Pulmonary circulation and gas exchange at exercise in Sherpas at high altitude.

Tibetans have been reported to present with a unique phenotypic adaptation to high altitude characterized by higher resting ventilation and arterial oxygen saturation, no excessive polycythemia, and lower pulmonary arterial pressures (Ppa) compared with other high-altitude populations. How this affects exercise capacity is not exactly known. We measured aerobic exercise capacity during an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test, lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DL(CO)) and nitric oxide (DL(NO)) at rest, and mean Ppa (mPpa) and cardiac output by echocardiography at rest and at exercise in 13 Sherpas and in 13 acclimatized lowlander controls at the altitude of 5,050 m in Nepal. In Sherpas vs. lowlanders, arterial oxygen saturation was 86 ± 1 vs. 83 ± 2% (mean ± SE; P = nonsignificant), mPpa at rest 19 ± 1 vs. 23 ± 1 mmHg (P < 0.05), DL(CO) corrected for hemoglobin 61 ± 4 vs. 37 ± 2 ml · min(-1) · mmHg(-1) (P < 0.001), DL(NO) 226 ± 18 vs. 153 ± 9 ml · min(-1) · mmHg(-1) (P < 0.001), maximum oxygen uptake 32 ± 3 vs. 28 ± 1 ml · kg(-1) · min(-1) (P = nonsignificant), and ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide at anaerobic threshold 40 ± 2 vs. 48 ± 2 (P < 0.001). Maximum oxygen uptake was correlated directly to DL(CO) and inversely to the slope of mPpa-cardiac index relationships in both Sherpas and acclimatized lowlanders. We conclude that Sherpas compared with acclimatized lowlanders have an unremarkable aerobic exercise capacity, but with less pronounced pulmonary hypertension, lower ventilatory responses, and higher lung diffusing capacity.

Race and sex differences in response to endothelin receptor antagonists for pulmonary arterial hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Recently studied therapies for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) have improved outcomes among populations of patients, but little is known about which patients are most likely to respond to specific treatments. Differences in endothelin-1 biology between sexes and between whites and blacks may lead to differences in patients' responses to treatment with endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs). METHODS: We conducted pooled analyses of deidentified, patient-level data from six randomized placebo-controlled trials of ERAs submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration to elucidate heterogeneity in treatment response. We estimated the interaction between treatment assignment (ERA vs placebo) and sex and between treatment and white or black race in terms of the change in 6-min walk distance from baseline to 12 weeks. RESULTS: Trials included 1,130 participants with a mean age of 49 years; 21% were men, 74% were white, and 6% were black. The placebo-adjusted response to ERAs was 29.7 m (95% CI, 3.7-55.7 m) greater in women than in men (P = .03). The placebo-adjusted response was 42.2 m for whites and -1.4 m for blacks, a difference of 43.6 m (95% CI, -3.5-90.7 m) (P = .07). Similar results were found in sensitivity analyses and in secondary analyses using the outcome of absolute distance walked. CONCLUSIONS: Women with PAH obtain greater responses to ERAs than do men, and whites may experience a greater treatment benefit than do blacks. This heterogeneity in treatment-response may reflect pathophysiologic differences between sexes and races or distinct disease phenotypes.

Tromboendarterectomía en hipertensión pulmonar tromboembólica crónica: reporte del primer caso clínico en Uruguay / Thromboendarterectomy in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension of the first clinical case report in Uruguay

La hipertensión pulmonar tromboembólica crónica (HPTEC) es una entidad subdiagnosticada y de alta morbimortalidad si no se accede a un tratamiento adecuado.El centellograma V/Q confirma la naturaleza tromboembólica de la hipertensión pulmonar (HP), pero es la arteriografía convencional el estudio que valora la topografía de los trombos y su accesibilidad a cirugía. El cateterismo cardíacoderecho confirma la HP, su severidad, y brinda parámetros de gran valor pronóstico. La HPTEC es la única etiología de hipertensión pulmonar con posibilidad de un tratamiento quirúrgico potencialmente curativo a través de la tromboendarterectomía pulmonar (TEE).Se reporta el primer caso de nuestro país de HPTEC tratada con TEE y evolución exitosa

