zero among healthcare professionals. The antibody response (qualitative and quantitative) in Covid-19+ patients is adequate, when compared to that of Covid-19+ healthcare staff. In our Center, the most critical phase lasted about 45 days but, thanks to the measures taken, it was possible to make the dialysis area Covid-free, as it remains after 128 days.

[Reorganization of haemodialysis during COVID-19 emergency: a report from Dialysis Centers of Parma province].

The epidemic wave that hit Italy from February 21st, 2020, when the Italian National Institute of Health confirmed the first case of SARS­CoV­2 infection, led to a rapid and efficient reorganization of Dialysis Centers' activities, in order to contain large-scale spread of disease in this clinical setting. We herein report the experience of the Hemodialysis Unit of Parma University Hospital (Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Parma, Italy) and the Dialysis Centers of Parma territory, in the period from March 1st, 2020 to June 15, 2020. Among patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis, 37/283 (13%) had positive swabs for SARS­CoV­2, 9/37 (24%) died because of COVID-19. Twenty-three patients required hospitalization, while the remaining were managed at home. The primary measures applied to contain the infection were: the strengthening of personal protective equipment use by doctors and nurses, early identification of infected subjects by performing oro-pharyngeal swabs in every patient and in the healthcare personnel, the institution of a triage protocol when entering Dialysis Room, and finally the institution of two separate sections, managed by different doctors and dialysis nurses, to physically separate affected from unaffected patients and to manage "grey" patients. Our experience highlights the importance and effectiveness of afore-mentioned measures in order to contain the spread of the virus; moreover, we observed a higher lethality rate of COVID-19 in dialysis patients as compared to the general population.

Clinical characteristics and outcome of hemodialysis patients with COVID-19: a large cohort study in a single Chinese center.

BACKGROUND: Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is spreading rapidly, which poses great challenges to patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Here we report the clinical features of 66 hemodialysis patients with laboratory confirmed COVID-19 infection. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND MEASUREMENTS: Retrospective, single-center case series of the 66 hemodialysis patients with confirmed COVID-19 from 1 January to 5 March 2020; the final date of follow-up was 25 March 2020. RESULTS: The clinical data were collected from 66 hemodialysis patients with confirmed COVID-19. The incidence of COVID-19 in our center was 11.0% (66/602), of which 18 patients died. According to different prognosis, hemodialysis patients with COVID-19 were divided into the survival and death group. A higher incidence of fever and dyspnea was found in the death group compared with the survival group. Meanwhile, patients in the death group were often accompanied by higher white blood cell count, prolonged PT time, increased D-dimer (p < .05). More patients in the death group showed hepatocytes and cardiomyocytes damage. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis suggested that fever, dyspnea, and elevated D-dimer were independent risk factors for death in hemodialysis patients with COVID-19 (OR, 1.077; 95% CI, 1.014 to 1.439; p = .044; OR, 1.146; 95% CI, 1.026 to 1.875; p = .034, OR, 4.974; 95% CI, 3.315 to 6.263; p = .007, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The potential risk factors of fever, dyspnea, and elevated D-dimer could help clinicians to identify hemodialysis patients with poor prognosis at an early stage of COVID-19 infection.

COVID-19 Outbreak in an Urban Hemodialysis Unit.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Hemodialysis patients are at increased risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission due in part to difficulty maintaining physical distancing. Our hemodialysis unit experienced a COVID-19 outbreak despite following symptom-based screening guidelines. We describe the course of the COVID-19 outbreak and the infection control measures taken for mitigation. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 237 maintenance hemodialysis patients and 93 hemodialysis staff at a single hemodialysis center in Toronto, Canada. EXPOSURE: Universal screening of patients and staff for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). OUTCOMES: The primary outcome was detection of SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal samples from patients and staff using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Descriptive statistics were used for clinical characteristics and the primary outcome. RESULTS: 11 of 237 (4.6%) hemodialysis patients and 11 of 93 (12%) staff members had a positive RT-PCR test result for SARS-CoV-2. Among individuals testing positive, 12 of 22 (55%) were asymptomatic at time of testing and 7 of 22 (32%) were asymptomatic for the duration of follow-up. One patient was hospitalized at the time of SARS-CoV-2 infection and 4 additional patients with positive test results were subsequently hospitalized. 2 (18%) patients required admission to the intensive care unit. After 30 days' follow-up, no patients had died or required mechanical ventilation. No hemodialysis staff required hospitalization. Universal droplet and contact precautions were implemented during the outbreak. Hemodialysis staff with SARS-CoV-2 infection were placed on home quarantine regardless of symptom status. Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, including asymptomatic individuals, were treated with droplet and contact precautions until confirmation of negative SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test results. Analysis of the outbreak identified 2 index cases with subsequent nosocomial transmission within the dialysis unit and in shared shuttle buses to the hemodialysis unit. LIMITATIONS: Single-center study. CONCLUSIONS: Universal SARS-CoV-2 testing and universal droplet and contact precautions in the setting of an outbreak appeared to be effective in preventing further transmission.

