Construction and validation of the Scale of Attitudes towards lynching / Construção e validação da Escala de Atitudes frente ao linchamento / Construcción y validación de la Escala de Actitudes hacia el linchamiento

The present study aimed to develop and validate the Scale of Attitudes towards Lynching (Escala de Atitudes frente ao Linchamento - EAL). For this purpose, 2 studies were conducted. Study 1 aimed to test the measure's structure-based validity and internal consistency and included 428 undergraduate and graduate students from the 5 Brazilian regions, with a mean age of 26.86 (SD =7.92). The results of the first study showed adequate psychometric indexes, indicating the bifactorial structure of the construct: crimes against property (α = 0.97) and heinous crimes (α = 0.97). Study 2 aimed to test the replicability of the bifactorial structure obtained in study 1 and included 481 college students from all Brazilian regions with an average age of 27.47 (SD = 9.23). The results supported the adequacy of the bifactorial solution (GFI = 92, CFI = 97, TLI = 97, RMSEA = 0.08). Overall, the EAL presented satisfactory psychometric characteristics that can support future studies. (AU)

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo desenvolver e validar a Escala de Atitudes frente ao Linchamento (EAL). Para tanto, foram realizados dois estudos. O Estudo 1 teve por objetivo testar a validade baseada na estrutura e consistência interna da medida e participaram 428 estudantes de graduação e pós-graduação, residentes nas cinco regiões brasileiras, com média de idade de 26,86 (DP = 7,92). Os resultados desse estudo evidenciaram índices psicométricos adequados, que indicam a estrutura bifatorial do construto: crimes contra a propriedade (α = 0,97) e crimes hediondos (α = 0,97). Já o Estudo 2 objetivou testar a replicabilidade da estrutura bifatorial obtida no Estudo 1 e contou com a participação de 481 estudantes universitários, de todas as regiões brasileiras, com média de idade de 27,47 (DP = 9,23). Os resultados deram suporte para a adequação da solução bifatorial (GFI = 92, CFI = 97, TLI = 97, RMSEA = 0,08). Em linhas gerais, a EAL apresentou características psicométricas satisfatórias, podendo subsidiar estudos futuros. (AU)

Esta investigación buscó desarrollar y validar la Escala de Actitudes hacia el Linchamiento (EAL). Con este fin, se llevaron a cabo dos estudios. El estudio 1, tuvo como objetivo probar la validez a partir de la estructura y consistencia interna de la medida. Participaron 428 estudiantes de grado y posgrado, residentes en las 5 regiones brasileñas, con edad media de 26.86 (DS 7.92). Los resultados mostraron índices psicométricos adecuados, indicando la estructura bifactorial del constructo: delitos contra la propiedad (α= 0.97) y delitos atroces (α= 0.97). El estudio 2, por otro lado, buscó evaluar la replicabilidad de la estructura bifactorial obtenida en el estudio 1 y contó con la participación de 481 estudiantes universitarios de todas las regiones brasileñas, con una edad media de 27.47 (DS= 9.23). Los resultados respaldaron la adecuación de la solución bifactorial (GFI= 92, CFI= 97, TLI= 97, RMSEA= 0.08). En términos generales, la EAL presentó características psicométricas satisfactorias, pudiendo ser utilizada para futuros estudios. (AU)

An analysis of emotions and the prominence of positivity in #BlackLivesMatter tweets.

Emotions are a central driving force of activism; they motivate participation in movements and encourage sustained involvement. We use natural language processing techniques to analyze emotions expressed or solicited in tweets about 2020 Black Lives Matter protests. Traditional off-the-shelf emotion analysis tools often fail to generalize to new datasets and are unable to adapt to how social movements can raise new ideas and perspectives in short time spans. Instead, we use a few-shot domain adaptation approach for measuring emotions perceived in this specific domain: tweets about protests in May 2020 following the death of George Floyd. While our analysis identifies high levels of expressed anger and disgust across overall posts, it additionally reveals the prominence of positive emotions (encompassing, e.g., pride, hope, and optimism), which are more prevalent in tweets with explicit pro-BlackLivesMatter hashtags and correlated with on the ground protests. The prevalence of positivity contradicts stereotypical portrayals of protesters as primarily perpetuating anger and outrage. Our work offers data, analyses, and methods to support investigations of online activism and the role of emotions in social movements.

