ABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Nobel Prize , Biomedical Research/trends , Physiology/history , Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy , Hepacivirus/isolation & purification , Antiviral Agents/history , Viral Hepatitis Vaccines/history , History of Medicine , Research Personnel/history , Hepatitis/classification , Hepatitis/history , Hepatitis C, Chronic/historySubject(s)
Hepatitis/history , Hepatitis/diagnosis , Hepatitis/etiology , Hepatitis/therapy , History, 20th Century , Hospitals , Humans , Intensive Care Units , SpainABSTRACT
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and GB virus type C (GBV-C) are associated with impaired T cell function despite the fact that HCV replicates in hepatocytes and GBV-C in a small proportion of lymphocytes. Recently, we showed that HCV and GBV-C E2-envelope proteins reduce T cell activation via the T cell receptor (TCR) by competing for phosphorylation with a critical kinase in the TCR signaling cascade (Lck). E2 interfered with TCR signaling in E2 expressing cells and in bystander cells. The bystander effect was mediated by virus particles and extracellular microvesicular particles (exosomes). Multiple kinase substrate sites are predicted to reside on viral structural proteins and based on bioinformatic predictions, many RNA virus pathogens may interfere with TCR signaling via a similar mechanism. Identification of T cell inhibitory effects of virus structural proteins may provide novel approaches to enhance the immunogenicity and memory of viral vaccines.
Subject(s)
GB virus C/immunology , Hepacivirus/immunology , Hepatitis/immunology , Immune Evasion , Lymphocyte Activation , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology , Animals , GB virus C/metabolism , GB virus C/pathogenicity , Hepacivirus/metabolism , Hepacivirus/pathogenicity , Hepatitis/epidemiology , Hepatitis/history , Hepatitis/metabolism , Hepatitis/virology , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Host-Pathogen Interactions , Humans , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism , Signal Transduction , T-Lymphocytes/metabolism , T-Lymphocytes/virology , Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
This article has introduced the reader to research ethics. In order to to show the development of the codes of ethics and guidelines in use today, it has briefly reviewed the most infamous unethical research studies. Learning from these traumatic and often cruel moments i history gave impetus to the development of international ethical guidelines, driving research conduct and protecting the rights and safety of those participating in studies today. Research within the NHS would not exist without the hundreds of thousands of patients who volunteer their time and indeed their 'selves' to research . Researchers have a duty to those patients, to treat them with the dignity, respect and care they would afford any patient. In addition to serving as researchers, they must also act as patient advocates to ensure that every stage of the research process embraces all elements of ethical codes and frameworks and patients should expect nothing less.
Subject(s)
Biomedical Research/history , Ethics, Research/history , Hepatitis/history , National Socialism/history , Syphilis/history , Therapeutic Human Experimentation/history , Biomedical Research/ethics , Germany , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Therapeutic Human Experimentation/ethics , United Kingdom , United StatesABSTRACT
Hepatitis has been a major plague of mankind. The history of the discovery of causative viruses is one of the most fascinating scientific adventures of this half century. Individualization of several types of hepatitis only emerged after world war two. Their identification has been associated with milestones which revolutionized medicine and public health. The discovery of HBV brought the first ever vaccine not prepared by tissue culture but initially directly from plasma and soon the first vaccine produced by genetic engineering. HBV vaccine proved to be the first "anti-cancer" vaccine by preventing hepatocellular carcinoma and practically eradicating it from childhood in Taiwan. Successful vaccines became also available for HAV and more recently HEV. The discovery of HCV in 1989 opened a new era since it was the first virus was identified by a direct molecular approach. Two billion people are infected with HBV and 350 million are chronic carriers of the virus. The extraordinary effectiveness of HBV vaccination was best illustrated in Taiwan and Singapore where in less than 2 decades HBs Ag carriers dropped from 9,1% to 2,7% and HCC from 27% to 17%. Successful development of nucleos(t)ides analogs make it now possible to fully control disease progression with a daily pill long term therapy. The progress in HCV therapy has been even more spectacular and successful treatment jumped from 6 % with interferon alone in 1986 to more than 80% in 2013 with triple combination therapies. Remarkably chronic hepatitis C is the only chronic disease which is curable. It will be soon possible to eradicate HCV infection with, an all oral, daily single pill (containing several molecules) for 3 to 6 months which will cure over 90% of patients. This unprecedented therapeutic victory benefiting hundred millions of people matches the triumphs over small pox, polio and tuberculosis. The next 10 years should undoubtedly witness cure or full control over all forms of acute and chronic hepatitis.