The prevalence of diabetic chronic kidney disease in adult Greek subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A series from hospital-based diabetes clinics.

AIMS: To examine the prevalence of diabetic chronic kidney disease (DCKD) and its risk factors in adult Greek subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a population from hospital-based diabetes clinics. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional multicentre study based on data collected from Greek hospital-based diabetes clinics from June 2015 to March 2016. DCKD severity was defined according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2012 guidelines. Multivariate analyses assessed the associations between DCKD and its potential risk factors. RESULTS: Among the entire population (n = 1759), the overall prevalence of DCKD was 45% including mild, moderate and severe CKD. Older age, male gender, body-mass index, lack of exercise and diabetes duration were significantly associated with DCKD. CONCLUSIONS: In Greece, DCKD in T2DM is highly prevalent. It is significantly associated with demographic and lifestyle parameters, as well as T2DM complications, suggesting that further efforts to prevent DCKD should be addressed to subjects with specific characteristics.

Análisis de la ultrafiltración media por sesión de los pacientes en una unidad de hemodiálisis / Analysis of the average ultrafiltration rate per session of patients in a hemodialysis unit

INTRODUCCIÓN: En los pacientes en hemodiálisis (HD), el ajuste erróneo del peso ideal puede llevarlos a la sobrecarga de líquido que puede desembocar en episodios de insuficiencia cardiaca o a la inversa, a una situación de bajo peso generando hipotensiones que pueden originar cardiopatía isquémica. Se estima como adecuada una ultrafiltración (UF) máxima de 10 ml/kg/h, valor por encima del cual está demostrado el aumento de la mortalidad. OBJETIVOS: Analizar que tasa de ultrafiltración media usamos en nuestra unidad, y conocer qué porcentaje de pacientes sobrepasaban la ultrafiltración máxima recomendada. MATEIRAL Y MÉTODO: Realizamos un estudio observacional, prospectivo, en 58 pacientes en hemodiálisis, analizando la tasa de ultrafiltración expresada en ml/kg/h por sesión durante 6 meses. Se definió una tasa de UF>10 ml/kg/h como punto de corte para, según los criterios actuales de tasa adecuada, determinar que pacientes presentaban una UF superior a 10 ml/Kg/h en más de un 25% de las sesiones. RESULTADOS: Durante el periodo de estudio la tasa media de UF de todos los pacientes fue de 8,78±2,76 ml/kg/h, aunque el porcentaje de sesiones por paciente con tasa de UF superior a 10 ml/kg/h fue de un 35,9±29,74%. CONCLUSIÓN: Un porcentaje alto de pacientes presentan tasas de UF por encima de los valores recomendados. Se han de buscar estrategias para minimizar esta situación, donde la educación sanitaria sobre alimentación y el ajuste individualizado de las sesiones de diálisis son aspectos fundamentales