Social suffering and the psychological impact of structural violence and economic oppression in an ongoing conflict setting: The Gaza Strip.

Structural violence and economic oppression (e.g. control over resources, politically engineered poverty and unemployment) are common features of warfare, yet there is a lack of research exploring the impact this has on civilian wellbeing in conflict-affected areas. This study, embedded within a human rights and community liberation psychology framework, aims to address this need by studying young Palestinian university graduates living under military blockade and occupation in the Gaza Strip. Semi-structured interviews were conducted. Thematic analysis indicated that economic and political domains adversely affected multiple aspects of civilian life and wellbeing. The findings revealed the deleterious effects of structural violence and economic oppression which created: human insecurity; poor psychological wellbeing and quality of life; existential, psychological and social suffering; humiliation; injuries to dignity; multiple losses; and led to life being experienced as 'on hold'. Local expressions and idioms to express distress were identified. The findings contributed to unique insights regarding how continual, systemic, and structural oppression can be potentially more psychologically detrimental than specific incidents of conflict and violence. The implications and the relevance of the findings to mental health and disaster relief are considered. Interventions providing human security and economic security should be prioritised.

Capoeira Angola: An alternative intervention program for traumatized adolescent refugees from war-torn countries.

BACKGROUND: Following resettlement in Australia, young traumatized refugees often face social challenges, including language and cultural barriers and social adjustment, which can lead to behavioral difficulties. Providing support at this vulnerable stage is therefore vital for reducing future setbacks. OBJECTIVE: The STARTTS Capoeira Angola program was developed to help traumatized adolescents successfully integrate into their school environments. As an Afro-Brazilian martial art that incorporates dance, Capoeira appeared an appropriate intervention for adolescent refugees due to its unique ethos of empowerment and group membership. METHOD: 32 refugeesfrom Middle Eastern and African countries (aged12-17) from the Intensive English Centre (IEC) department of the participant schools were assessed pre- and post- intervention using the Teacher's Strengths and Difficulties Scale (SDQ). Teachers were also asked to observe the students' functioning in a range of different situations at school. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: A significant overall decrease in behavioral problems was observed, which was associated with improvements in interpersonal skills, confidence, respect for self and others, self-discipline, and overall sense of responsibility.

O cotidiano da intersetorialidade e as relações entre as equipes / The intersectoriality's daily and the relationships between the teams / El cotidiano de la intersectorialidad y las relaciones entre los equipos

Este artigo coloca em discussão as relações no cotidiano de trabalho da prática intersetorial do Núcleo Intersetorial Regional Técnico (NIR-T) de uma das regionais de Belo Horizonte, tendo como objetivo discutir conjuntamente os casos de violação social. Esse estudo tem a pesquisa-intervenção como metodologia e as ideias de Deleuze e Guattari como marco teórico. A partir das assembleias, das entrevistas semiestruturadas e das restituições realizadas com as equipes, analisamos as linhas que compõe a prática intersetorial no NIR-T que se fazem na troca entre os setores e os profissionais, nos efeitos dos abalos subjetivos na lida com a vulnerabilidade, nas dificuldades de encaminhamentos e seguimento dos casos, nos limites das próprias políticas públicas e na importância da sustentação do coletivo. Concluímos que a intersetorialidade, mesmo sendo necessária, ainda apresenta muitos desafios.(AU)

This article discusses the relationships in the daily work of intersectorial practice in the Technical Regional Intersectorial Nucleus (NIR-T), in one of the Belo Horizonte's regional area,and aims to discuss cases of social violation. This study has the intervention research as methodology and the work of Deleuze and Guattari as theoretical framework. Considering the assemblies, the semi-structured interviews and the refunds made with the teams, we analyze the lines that make up the intersectorial practice in the NIR-T that are made in the exchange between the sectors and the professionals, in the effects of the subjective shocks in the handle with the vulnerability, in the difficulties of referrals and follow-up of the cases, in the limits of the public policies and in the importance of the collective. We conclude that intersectoriality, although necessary, still presents many challenges.(AU)

