The influence of the lunar cycle on spontaneous deliveries in historical rural environments.

BACKGROUND: Many societies and their medical practitioners throughout the world have historically linked lunar phases to the frequency of births. During more recent decades, academics have discussed this alleged relationship using modern data, obtaining differing results. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to analyse the relationship between the phases of the moon and the frequency of deliveries in a rural historical context without electricity, and among women of low nutritional status. These characteristics are similar to some current rural areas in certain developing countries. The exceptionality of this case will allow us to test several of the existing theories on how the moon could influence births, particularly those related to lunar light. We will also analyse nulliparous and multiparous differences over the very long term. STUDY DESIGN: This study is a retrospective cohort analysis. In total, 23,689 births have been considered for 1484 lunar cycles between 1810 and 1929. Birth registers have been obtained from the Catholic parish archives of 10 rural Spanish agrarian villages. All the deliveries analysed were natural, without any medical follow-up, within the home and with little medical assistance. RESULTS: Using simple descriptive statistical techniques, we can conclude that there is no pattern with which to link lunar phases with the frequency of births. We can also conclude that neither electricity nor the rural environment affects this alleged relationship; neither have we found any relationship related to either the nulliparous or the multiparous and lunar phases. CONCLUSION: The analysis of a 120-year period has shown that there is no predictable influence of the lunar phases on the frequency of births. The myth of such a lunar influence can claim no scientific evidence from a historical perspective. Neither the arrival of the electric light nor the lower number of deliveries per woman have modified birth patterns. Deliveries by rural women of low nutritional status are not linked to the phases of the moon, and consequently the medical services in developing countries should disregard this belief; they do not need to take account of the phases of the moon with respect to their daily organisation.

Back to Bed: From Hospital to Home Obstetrics in the City of Chicago.

This article analyzes the role of doctors and activists in Chicago who successfully redefined the practice and politics of childbirth both locally and ultimately nationwide. It begins with the story of Joseph DeLee's Chicago Maternity Center, responsible for supervising over 100,000 home births between 1932 and 1972. Most of the mothers cared for by the Center were nonwhite, poor, and had little or no access to prenatal care, yet their babies had a far higher survival rate than the nationwide average. Thousands of medical students from all over the Midwest experienced their first deliveries not in hospitals, but in these homes. The article then addresses a very different demographic: a rising number of middle-class white families in the suburbs of Chicago who, beginning in the 1950s, opted for out-of-hospital births. Many of them learned about home birth through their involvement in La Leche League, the breastfeeding organization formed in a Chicago suburb in 1956. Seemingly separated by class, race, and locale, the link between these two groups of home birthers was the philosophy and training in place at the Chicago Maternity Center.

'Items for criticism (not in sequence)': Joseph DeLee, Pare Lorentz and The Fight for Life (1940).

In the late 1920s, the American obstetrician Joseph DeLee brought the motion-picture camera into the birth room. Following that era's trend of adapting industrial efficiency practices for medical environments, DeLee's films give spectacular and unexpected expression to the engineering concept of 'streamlining'. Accomplishing what more tangible obstetric streamlining practices had failed to, DeLee's cameras, and his post-production manipulation, shifted birth from messy and dangerous to rationalized, efficient, death-defying. This was film as an active and effective medical tool. Years later, the documentarian Pare Lorentz produced and wrote his own birth film, The Fight for Life (1940). The documentary subject of the film was DeLee himself, and the film was set in his hospitals, on the same maternity 'sets' that had once showcased film's remarkable streamlining capacity to give and keep life. Yet relatively little of DeLee was retained in the film's content, resulting in a showdown that, by way of contrast, further articulated DeLee's understanding of film's medical powers and, in so doing, hinted at a more dynamic moment in the history of medicine while speaking also to the process by which that understanding ceased to be historically legible.

Where the thread of home births never broke - An interview with Susanne Houd.