INTRODUCTION: In haemodialysis (HD) patients, the wrong adjustment of the ideal weight can lead to fluid overload, which can cause episodes of heart failure or, conversely, to a low weight situation, generating hypotension that triggers ischemic heart disease. A maximum ultrafiltration (UF) of 10 ml/kg/hr is considered adequate. A higher value is associated with an increase in mortality. OBJECTIVES: To analyse the average ultrafiltration rate used in the study centre, and to know what percentage of patients exceeded the maximum recommended ultrafiltration. MATERIAL AND METHOD: An observational, prospective study in 58 haemodialysis patients was carried out, analysing the ultrafiltration rate expressed in ml/kg/hr per session for 6 months. A UF rate>10 ml/kg/hr was defined as the cut-off point, according to the current criteria of adequate rate, to determine which patients had a UF greater than 10 ml/kg/hr in more than 25% of the sessions. RESULTS: During the study period, the average UF rate of all patients was 8.78±2.76 ml/kg/hr, although the percentage of sessions per patient with a UF rate greater than 10 ml/kg/hr was 35.9±29.74%. CONCLUSION: A high percentage of patients present UF rates above the recommended values. Strategies to decrease values must be sought, with health education on diet and individualized adjustment of dialysis sessions being fundamental aspects

Situación de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes en tratamiento renal sustitutivo Informe del Registro COVID-19 de la Sociedad Española de Nefrología (S.E.N.) / SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients on renal replacement therapy. Report of the COVID-19 Registry of the Spanish Society of Nephrology (S.E.N.)

La reciente aparición de la pandemia por el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 ha impactado de forma muy importante en la población general. Los pacientes en tratamiento renal sustitutivo (TRS) no han sido ajenos a esta situación y por sus características resultan especialmente vulnerables. Presentamos los resultados del análisis del Registro COVID-19 de la S.E.N. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: EL Registro comenzó a funcionar el 18 de marzo de 2020. Recoge variables epidemiológicas, datos del contagio y diagnóstico, clínica acompañante, tratamientos y desenlace. Se trata de un registro "on line". Los pacientes fueron diagnosticados de infección por SARS-Cov-2 en base a los resultados de la PCR del virus, realizada tanto en pacientes que habían manifestado clínica compatible o tenían signos sospechosos como en aquellos a los que se había hecho como cribado tras algún contacto conocido con otro enfermo. RESULTADOS: A fecha 11 de abril el Registro disponía de datos de 868 pacientes, procedentes de todas las Comunidades Autónomas. La modalidad de TRS más representada es la hemodiálisis en centro (HDC) seguida de los pacientes trasplantados. La clínica de presentación es similar a la población general. Un porcentaje muy elevado (85%) requirió ingreso hospitalario, un 8% en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Los tratamientos más utilizados fueron hidroxicloroquina, lopinavirritonavir y esteroides. La mortalidad es elevada y alcanza el 23%: los pacientes fallecidos estaban con más frecuencia en HDC, desarrollaban más frecuentemente neumonía y recibían en menos ocasiones lopinavir-ritonavir y esteroides. La edad y la neumonía se asociaban de forma independiente al riesgo de fallecer. CONCLUSIONES: La infección por SARS-CoV-2 afecta ya a un número importante de pacientes españoles en TRS, fundamentalmente aquellos que están en HDC, las tasas de hospitalización son muy elevadas y la mortalidad es elevada; la edad y el desarrollo de neumonía son factores asociados a mortalidad

The recent appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic has had a significant impact on the general population. Patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT) have not been unaware of this situation and due to their characteristics they are especially vulnerable. We present the results of the analysis of the COVID-19 Registry of the Spanish Society of Nephrology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Registry began operating on March 18th, 2020. It collects epidemiological variables, contagion and diagnosis data, signs and symptoms, treatments and outcomes. It is an "online" registry. Patients were diagnosed with SARS-Cov-2 infection based on the results of the PCR of the virus, carried out both in patients who had manifested compatible symptoms or had suspicious signs, as well as in those who had undergone screening after some contac, acquainted with another patient. RESULTS: As of April 11, the Registry had data on 868 patients, from all the Autonomous Communities. The most represented form of TRS is in-center hemodialysis (ICH) followed by transplant patients. Symptoms are similar to the general population. A very high percentage (85%) required hospital admission, 8% in intensive care units. The most used treatments were hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir-ritonavir, and steroids. Mortality is high and reaches 23%; deceased patients were more frequently on ICH, developed pneumonia more frequently, and received less frequently lopinavir-ritonavir and steroids. Age and pneumonia were independently associated with the risk of death. CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 infection already affects a significant number of Spanish patients on RRT, mainly those on ICH, hospitalization rates are very high and mortality is high; age and the development of pneumonia are factors associated with mortality

[High prevalence of asymptomatic COVID-19 in haemodialysis: learning day by day in the first month of the COVID-19 pandemic]. / Alta prevalencia de COVID-19 asintomático en hemodiálisis. Aprendiendo día a día el primer mes de pandemia de COVID-19.