Tromboendarterectomía en hipertensión pulmonar tromboembólica crónica: reporte del primer caso clínico en Uruguay / Thromboendarterectomy in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension of the first clinical case report in Uruguay

La hipertensión pulmonar tromboembólica crónica (HPTEC) es una entidad subdiagnosticada y de alta morbimortalidad si no se accede a un tratamiento adecuado.El centellograma V/Q confirma la naturaleza tromboembólica de la hipertensión pulmonar (HP), pero es la arteriografía convencional el estudio que valora la topografía de los trombos y su accesibilidad a cirugía. El cateterismo cardíacoderecho confirma la HP, su severidad, y brinda parámetros de gran valor pronóstico. La HPTEC es la única etiología de hipertensión pulmonar con posibilidad de un tratamiento quirúrgico potencialmente curativo a través de la tromboendarterectomía pulmonar (TEE).Se reporta el primer caso de nuestro país de HPTEC tratada con TEE y evolución exitosa.

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension ( CTEPH) is a delayed diagnosed disease with high morbidity and mortality, especially when untreated. Ventilation/perfusion lung scan confirms the thromboembolic etiology, but pulmonary angiography is still the gold standard diagnostic procedure for defining the extension and location of the disease and surgical indication. Right heart catheterization provides accurate prognostic and disease severity information. Pulmonary endarterectomy represents a potentially curative option in eligible patients.

Circulatory adaptation to long-term high altitude exposure in Aymaras and Caucasians.

About 30 million people live above 2500 m in the Andean Mountains of South America. Among them are 5.5 million Aymaras, an ethnic group with its own language, living on the altiplano of Bolivia, Peru, and northern Chile at altitudes of up to 4400 m. In this high altitude region traces of human population go back for more than 2000 years with constant evolutionary pressure on its residents for genetic adaptation to high altitude. Aymaras as the assumed direct descendents of the ancient cultures living in this region were the focus of much research interest during the last decades and several distinctive adaptation patterns to life at high altitude have been described in this ethnic group. The aim of this article was to review the physiology and pathophysiology of circulatory adaptation and maladaptation to longtime altitude exposure in Aymaras and Caucasians.

Respiratory nitric oxide and pulmonary artery pressure in children of aymara and European ancestry at high altitude.

Invasive studies suggest that healthy children living at high altitude display pulmonary hypertension, but the data to support this assumption are sparse. Nitric oxide (NO) synthesized by the respiratory epithelium regulates pulmonary artery pressure, and its synthesis was reported to be increased in Aymara high-altitude dwellers. We hypothesized that pulmonary artery pressure will be lower in Aymara children than in children of European ancestry at high altitude, and that this will be related to increased respiratory NO. We therefore compared pulmonary artery pressure and exhaled NO (a marker of respiratory epithelial NO synthesis) between large groups of healthy children of Aymara (n = 200; mean +/- SD age, 9.5 +/- 3.6 years) and European ancestry (n = 77) living at high altitude (3,600 to 4,000 m). We also studied a group of European children (n = 29) living at low altitude. The systolic right ventricular to right atrial pressure gradient in the Aymara children was normal, even though significantly higher than the gradient measured in European children at low altitude (22.5 +/- 6.1 mm Hg vs 17.7 +/- 3.1 mm Hg, p < 0.001). In children of European ancestry studied at high altitude, the pressure gradient was 33% higher than in the Aymara children (30.0 +/- 5.3 mm Hg vs 22.5 +/- 6.1 mm Hg, p < 0.0001). In contrast to what was expected, exhaled NO tended to be lower in Aymara children than in European children living at the same altitude (12.4 +/- 8.8 parts per billion [ppb] vs 16.1 +/- 11.1 ppb, p = 0.06) and was not related to pulmonary artery pressure in either group. Aymara children are protected from hypoxic pulmonary hypertension at high altitude. This protection does not appear to be related to increased respiratory NO synthesis.