Subject(s)
Disease Eradication/trends , Drug Therapy, Combination/methods , Hepatitis Viruses , Hepatitis/classification , Hepatitis/history , Hepatitis/prevention & control , Viral Hepatitis Vaccines/history , Hepatitis/drug therapy , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , HumansABSTRACT
A disseminação das hepatites virais é consequência de amplas e marcantes mudanças que ocorreram nas últimas três décadas do século XX, especialmente na sociedade ocidental. A emergência das hepatites virais resultou em significativa redução da qualidade de vida e sobrevida entre aqueles que contraíram a infecção. O impac¬to das hepatites virais varia de acordo com os diferentes níveis de desenvolvimento socioeconômico das populações e de fatores emer¬gentes na sua transmissão. Por fim, importantes avanços científicos e sociais foram otbtidos, mas ainda insuficientes para o controle dessas infecções. A epidemiologia das hepatites virais no Século XXI reflete tanto o impacto positivo de medidas de prevenção como o impacto negativo de padrões de transmissão históricos e emergen¬tes. As hepatites virais são doenças de dois mundos: um, no qual as novas infecções restringem-se a padrões emergentes de transmissão e o tratamento é acessível; outro, no qual tanto padrões históricos como emergentes de transmissão possibilitam novas infecções e o tratamento é pouco acessível
The spread of viral hepatitis is the result of extensive and remarkable social changes that occurred in the last three decades of the twentieth century, especially in Western society. The emergence of viral hepatitis resulted in a significant reduction in quality of life and survival among those who contracted the infection. The impact of viral hepatitis varies with the different levels of socioeconomic development of populations and emerging factors in its transmission. Finally, important scientific and social advances have been achieved, but still insufficient to control these infections. The epidemiology of viral hepatitis in the XXI century reflects both the positive impact of preventive measures and the negative impact of historical and transmission emerging patterns. Viral hepatitis is a disease of two worlds, one where new infections are restricted to emerging patterns of transmission and treatment is available, another where both historical patterns and emerging new infections allow transmission and access to treatment is restricted
Subject(s)
Hepatitis/epidemiology , Hepatitis/history , Disease Transmission, InfectiousSubject(s)
Epidemics/history , Floods/history , Hepatitis/history , Hepatitis/epidemiology , History, 20th Century , Humans , India/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Apresenta inventário das teses sobre hepatites da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro entre 1837 e 2000. A análise indica potencialidades e limites para discussão do quadro evolutivo do conhecimento científico no Brasil sobre esses agravos. As teses também são discutidas à luz de seus referenciais científicos e das mudanças tecnológicas e sociais que as influenciaram. Identificam-se e categorizam-se os marcos do ensino médico e do conhecimento sobre as hepatites, considerando que as teses revelam, no mínimo, o estado da arte de seu objeto. O estudo permitiu explorar as bases em que os saberes científicos sobre as hepatites foram construídos e indicar possibilidades de pesquisas na reconstrução do conhecimento científico de outros agravos.