Dialysis patients are a risk group for SARS-CoV-2 infection and possibly further complications, but we have little information. The aim of this paper is to describe the experience of the first month of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in a hospital haemodialysis (HD) unit serving the district of Madrid with the second highest incidence of COVID-19 (almost 1,000 patients in 100,000h). In the form of a diary, we present the actions undertaken, the incidence of COVID-19 in patients and health staff, some clinical characteristics and the results of screening all the patients in the unit. We started with 90 patients on HD: 37 (41.1%) had COVID-19, of whom 17 (45.9%) were diagnosed through symptoms detected in triage or during the session, and 15 (40.5%) through subsequent screening of those who, until that time, had not undergone SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing. Fever was the most frequent symptom, 50% had lymphopenia and 18.4% <95% O2 saturation. Sixteen (43.2%) patients required hospital admission and 6 (16.2%) died. We found a cluster of infection per shift and also among those using public transport. In terms of staff, of the 44 people involved, 15 (34%) had compatible symptoms, 4 (9%) were confirmed as SARS-CoV-2 PCR cases by occupational health, 9 (20%) required some period of sick leave, temporary disability to work (ILT), and 5 were considered likely cases. CONCLUSIONS: We detected a high prevalence of COVID-19 with a high percentage detected by screening; hence the need for proactive diagnosis to stop the pandemic. Most cases are managed as outpatients, however severe symptoms are also appearing and mortality to date is 16.2%. In terms of staff, 20% have required sick leave in relation to COVID-19.

[SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients on renal replacement therapy. Report of the COVID-19 Registry of the Spanish Society of Nephrology (SEN)]. / Situación de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes en tratamiento renal sustitutivo. Informe del Registro COVID-19 de la Sociedad Española de Nefrología (SEN).

INTRODUCTION: The recent appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic has had a significant impact on the general population. Patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT) have not been unaware of this situation and due to their characteristics they are especially vulnerable. We present the results of the analysis of the COVID-19 Registry of the Spanish Society of Nephrology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Registry began operating on March 18th, 2020. It collects epidemiological variables, contagion and diagnosis data, signs and symptoms, treatments and outcomes. It is an online registry. Patients were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection based on the results of the PCR of the virus, carried out both in patients who had manifested compatible symptoms or had suspicious signs, as well as in those who had undergone screening after some contact acquainted with another patient. RESULTS: As of April 11, the Registry had data on 868 patients, from all the Autonomous Communities. The most represented form of RRT is in-center hemodialysis (ICH) followed by transplant patients. Symptoms are similar to the general population. A very high percentage (85%) required hospital admission, 8% in intensive care units. The most used treatments were hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir-ritonavir, and steroids. Mortality is high and reaches 23%; deceased patients were more frequently on ICH, developed pneumonia more frequently, and received less frequently lopinavir-ritonavir and steroids. Age and pneumonia were independently associated with the risk of death. CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 infection already affects a significant number of Spanish patients on RRT, mainly those on ICH, hospitalization rates are very high and mortality is high; age and the development of pneumonia are factors associated with mortality.

Analysis of risk factors and outcome in peritoneal dialysis patients with early-onset peritonitis: a multicentre, retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the risk factors associated with early-onset peritonitis (EOP) and their influence on patients' technique survival and mortality. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective, cohort study. SETTING: Three peritoneal dialysis (PD) units in Shanghai. PARTICIPANTS: PD patients from 1 June 2006 to 1 May 2018 were recruited and followed up until 31 December 2018. According to time-to-first episode of peritonitis, patients were divided into non-peritonitis (n=144), EOP (≤6 months, n=74) and late-onset peritonitis (LOP) (>6 months, n=139). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: EOP was defined as the first episode of peritonitis occurring within 6 months after the initiation of PD. The outcomes were all-cause mortality and technique failure. RESULTS: Of the 357 patients, 74 (20.7%) patients developed their first episode of peritonitis within the first 6 months. Compared with the LOP group, the EOP group had older ages, more female patients, higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score, lower serum albumin levels and renal function at the time of initiation of PD, and higher diabetes mellitus and peritonitis rates (p<0.05). Staphylococcus was the most common Gram-positive organism in both EOP and LOP groups. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that factors associated with EOP included a higher CCI score (OR 1.285, p=0.011), lower serum albumin level (OR 0.924, p=0.016) and lower Kt/V (OR 0.600, p=0.018) at start of PD. In the Cox proportional-hazards model, EOP was more likely a predictor of technique failure (HR 1.801, p=0.051). There was no difference between EOP and LOP for all-cause mortality. CONCLUSION: A higher CCI score and lower serum albumin level and Kt/V at PD initiation were significantly associated with EOP. EOP also predicted a high peritonitis rate and poor clinical outcome.