Este artículo pone en discusión las relaciones en el cotidiano de trabajo de la práctica intersectorial en el Núcleo Intersectorial Regional Técnico (NIR-T) de una de las regionales de Belo Horizonte, que tiene como objetivo discutir conjuntamente los casos de violación social. Este estudio tiene la investigación-intervención como metodología y las ideas de Deleuze y Guattari como marco teórico. A partir de las asambleas, de las entrevistas semiestructuradas y de las restituciones realizadas con los equipos, analizamos las líneas que componen la práctica intersectorial en el NIR-T que se hacen en el intercambio entre los sectores y los profesionales, en los efectos de los impactos subjetivos en la relación con la vulnerabilidad, en las dificultades de encaminamientos y seguimiento de los casos, en los límites de las propias políticas públicas y en la importancia de la sustentación del colectivo. Concluimos que la intersectorialidad, aun siendo necesaria, todavía presenta muchos desafíos.(AU)

Gender Differences in Violence and Other Human Rights Abuses Among Migrant Workers on the Thailand-Myanmar Border.

We describe human rights violations against migrant workers at the Thailand-Myanmar border, and evaluate differences by gender and industry. This mixed methods study pairs key informant interviews ( n = 40) with a cross-sectional quantitative survey of migrant workers from Myanmar ( n = 589) recruited via respondent-driven sampling. Key informants described significant hazards during migration, including deception, theft, and physical and sexual abuse, the latter primarily for women. Quantitative results confirmed prevalent mistreatment and abuse, with significant gender differences, most notably women's disproportionate burden of sexual abuse. Current evidence on the nature of experiences, and significant differences by gender, can position prevention and response programming.

Em nome da proteção de crianças, adolescentes e seus direitos violados / In the name of protection of the children, adolescents and their rights violated / En nombre de la protección de los niños, adolescentes y sus derechos violados

O presente artigo pretende analisar as práticas e discursos que atravessam o fazer dos profissionais do sistema de justiça que, em nome da proteção e do cuidado, governam e culpabilizam a vida das crianças, dos adolescentes e de suas famílias empobrecidas. Através do método da pesquisa-intervenção e da experiência profissional em uma Vara da Infância e da Juventude, utilizamos a técnica do diário de campo para analisar partes do caso de uma família que teve seus direitos violados por membros do próprio núcleo familiar e pelo Estado. Importante considerar para esta análise os conceitos da Análise Institucional, das obras de Michel Foucault e dos demais autores implicados com a garantia de direitos de crianças e adolescentes, para que possamos verificar os discursos e práticas que surgem na justiça e podem promover sutis ou devastadoras violações de direitos do grupo familiar. (AU)

This article intends to analyze the practices and discourses that cross the activities of professionals of the justice system who, in the name of protection and care, govern and blame the lives of children, adolescents and their impoverished families. Through the method of research-intervention and the experience as a psychologist in a Childhood and Youth Court, we used tool, technique of field diary to analyze parts of the case of a family that had their rights violated by members of the family nucleus itself, and also by the State. It is important to consider for this analysis the concepts of Institutional Analysis, the works of Michel Foucault and other authors involved in the issue of the guarantee of children and adolescents rights, so that we can verify the discourses and practices that arise in justice and can promote subtle or devastating right violations against the family group. (AU)

El presente artículo pretende poner en análisis las prácticas y discursos que atravesan el hacer de los profesionales del sistema de justicia que, en nombre de la protección y del cuidado, gobiernan y culpabilizan la vida de los niños, de los adolescentes y de sus familias empobrecidas. A través del método de la investigación-intervención y de la experiencia como psicóloga en una Vara de la Infancia y de la Juventud utilizamos, técnica del diario de campo para analizar partes del caso de una familia que tuvo sus derechos violados, por miembros del propio núcleo familiar, y por el Estado. Es importante considerar para este análisis los conceptos del Análisis Institucional, de las obras de Michel Foucault y de los demás autores implicados con la garantía de derechos de niños y adolescentes, para que podamos verificar los discursos y prácticas, que surgen en la justicia y pueden promover sutiles o devastadoras violaciones de derechos frente al grupo familiar. (AU)

The "hot potato" topic: challenges and facilitators to promoting respectful maternal care within a broader health intervention in Tanzania.

