Hipertensão situacional em cães dóceis adultos / Situational hypertension in docile adult dogs

A hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) é uma enfermidade silenciosa que pode afetar gatos e cães. Embora bastante descrita em felinos, a "Síndrome do Jaleco Branco", ou hipertensão situacional, é pouco relatada em cães. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo mostrar a importância do estresse na aferição da pressão arterial de cães adultos. O estudo foi realizado com 46 cães de ambos os sexos, dóceis, adultos, e aparentemente saudáveis. Após anamnese, exame físico, ambientação e manejo amigável dos animais, mensurou-se a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) pelo método Doppler no membro torácico. Foram feitas várias aferições para obtenção de média aritmética. Animais com até 160mmHg de PAS, na primeira aferição, foram considerados normotensos (36 cães, correspondente a 78,26%). Para os que tiveram PAS maior ou igual a 160mmHg (dez cães, equivalente a 21,74%), realizou-se um segundo momento de aferição, após 15 a 30 minutos, com os animais em repouso. Assim, seis desses cães apresentaram PAS entre 154mmHg e 200mmHg, sendo, então, um considerado pré-hipertenso e cinco hipertensos, e outros quatro considerados normotensos. Para o animal com pré-hipertensão e para os hipertensos, realizaram-se exames complementares, pelos quais quatro cães foram diagnosticados com doença renal crônica e dois com dislipidemia familiar dos Schnauzers. Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que, dos 46 cães avaliados, 36 apresentaram-se normotensos (78,26%), um pré-hipertenso (2,17%), cinco hipertensos (10,87%) e quatro com hipertensão situacional (8,7%). Portanto, para cães em ambiente hospitalar, é importante realizar um manejo amigável e, quando necessário, mais de um momento de aferição de PAS para evitar diagnósticos errôneos de HAS.

Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is a silent disease that can affect cats and dogs. Although well described in felines, "white coat syndrome", or situational hypertension, is little reported in dogs. Thus, this paper aims to show the importance of stress in the measurement of blood pressure from adult dogs. The study was conducted with 46 dogs of both sexes, docile, adults, apparently healthy. After anamnesis, physical examination, ambiance, and friendly management of animals, systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured by the doppler method in the thoracic limb. Several measurements were made to obtain an arithmetic average. Animals up to 160mmHg of SBP, in the first measurement, were considered normotensive (36 dogs, corresponding to 78.26%). For those with SBP higher than or equal to 160mmHg (10 dogs, equivalent to 21.74%), a second measurement was performed after 15 to 30 minutes, with the animals at rest. Therefore, six of these dogs presented SBP between 154mmHg and 200mmHg (one considered prehypertense and five hypertensives) and four normotensives. For the animal with prehypertension and the hypertensives, complementary examinations were performed, in which four dogs were diagnosed with chronic kidney disease and two with family dyslipidemia of the Schnauzers. Thus, it can be concluded that among the 46 dogs evaluated, there were 36 normotenses (78.26%), a one prehypertense (2.17%), five hypertensives (10.87%), and four with situational hypertension (8.7%). Therefore, regarding dogs in a hospital environment, it is important to perform friendly management and, when necessary, more than one moment of SBP measurement to avoid erroneous diagnoses of SAH.

Cardiovascular indicators and mitral valve disease in dogs with spontaneous hypercortisolism - prospective evaluation