An inventory of the theses on hepatitis of the Faculdade de Medicina of the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro between 1837 and 2000 is presented. The analysis indicates the potential and limits for discussion of the evolutionary framework of scientific knowledge on these health problems in Brazil. The theories are also discussed in light of their scientific reference points and the technological and social changes that influenced them. The landmarks in medical education and knowledge about hepatitis are identified and categorized, considering that the theses reveal at the very least the state of the art on the subject. The study makes it possible to explore the foundations upon which the scientific knowledge on hepatitis were built and indicate possibilities for research in the reconstruction of scientific knowledge of other health problems.
Subject(s)
History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Schools, Medical/history , Public Health/history , Academic Dissertations as Topic , Education, Medical/history , Hepatitis/history , Brazil , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History of MedicineABSTRACT
Apresenta inventário das teses sobre hepatites da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro entre 1837 e 2000. A análise indica potencialidades e limites para discussão do quadro evolutivo do conhecimento científico no Brasil sobre esses agravos. As teses também são discutidas à luz de seus referenciais científicos e das mudanças tecnológicas e sociais que as influenciaram. Identificam-se e categorizam-se os marcos do ensino médico e do conhecimento sobre as hepatites, considerando que as teses revelam, no mínimo, o estado da arte de seu objeto. O estudo permitiu explorar as bases em que os saberes científicos sobre as hepatites foram construídos e indicar possibilidades de pesquisas na reconstrução do conhecimento científico de outros agravos. (AU)
Subject(s)
History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Hepatitis/history , Public Health/history , Education, Medical/history , Schools, Medical/history , History of Medicine , Academic Dissertations as Topic , BrazilABSTRACT
The 11th Australasian Autoimmunity Workshop was held in Melbourne, Australia from July 6-8, 2007 organized by the Monash University Autoimmunity Network. The workshops, founded by the late Kevin Lafferty, are a chance for Australasians interested in research into autoimmune disease to present and discuss their work. This workshop also was a chance to acknowledge Ian Mackay, a pioneer clinician-scientist who has made major contributions to our understanding of autoimmune diseases. Friends, colleagues and former students attended the Workshop and acknowledged Ian's expertise and mentorship. This edition of the Journal of Autoimmunity pays tribute to Ian Mackay. It features articles from attendees at the workshop, and contributions from some of Ian's past students and past and current collaborators.
Subject(s)
Allergy and Immunology/history , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/history , Autoimmunity , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/history , Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/history , Hepatitis/history , History, 20th Century , History, 21st CenturySubject(s)
Hepatitis/history , Jaundice/history , Diagnosis, Differential , Hepatitis/physiopathology , Hepatitis/virology , Hepatitis Viruses/pathogenicity , History, 15th Century , History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, Ancient , History, Medieval , Humans , Jaundice/physiopathology , Viral Hepatitis Vaccines/historyABSTRACT
History of the concept and definition of hepatitis is briefly reviewed. The landmarks of progress are based on better understanding of liver structure and introduction of biopsy techniques to follow the pathologic alterations in acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, dysplasia and hepatoma. Modern achievements are recognition of the etiologic agents of viral hepatitis A through G, viral nucleic acid sequencing, viral genome and gene products leading to development of immunologic tests to etiologic diagnosis. Viral particles are visualized by electron microscopy. In tissue, localization of viral products is obtained by histochemical, immunologic and by in situ hybridization methods. Diagnostic criteria for each of the viral etiologic agents is reviewed, as is cirrhosis and its occurrence in viral hepatitis and alcohol abuse.
Subject(s)
Hepatitis/history , Liver Cirrhosis/history , Hepatitis/diagnosis , Hepatitis, Autoimmune/diagnosis , Hepatitis, Autoimmune/history , Hepatitis, Viral, Human/diagnosis , Hepatitis, Viral, Human/history , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, Ancient , Humans , Liver Cirrhosis/diagnosisABSTRACT
Se hace una revisión história de esta afección y se concluye que la primera observación de las adherencias hepatoparietales, en forma de cuerdas de violín, las describió Arthur H Curtís en 1930