In recent years, mistreatment during childbirth has captured the public health and maternal health consciousness as not only an affront to women's rights but also a formidable deterrent to the uptake of facility-based childbirth - and thus to reductions in maternal mortality. The challenge ahead is to determine what can be done to address this public health problem. A modest but growing body of research has demonstrated that interventions to foster Respectful Maternity Care (RMC) can enact change, albeit in the relatively controlled context of a trial or study. Herein we describe our experiences in weaving elements of RMC across tiers of an existing maternal and newborn health program. As a commentary, this document does not outline program results, but instead highlights challenges and facilitators to promoting RMC within a large-scale, multi-district health platform. We conclude with lessons learned during the process and urge that others share their program learning experiences in an effort to strengthen the knowledge base on what works and what does not work in terms of addressing this complex, context-sensitive issue.

Expanding the agenda for addressing mistreatment in maternity care: a mapping review and gender analysis.

BACKGROUND: This paper responds to the global call to action for respectful maternity care (RMC) by examining whether and how gender inequalities and unequal power dynamics in the health system undermine quality of care or obstruct women's capacities to exercise their rights as both users and providers of maternity care. METHODS: We conducted a mapping review of peer-reviewed and gray literature to examine whether gender inequality is a determinant of mistreatment during childbirth. A search for peer-reviewed articles published between January 1995 and September 2017 in PubMed, Embase, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases, supplemented by an appeal to experts in the field, yielded 127 unique articles. We reviewed these articles using a gender analysis framework that categorizes gender inequalities into four key domains: access to assets, beliefs and perceptions, practices and participation, and institutions, laws, and policies. A total of 37 articles referred to gender inequalities in the four domains and were included in the analysis. RESULTS: The mapping indicates that there have been important advances in documenting mistreatment at the health facility, but less attention has been paid to addressing the associated structural gender inequalities. The limited evidence available shows that pregnant and laboring women lack information and financial assets, voice, and agency to exercise their rights to RMC. Women who defy traditional feminine stereotypes of chastity and serenity often experience mistreatment by providers as a result. At the same time, mistreatment of women inside and outside of the health facility is normalized and accepted, including by women themselves. As for health care providers, gender discrimination is manifested through degrading working conditions, lack of respect for their abilities, violence and harassment,, lack of mobility in the community, lack of voice within their work setting, and limited training opportunities and professionalization. All of these inequalities erode their ability to deliver high quality care. CONCLUSION: While the evidence base is limited, the literature clearly shows that gender inequality-for both clients and providers-contributes to mistreatment and abuse in maternity care. Researchers, advocates, and practitioners need to further investigate and build upon lessons from the broader gender equality, violence prevention, and rights-based health movements to expand the agenda on mistreatment in childbirth and develop effective interventions.

Too afraid to go: fears of dignity violations as reasons for non-use of maternal health services in South Sudan.

BACKGROUND: South Sudan has one of the worst health and maternal health situations in the world. Across South Sudan, while maternal health services at the primary care level are not well developed, even where they exist, many women do not use them. Developing location specific understanding of what hinders women from using services is key to developing and implementing locally appropriate public health interventions. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted to gain insight into what hinders women from using maternal health services. Focus group discussions (5) and interviews (44) were conducted with purposefully selected community members and health personnel. A thematic analysis was done to identify key themes. RESULTS: While accessibility, affordability, and perceptions (need and quality of care) related barriers to the use of maternal health services exist and are important, women's decisions to use services are also shaped by a variety of social fears. Societal interactions entailed in the process of going to a health facility, interactions with other people, particularly other women on the facility premises, and the care encounters with health workers, are moments where women are afraid of experiencing dignity violations. Women's decisions to step out of their homes to seek maternal health care are the results of a complex trade-off they make or are willing to make between potential threats to their dignity in the various social spaces they need to traverse in the process of seeking care, their views on ownership of and responsibility for the unborn, and the benefits they ascribe to the care available to them. CONCLUSIONS: Geographical accessibility, affordability, and perceptions related barriers to the use of maternal health services in South Sudan remain; they need to be addressed. Explicit attention also needs to be paid to address social accessibility related barriers; among others, to identify, address and allay the various social fears and fears of dignity violations that may hold women back from using services. Health services should work towards transforming health facilities into social spaces where all women's and citizen's dignity is protected and upheld.