BACKGROUND: The option of a planned home birth defies medical and social normativity across countries. In Denmark, despite the dramatic decline in the home birth rates between 1960 and 1980, the right to choose the place of birth was preserved. Little has been produced documenting this process. AIM: To present and discuss Susanne Houd's reflection on the history and social dynamics of home birth in Denmark, based in an in-depth interview. METHODS: This paper is part of wider Short Term Scientific Mission (STSM), in which this interview was framed as oral history. The whole interview transcript is presented, keeping the highest level of detail. FINDINGS: In Susanne Houd's testimony, four factors were highlighted as contributing to the decline in the rate of home births from the 1960s to the 1970s: new maternity hospitals; the development of obstetrics as a research-based discipline; the compliance of midwives; and a shift in women's preference, favouring hospital birth. The development of the Danish home birth models was described by Susanne Houd in regard to the processes associated with the medicalisation of childbirth, the role of consumers, and the changing professional dynamics of midwifery. CONCLUSION: An untold history of home birth in Denmark was documented in this testimony. The Danish childbirth hospitalisation process was presented as the result of a complex interaction of factors. Susanne Houd's reflections reveal how the concerted action of consumers and midwives, framed as a system-challenging praxis, was the cornerstone for the sustainability of home birth models in Denmark.

"Endeavoring to Carry On Their Work": The National Debate Over Midwives and Its Impact in Rhode Island, 1890-1940.

This article analyzes the national discourse over "the problem" of midwifery in medical literature and examines the impact of this dialogue on Rhode Island from 1890 to 1940. Doctors did not speak as a monolithic bloc on this "problem": some blamed midwives while others impugned poorly trained physicians. This debate led to curricula reform and to state laws to regulate midwifery. The attempt to eliminate midwives in the 1910s failed because of a shortage of trained obstetricians, and because of cultural barriers between immigrant and mainstream communities. A decrease in immigration, an increase in trained obstetricians, the growing notion of midwives as relics of an outdated past, and the emergence of insurance plans to cover "modern" hospital births led to a decline in midwifery.

The domestic participation in birth assistance in the mid-twentieth century.

OBJECTIVE: to describe how the progressive creation of the Social Security (providing widespread health care) affected the birth assistance in Spain from the 1940s to the 1970s in a rural area. METHOD: historical ethnography. Twenty-seven people who lived at that time were selected and interviewed guided by a semistructured script. Based on their testimonies, a chart was built with the functional elements involved in birth assistance in this region. RESULTS: three agents performed such care: traditional midwives, women of the family/neighbors and health workers. CONCLUSION: although birth assistance had been transferred to the hands of the health workers from the forties in this region, women in labor continued to count on the domestic resources until the early seventies, when births were compulsorily transferred to hospitals. This research brings to light the names and recognizes the work performed by these female characters of the popular sphere, who helped women in labor of that community to give birth, for at least three decades.

[Changes in the situation in out-of-hospital birth and the role of midwives in Hungary]. / Az intézeten kívüli szülés helyzetének és a szülésznok szerepének alakulása hazánkban.

The rate of homebirth decreased significantly by the 20th century, however, the practice has never disappeared. The Hungarian government issued a regulation of out-of-hospital birth in 2011, then allowed midwives to provide prenatal care for low-risk mothers in 2014. These were great steps toward the midwifery model of care. In this study the authors gathered the statistics of three licensed Hungarian out-of-hospital service providers. Despite the low number of cases, the data confirm that the rate of hospital transports in Hungary is quite similar to those found in other countries. The authors present five different studies to demonstrate that home births are just as safe as hospital births. Finally, the authors summarize a study in which hospital transports based on several criteria were analyzed. The authors conclude that in these events, fear and prejudice influences the participants on either side, harming interprofessional relationships. To improve the care given, mutually respectful communication and education of families about the option of hospital transport are key issues.