Bundled Payment Reform and Dialysis Facility Closures in ESKD.

BACKGROUND: In 2011, inclusion of injectable medications into an expanded ESKD payment bundle prompted concerns that dialysis facilities facing higher costs might close, disrupting care delivery and access to care. Whether this policy change influenced dialysis facility closures is unknown. METHODS: To examine whether facility closures increased after 2011 and whether factors influencing closures changed, we analyzed US Renal Data System registry data to identify all patients receiving in-center hemodialysis from 2006 through 2015 and to track dialysis facility closures. We used interrupted time series logistic regression models and estimated marginal effects to examine immediate and longer-term changes in the likelihood of being affected by facility closures following payment reform. We also examined whether associations between selected predictors of closures indicating populations at "high risk" of closure (patient characteristics, facility characteristics, and geography-related characteristics) and closures changed after payment reform. RESULTS: Dialysis facility closures were uncommon over the study period. In adjusted models, the relative odds of experiencing a closure declined by 37% (odds ratio [OR], 0.63; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.59 to 0.67) immediately after payment reform and declined by an additional 6% (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.91 to 0.97) annually thereafter, corresponding to a 0.3% lower absolute probability of closure in 2015 in association with payment reform. Patients who were black and who dialyzed at small, hospital-based facilities experienced slight increases in closures following payment reform, whereas Hispanic and Medicare/Medicaid dual-eligible patients experienced slight decreases in closures. CONCLUSIONS: Expansion of the ESKD payment bundle was not associated with increased closure of dialysis facilities, although the likelihood of closures changed slightly for some higher-risk populations.

Arteriovenous Fistula Use in the United States and Dialysis Facility-Level Comorbidity Burden.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Patients with multiple comorbid conditions are less likely to use an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) for hemodialysis vascular access. Some dialysis facilities have high rates of AVF placement despite having patients with many comorbid conditions. This study describes variation in facility-level use of AVFs across the facility-level burden of patient comorbid conditions. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Medicare patients receiving hemodialysis for 1 year or more in US dialysis facilities. PREDICTORS: Facility-level burden of patient comorbid conditions; patient characteristics. OUTCOMES: Odds of AVFs versus other access types; facility-level use of AVFs. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Facility-level comorbidity burden was calculated by summing individual comorbid conditions, determining the average per patient, then defining 11 groups based on facility percentile ranking. Generalized estimating equations with a logit link were used to estimate the odds of AVF placement at the patient level. For the facility-level analysis, a generalized estimating equation model with the identity link was fit to characterize the percentage of AVF use at each facility. RESULTS: Overall, AVF use was 65.8% in 315,919 prevalent hemodialysis patients among 5,813 facilities. After adjustment for patient characteristics, AVF use was 0.27, 0.30, 1.05, and 1.74 percentage points lower than the median among facilities in the 61st to 70th, 71st to 80th, 81st to 90th, and 91st to 99th percentiles of comorbidity, respectively, and 0.42, 0.63, 1.34, and 1.90 percentage points higher than the median among facilities in the 31st to 40th, 21st to 30th, 11th to 20th, and 1st to 10th percentiles of comorbidity, respectively. Facilities in the greater than 99th percentile of comorbidity burden had AVF use that was 3.47 percentage points lower than the median. Facilities in the less than 1st percentile of comorbidity burden had AVF use that was 2.64 percentage points greater than the median. LIMITATIONS: Limited to Medicare dialysis-dependent patients treated for 1 year or more. CONCLUSIONS: After adjustment for patient characteristics, we found small differences in facility rates of AVF use except in the extremes of high or low levels of comorbidity burden. Our study demonstrates that dialysis facilities with a relatively high patient comorbidity burden can achieve similar fistula rates as facilities with healthier patients. Although high comorbidity burden does not explain low facility AVF use, additional study is needed to understand differences in AVF use rates between facilities with similar comorbidity burdens.