La sintomatología antisocial normalizada y la ciudadanía vacía: apuntes sobre justicia social desde una teoría pragmática y cultural de la psiquis / The normalized antisocial symptomatology and empty citizenship: notes on social justice from a pragmatic and cultural theory of the psyche

El antisocial puede ser considerado como aquella persona que no acepta y no acata las reglas morales o que desea estar por encima de ellas mediante el abuso hacia otros. Entre las distintas y muy variadas formas en las cuales se manifiesta dicho trastorno psicológico, hay maneras de abuso hacia los más débiles que trasgreden lo moral pero que aun así son socialmente aceptadas o ignoradas a causa de una determinada valoración simbólica. Es así como muchas veces el llamado abuso de debilidad por MarieFrance Hirigoyen, no solo llega a ser una forma de exclusión y ejercicio desmedido de poder, sino que de igual forma limita el ejercicio de la ciudadanía y la autonomía de las personas que sufren dicho abuso. Por otra parte, el abuso de debilidad bien puede llegar ser considerado un tipo muy específico de psicología y de racionalidad de algunas personas dentro de un régimen capitalista neoliberal desenfrenado que desdibuja muchos límites y provoca con ello ciertos sentimientos de vacío.

The antisocial can be regarded as a person who does not accept and does not abide by moral rules or someone who want to be above them through the practice of the abuse of others. Among the various and varied ways in which this psychological disorder manifests, there are ways to abuse of weaker than transgress the moral but are socially accepted or ignored a result of a certain symbolic and social assessment. Thus, often the abuse of weakness, concept by Marie-France Hirigoyen, not only becomes a form of exclusion and excessive exercise of power, but that similarly limits the exercise of citizenship and empower people who suffer such abuse. Moreover, abuse of weakness may very well be considered a very specific type of psychology and rationality of some people within unbridled neoliberal capitalist system that blurs many boundaries and brings with it certain feelings of emptiness.

Sowing the seeds of transformative practice to actualize women's rights to respectful maternity care: reflections from Kenya using the consolidated framework for implementation research.

BACKGROUND: Despite years of growing concern about poor provider attitudes and women experiencing mistreatment during facility based childbirth, there are limited interventions that specifically focus on addressing these issues. The Heshima project is an evidence-based participatory implementation research study conducted in 13 facilities in Kenya. It engaged a range of community, facility, and policy stakeholders to address the causes of mistreatment during childbirth and promote respectful maternity care. METHODS: We used the consolidated framework for implementation research (CFIR) as an analytical lens to describe a complex, multifaceted set of interventions through a reflexive and iterative process for triangulating qualitative data. Data from a broad range of project documents, reports, and interviews were collected at different time points during the implementation of Heshima. Assessment of in-depth interview data used NVivo (Version 10) and Atlas.ti software to inductively derive codes for themes at baseline, supplemental, and endline. Our purpose was to generate categories of themes for analysis found across the intervention design and implementation stages. RESULTS: The implementation process, intervention characteristics, individual champions, and inner and outer settings influenced both Heshima's successes and challenges at policy, facility, and community levels. Implementation success stemmed from readiness for change at multiple levels, constant communication between stakeholders, and perceived importance to communities. The relative advantage and adequacy of implementation of the Respectful Maternity Care (RMC) resource package was meaningful within Kenyan politics and health policy, given the timing and national promise to improve the quality of maternity care. CONCLUSION: We found the CFIR lens a promising and flexible one for understanding the complex interventions. Despite the relatively nascent stage of RMC implementation research, we feel this study is an important start to understanding a range of interventions that can begin to address issues of mistreatment in maternity care; replication of these activities is needed globally to better understand if the Heshima implementation process can be successful in different countries and regions.

[Commercial sexual exploitation of children: Meanings and practices of people who work and reside in downtown Medellin (Colombia), 2015]. / Explotación sexual comercial de niños, niñas y adolescentes: significados y prácticas de trabajadores/as y residentes del centro de Medellín (Colombia), 2015.