Pulmonary-artery pressure and exhaled nitric oxide in Bolivian and Caucasian high altitude dwellers.

There is evidence that high altitude populations may be better protected from hypoxic pulmonary hypertension than low altitude natives, but the underlying mechanism is incompletely understood. In Tibetans, increased pulmonary respiratory NO synthesis attenuates hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. It has been speculated that this mechanism may represent a generalized high altitude adaptation pattern, but direct evidence for this speculation is lacking. We therefore measured systolic pulmonary-artery pressure (Doppler chocardiography) and exhaled nitric oxide (NO) in 34 healthy, middle-aged Bolivian high altitude natives and in 34 age- and sex-matched, well-acclimatized Caucasian low altitude natives living at high altitude (3600 m). The mean+/-SD systolic right ventricular to right atrial pressure gradient (24.3+/-5.9 vs. 24.7+/-4.9 mmHg) and exhaled NO (19.2+/-7.2 vs. 22.5+/-9.5 ppb) were similar in Bolivians and Caucasians. There was no relationship between pulmonary-artery pressure and respiratory NO in the two groups. These findings provide no evidence that Bolivian high altitude natives are better protected from hypoxic pulmonary hypertension than Caucasian low altitude natives and suggest that attenuation of pulmonary hypertension by increased respiratory NO synthesis may not represent a universal adaptation pattern in highaltitude populations.

Dormir en los Andes: contribución del sueño en la etiopatogenia de la enfermedad de Monge / Sleep at the Andes: contribution to dream at etiopathogeny from Monge`s disease

En las grandes alturas se han estudiado los efectos del sueño y su influencia en la etiopatogenia del soroche crónico o Enfermedad de Monge. Se hizo cateterismo cardíaco derecho durante la noche y se midió la ventilación pulmomar en voluntarios adultos normales (adaptados y en pacientes con enfermedad de Monge (desadaptados). En niños sólo se midió la ventilación pulmonar. A 4540 y a 4330 msnm. durante el sueño se producen los siguientes efectos agudos: hipoventilación, hipoxemia moderada y severa, hipercapnia, hipertensión pulmonar moderada y severa, disminuyendo el consumo de oxígeno, el débito cardíaco y el volumen de expulsión ventricular, leve incremento de la frecuencia cardíaca, acidemia y, en los desadaptados, además, se observa hipertensión diastólica sistémica. Los cambios son más acentuados en los desadaptados. En los niños el sueño ocasiona una disminución de la ventilación pulmonar siendo ésta de mayor magnitud que en los adultos. Al despertar, los residentes altoandinos están normales y sin signos, síntomas, ni ninguna condición neurológica patológica. Durante el sueño los adaptados adquieren las características que tienen los desadaptados en vigilia. Hipoventilación, hipoxemia y policitemia acentuadas, hipercapnia, hipertensión pulmonar moderada y severa son las principales características de la Enfermedad de Monge, siendo la hipoventilación el principal factor causal de ellos. Por la hipoxemia aguda durante el sueño los residentes altoandinos, teóricamente ascienden a una altura mayor que aquella en la cual están durmiendo. Desde los recién nacidos hasta la senectud la hipoventilación e hipoxemia se acentúan por el sueño, por el envejecimiento, por la mayor altitud de residencia, y más aún en las grandes alturas, la hipoxemia también se acentúa por el peculiar comportamiento fisiológico de la curva de disociación de la oxihemoglobina y, probablememte, por los mecanismos mediante los cuales la policitemia ocasiona anoxemia y viceversa y por la precoz desensibilización hipóxica de los quimiorreceptores periféricos. De esta manera, ya sea en forma aislada o asociada, el sueño y las otras variables contribuyen en la etiopatogenia de la enfermedad de Monge, condicionando que algunos adaptados vayan adquiriendo lenta y progresivamente las características que tienen los pacientes con Enfermedad de Monge. Así, la Enfermedad de Monge sería la resultante de un proceso bio-ecológico y no la de un proceso patológico