Ocurrencia de eventos adversos en unidades públicas de hemodiálisis / Ocorrência de eventos adversos em unidades públicas de hemodiálise / Occurrence of adverse events in public hemodialysis units

Objetivo: identificar lo eventos adversos que ocurren en unidades de hemodiálisis de la red pública del Distrito Federal. Métodos: se trata de un estudio descriptivo con enfoque cuantitativo, realizado en Brasilia/DF. Los datos se recopilaron en tres hospitales públicos de la Secretaría de Salud del DF en el año 2017. Esas unidades, en conjunto, realizaron en el año 2017, 1770 sesiones de hemodiálisis en pacientes con Insuficiencia Renal Crónica por mes. Se analizaron 152 historiales de pacientes para el levantamiento de los registros. Los datos fueron organizados en hoja de Excel, y se utilizó la estadística descriptiva para el análisis. Resultados: los acontecimientos adversos con mayor número de registros están relacionados con el acceso vascular para hemodiálisis, son: sangramiento, secreción en catéter doble lumen, flujo sanguíneo inadecuado e infección o señales de infección en el acceso vascular. Respecto al responsable del registro, 76,9%de los registros fueron realizados por los técnicos en enfermería, 16,6% por los enfermeros y 6,5% por otros profesionales del equipo de salud. Conclusión: la hemodiálisis es un sector con un gran potencial de riesgo para la ocurrencia de eventos adversos, esto sucede por diversos motivos tales como, tratarse de un procedimiento complejo, con uso de alta tecnología, la característica de cronicidad de la enfermedad renal crónica, el uso alto de medicamentos. Deben adoptarse estrategias para mejorar el funcionamiento de estos accesos vasculares, pues de ellos depende la calidad de la diálisis y consecuentemente la calidad de vida del paciente con enfermedad renal crónica en tratamiento dialítico

Objetivo: identificar os eventos adversos que ocorrem em unidades de hemodiálise da rede pública do Distrito Federal. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo descritivo com abordagem quantitativa, realizado em Brasília/DF. Os dados foram coletados em três hospitais públicos da Secretaria de Saúde do DF no ano de 2017. Essas unidades, em conjunto, realizaram no ano de 2017, 1770 sessões de hemodiálise em pacientes com DRC por mês. Foram analisados 152 prontuários de pacientes para levantamento dos registros de eventos adversos. Os dados foram organizados em planilha do Excel, e utilizado estatística descritiva para a análise. Resultados: os eventos adversos com maior número de registros estão relacionados ao acesso vascular para hemodiálise, são eles: sangramento, secreção em cateter duplo lumen, fluxo sanguíneo inadequado e infecção ou sinais de infecção no acesso vascular. Quanto ao responsável pelo registro, 76,9% dos registros foram realizados pelos técnicos de enfermagem, 16,6% pelos enfermeiros e 6,5% por outros profissionais da equipe de saúde. Conclusão: conclui-se com este estudo que a hemodiálise é um setor hospitalar com um grande potencial de risco para a ocorrência de eventos adversos, isso ocorre por diversos motivos tais como, se tratar de um procedimento complexo, com uso de alta tecnologia, a característica de cronicidade da doença renal crônica, o alto uso de medicamentos. Estratégias precisam ser tomadas de forma a otimizar o funcionamento desses acessos vasculares, pois deles depende a qualidade da diálise, consequentemente a qualidade de vida do paciente com doença rena crônica em tratamento dialítico