The commercial sexual exploitation of children is a public health problem and a serious violation of the rights of children and adolescents. The response to this problem has been affected by the meanings and practices of the actors involved. In order to contribute to a better understanding of the problem, a qualitative social study using a grounded theory approach was carried out between 2014 and 2015. The aim was to understand the meanings and practices regarding this issue of people who spend time in an area of the city center with a high presence of commercial sexual exploitation of children and adolescents. The techniques used were participant observation and semi-structured interviews. We found that the predominate conceptions lead to practices that aggravate and perpetuate rights violations. Although practices of protection towards victims were identified, these were limited to critical aspects of the context. Actions to eradicate commercial sexual exploitation should work with the community and the meanings within the community regarding sexual exploitation so as to potentiate the victim protection practices carried out and reduce barriers to such practices.

Which will Trump: human rights and professional ethics, or torture redux?

Recent political developments in the United States raise concerns about the potential return of aggressive interrogation strategies, particularly in the event of another large-scale terror attack on the U.S. mainland. This essay reviews various legal, ethical and policy responses to revelations of torture during the Bush administration. It asks whether they improve the prospect that, in future, human rights will trump torture, not vice versa. The essay argues that physicians could help prevent further abuses - especially given their access, social status and expertise - but that insufficient steps have been taken to empower them to do so.

A Life Course Theory Approach to Understanding Eritrean Refugees' Perceptions of Preventive Health Care in the United States.

Thousands of Eritreans flee their homes each month, embarking on dangerous journeys. With these extreme life experiences in mind, this qualitative study aimed to better understand Eritrean resettled refugees' perceptions of United States (US) preventive health care through the lens of the Life Course Theory. Through secondary thematic analysis of narrative data, two over-arching themes emerged: 1) a thirst for information, understanding and affordable health care and 2) attitudes of gratitude and hope despite lack of information and funding. Health promotion programs should focus on enhancing community engagement while nurturing protective factors of resiliency and hope to improve information dissemination and access to affordable health-care services.

Explotación sexual comercial de niños, niñas y adolescentes: significados y prácticas de trabajadores/as y residentes del centro de Medellín (Colombia), 2015 / Commercial sexual exploitation of children: Meanings and practices of people who work and reside in downtown Medellin (Colombia), 2015

RESUMEN La explotación sexual comercial es un problema de salud pública y una vulneración de los derechos de niños, niñas y adolescentes. La respuesta a este problema se ha visto afectada por los significados y las prácticas de los actores implicados. Como aporte a una mejor comprensión del problema, entre 2014 y 2015 se realizó una investigación social cualitativa, con el enfoque de la teoría fundamentada, cuyo objetivo fue comprender los significados y las prácticas sobre esta problemática de las personas que permanecen en un sector del centro de la ciudad con alta presencia de explotación sexual comercial de niños, niñas y adolescentes. Las técnicas usadas fueron observación participante y entrevista semiestructurada. Encontramos que predominan concepciones que conducen a prácticas que agravan y perpetúan la vulneración de derechos. Aunque también se identificaron prácticas de protección a las víctimas, estas son limitadas por asuntos críticos del contexto. Las acciones para erradicar la explotación sexual deben trabajar con la comunidad sus significados para potenciar las prácticas protectoras que realizan y reducir las barreras.

ABSTRACT The commercial sexual exploitation of children is a public health problem and a serious violation of the rights of children and adolescents. The response to this problem has been affected by the meanings and practices of the actors involved. In order to contribute to a better understanding of the problem, a qualitative social study using a grounded theory approach was carried out between 2014 and 2015. The aim was to understand the meanings and practices regarding this issue of people who spend time in an area of the city center with a high presence of commercial sexual exploitation of children and adolescents. The techniques used were participant observation and semi-structured interviews. We found that the predominate conceptions lead to practices that aggravate and perpetuate rights violations. Although practices of protection towards victims were identified, these were limited to critical aspects of the context. Actions to eradicate commercial sexual exploitation should work with the community and the meanings within the community regarding sexual exploitation so as to potentiate the victim protection practices carried out and reduce barriers to such practices.