The domestic participation in birth assistance in the mid-twentieth century / A participação doméstica na assistência ao parto em meados do século XX / La participación de lo doméstico en la atención del parto a mediados del siglo XX

Abstract Objective: to describe how the progressive creation of the Social Security (providing widespread health care) affected the birth assistance in Spain from the 1940s to the 1970s in a rural area. Method: historical ethnography. Twenty-seven people who lived at that time were selected and interviewed guided by a semistructured script. Based on their testimonies, a chart was built with the functional elements involved in birth assistance in this region. Results: three agents performed such care: traditional midwives, women of the family/neighbors and health workers. Conclusion: although birth assistance had been transferred to the hands of the health workers from the forties in this region, women in labor continued to count on the domestic resources until the early seventies, when births were compulsorily transferred to hospitals. This research brings to light the names and recognizes the work performed by these female characters of the popular sphere, who helped women in labor of that community to give birth, for at least three decades.

Resumo Objetivo: descrever como a criação progressiva da Seguridade Social (oferecendo assistência médica ampla) afetou a assistência ao parto na Espanha durante as décadas de 1940 a 1970, em uma região rural. Método: etnografia histórica. Foram selecionadas 27 pessoas que viveram nessa época, as quais foram entrevistadas com o auxílio de um roteiro semiestruturado. Através dos seus depoimentos, construiu-se um quadro com os elementos funcionais envolvidos na assistência ao nascimento nessa região. Resultado: três agentes desempenhavam tal assistência: parteiras tradicionais, mulheres da família/vizinhas e profissionais da saúde. Conclusão: apesar da assistência durante o parto ter sido transferida para a responsabilidade dos profissionais da saúde a partir dos anos quarenta, nesta região as parturientes continuaram utilizando os recursos domésticos até o início dos anos setenta, quando os partos foram obrigatoriamente transferidos para os hospitais. Esta pesquisa traz à tona os nomes e reconhece o trabalho de personagens femininas da classe popular, que ajudaram mulheres em trabalho de parto dessa comunidade a dar à luz, durante pelo menos três décadas.

Resumen Objetivo: describir cómo incidió la creación progresiva de la Seguridad Social (ofreciendo asistencia sanitaria generalizada) en la atención al parto en España durante las décadas de 1940 a 1970, en una zona rural. Método: etnografía histórica. Se seleccionaron 27 personas que habían vivido en esos años, y se las entrevistó apoyadas por un guión semiestructurado. A través de sus testimonios se construyó un mapa con los elementos funcionales implicados en los cuidados en el nacimiento en ese territorio. Resultado: tres actores desempeñaban dicha atención: parteras tradicionales, mujeres familiares/vecinas y personal sanitario. Conclusión: a pesar de que la asistencia en el momento del parto pasó a estar en manos de los sanitarios a partir de los años cuarenta, en esta zona las parturientas siguieron haciendo uso de los recursos domésticos hasta bien entradas los setenta, cuando los partos obligatoriamente fueron desplazados a los hospitales. Esta investigación saca a la luz el nombre y reconoce la labor de personajes femeninos que, desde la esfera popular, ayudaron a dar a luz a parturientas de esa comunidad durante, al menos, tres décadas.

Communicating a New Consciousness: Countercultural Print and the Home Birth Movement in the 1970s.

This essay analyzes the production of three influential home birth texts of the 1970s written by self-proclaimed lay midwives that helped to fuel and sustain a movement in alternative birth practices. As part of a countercultural lifestyle print culture, early "how-to" books (Raven Lang's The Birth Book, Ina May Gaskin's Spiritual Midwifery) provided readers with vivid images and accounts in stark contrast to those of the sterile hospital delivery room. By the end of the decade, Rahima Baldwin's more mainstream guidebook, Special Delivery, indicated an interest in translating home birth to a wider audience who did not necessarily identify as "countercultural." Lay midwives who were authors of radical print texts in the 1970s played an important role in reshaping expectations about the birth experience, suggesting a need to rethink how we define the counterculture and its legacies.

Assistência ao parto: do domicílio ao hospital 1830-1960 / Childbirth care: the household to hospital 1830-1960

Este artigo tem por objetivo contribuir para o debate atual sobre a assistência ao parto no Brasil. Faz um retrospecto dos principais modelos de atendimento ao parto no país, com destaque para os estados do Rio de Janeiro, Bahia e São Paulo...