Objective: identify the adverse events occurring in hemodialysis units of the Federal District public network. Methods: this is a descriptive study with a quantitative approach, carried out in Brasília / DF. Data were collected in three public hospitals of the Health's Secretary of the Federal District in the year 2017. These units, together, performed in the year 2017, 1770 hemodialysis sessions in patients with CKD per month. A total of 152 patient charts were analyzed to record adverse events. The data were organized in an Excel spreadsheet, and descriptive statistics were used for the analysis. Results: adverse events with the highest number of records are related to vascular access to hemodialysis, they are: bleeding, double-catheter secretion lumen, inadequate blood flow, and infection or signs of vascular access infection. As for the person responsible for the registration, 76.9% of the records were made by nursing technicians, 16.6% by nurses and 6.5% by other health team professionals. Conclusion: it is concluded in this study that hemodialysis is a hospital sector with a great risk potential for the occurrence of adverse events, this occurs for several reasons such as: it is a complex procedure, using high technology, chronicity characteristic of chronic renal disease, the high use of medications. Strategies need to be taken in order to optimize the functioning of these vascular accesses, because the quality of dialysis depends on them, consequently the quality of life of the patient with chronic renal disease in dialysis treatment

The expanding role of "Stand-Alone" hemodialysis units in chronic renal replacement therapy: A descriptive study from North Kerala.

Renal replacement therapy in India is predominantly a private health-care-driven initiative making it an expensive treatment option due to high out-of-pocket expenditures. Moreover, with the rapid increase in the number of chronic kidney disease patients requiring dialysis, hemodialysis units (HDUs) are getting saturated. Community "stand-alone" dialysis centers could be an important alternative to HDUs in meeting the growing demand in an affordable model. The aim of this study was to find hemodialysis (HD) delivery in "stand-alone" dialysis units (SAUs) with respect to expanding coverage, patient costs, and patient safety safeguards. The total number of HD sessions was collected at three points. The information regarding patient safety safeguards at SAUs and impact of SAUs on patient costs were collected by interviews and from hospital records. There was 11.5 times increase in HD sessions from 2008 to 2017, out of which 75.3% was provided at SAUs. Following objective clinical and safety measures, high-quality dialysis was delivered at SAUs and it significantly reduced the mean patient cost of treatment per session.

Creating arteriovenous fistulas for children in Guatemala.

OBJECTIVE: The Guatemalan Foundation for Children with Kidney Diseases was established in 2003 as the first and only comprehensive pediatric nephrology program and hemodialysis unit in Guatemala. Bridge of Life (BOL) is a not-for-profit charitable organization focused on chronic kidney disease and supplied equipment, training and support during formation of the hemodialysis unit. Pediatric permanent vascular access (VA) expertise had not been established and noncuffed dialysis catheters provided almost all VA, many through subclavian vein access sites. BOL assistance was requested for establishing a VA surgical program, resulting in recurring BOL surgical missions to create arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) in these children. This study analyzes the BOL pediatric VA missions to Guatemala. METHODS: Three surgical pediatric VA missions were conducted in Guatemala from 2015 to 2017. Each mission was led by two or three surgeons. All supplies and equipment (including ultrasound units) were taken as part of each mission. The BOL surgical VA mission teams work with local pediatric surgeons, pediatric nephrologists, and dialysis nurses to establish collegial relationships and foster teaching interactions. We retrospectively reviewed the patient demographic data, procedures, and outcomes for these missions. RESULTS: AVFs were created in 54 new pediatric patients. Ages were 8 to 19 years (13.4 ± 2.8 years) and 29 patients (54%) were male. Patient weights were 28 to 50 kg (30.8 ± 8.3 kg) with body mass indexes of 12 to 25 kg/m2 (17.9 ± 2.9 kg/m2). Radiocephalic AVFs were created in 21 children (39%), proximal radial artery AVFs in 12 (22%). and brachial artery inflow AVFs in 5 (9%). Sixteen patients (30%) required transpositions and one a translocation; two of these were femoral procedures. Primary and cumulative patency rates were 83% and 85% at 12 months and 62% and 85% at 36 months, respectively. The median follow-up was 17 months. Interventions with fistulagram and balloon angioplasty options were not available for AVF dysfunction or access salvage during the study period. However, six patients underwent an AVF revision and salvage during subsequent missions or by one of the Guatemalan surgeons (R.S.). Four individuals underwent successful transplantation during the study period. There were no operative deaths or major complications. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric VA missions to Guatemala created safe and functional AVFs in concert with local pediatric surgeons and pediatric nephrologists. Three surgical missions included access operations in 54 new patients. Cumulative AVF patency was 85% at 36 months.