Background: Canine hypercortisolism (HC) is the most prevalent endocrinopathy in dogs in southern Brazil. The prognosis depends on several factors including the general health status, owners´ commitment, and the development of disease complications and comorbidities occurrence, such as cardiovascular complications including mitral valve disease (MVD), systemic arterial hypertension, and left ventricular hypertrophy. The main objective of the present study was to assess cardiovascular parameters in canine HC, based on investigating survival-related variables. The study also aimed to evaluate the influence of concurrent preclinical (MVD) on dogs` survival and the impact of HC on MVD progression. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 25 dogs with spontaneous HC were enrolled and divided into 2 subgroups accordingly to their echocardiographic findings: group HC (normal echocardiography at first evaluation, n = 16); and group HC + MVD (concurrent presence of stages B1 and B2 MVD diagnosed at the first evaluation, n = 9). The patients were evaluated at diagnosis (T0); 6 months after treatment begging (T1); and after 12 months of treatment (T2). The owners were further contacted by phone or e-mail for 1 more year after T2 regarding survival information. A control group (CG, n = 20) was also evaluated at T0 and T1. At each evaluation, dogs were submitted to a complete clinical evaluation and physical exam, associated with a minimum database (CBC, serum biochemistry, and urine analysis) and cardiovascular evaluation composed of systolic blood pressure determination, electrocardiogram (ECG), and echodopplercardiography. In the HC group, 11/16 dogs underwent the evaluation at T2, while 4/9 dogs from the HC + MVD group and 17/20 dogs from the CG underwent the evaluation at T2. Five dogs (31.25%) from the HC group and 4 dogs (44.44%) from the HC + MVD group died before the end of the follow-up period. In the control group, only 1 dog (5.26%) died before the end of the study. Despite the higher mortality in the HC + MVD group during the follow-up period, there was no significant difference (P = 0.632) in survival when compared with the HC group. The MVD of 4 dogs included in the HC + MVD group was classified as stage B1, while the other 5 dogs were classified as stage B2. Only 1 dog from the CG developed stage B1 MVD in the period studied; however, progression of the MVD stage was documented in 1/4 of dogs in the HC + MVD group and MVD development was documented in 3/11 of dogs from the HC group from T0 to T2. The odds ratio (OR) and respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI) for HC as a risk factor for MVD progression were 4.267 (0.4268 - 42.65; P = 0.342). Exercise intolerance (12/16 dogs) and dyspnea (6/16 dogs) were the cardiorespiratory clinical signs with the highest incidence in the HC group at T0. When compared to the control group, both exercise intolerance (P < 0.001) and dyspnea (P = 0.03) occurrence were significantly higher in the HC group. The age (P = 0.001) and the occurrence of dyspnea (P = 0.036) at diagnosis were significantly higher in dogs with HC that died during the follow-up than those that remained alive. Regarding the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias verified by ECG, no statistically significant differences were observed among groups. Discussion: The study suggests that systemic hypertension and altered echocardiographic measurements did not interfere with dogs' survival; however, dyspnea was associated with a worse prognosis. Finally, it is possible to conclude that mitral valve degeneration is a common comorbidity in dogs with HC, however, it was not evidenced their interference in the survival of dogs with this endocrine disease or even a role of the HC in the progression of the MVD.

Ketamine-dexmedetomidine combined with local anesthesia, with or without different doses of atipamezole in the postoperative period, for orchiectomy in cats.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of ketamine-dexmedetomidine combined with local anesthesia, associated or not in the postoperative period with different doses of atipamezole, for orchiectomy in cats. ANIMALS: 24 healthy cats. PROCEDURES: Cats received ketamine (7 mg/kg) combined with dexmedetomidine (10 µg/kg) IM, and 1 mL of saline (group KDSAL), 25 µg/kg (group KDAT25), or 50 µg/kg (group KDAT50) of atipamezole IV, postoperatively. All cats received local anesthesia (2 mg/kg of lidocaine) intratesticular and SC. Physiologic variables were recorded at baseline and at time points during anesthesia. Ketamine rescue dose (1 mg/kg) was recorded. The quality of recovery, the degree of sedation, and side effects were evaluated postoperatively. RESULTS: 2 cats received a single additional bolus of ketamine to perform local anesthesia. Heart rate was lower in KDSAL, KDAT25, and KDAT50 during anesthesia, compared with baseline. Hypertension was observed intraoperatively in all groups. The time to head up, pedal reflex regained time, time to sternal recumbency, and time to standing were shorter in KDAT25 and KDAT50 compared to KDSAL. Lower sedation scores were assigned sooner to KDAT25 and KDAT50 than KDSAL. All groups resulted in low recovery quality scores and no side effects. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: At the doses used, ketamine-dexmedetomidine combined with local anesthesia allowed the performance of orchiectomy. Rescue dose of ketamine for performing local anesthesia may be required. This combination can result in hypertension. Both atipamezole doses shortened the anesthetic recovery, without differences among them, and side effects.

Use of aerobic treadmill exercises on nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Purpose: Various postoperative protocols have been proposed to improve outcomes and accelerate nerve regeneration. Recently, the use of physical exercise in a post-surgical neurorraphy procedure has shown good results when started early. We experimentally investigated the hypothesis that post-operative exercise speeds up results and improves clinical and morphologic parameters. Methods: Isogenic rats were randomly divided into four groups: 1 SHAM; 2 SHAM submitted to the exercise protocol (EP); 3 Grafting of the sciatic nerve; and 4 Grafting of the sciatic nerve associated with the EP. The EP was based on aerobic activities with a treadmill, with a progressive increase in time and intensity during 6 weeks. The results were evaluated by the sciatic functional index (SFI), morphometric and morphologic analysis of nerve distal to the lesion, and the number of spinal cord motor neurons, positive to the marker Fluoro-Gold (FG), captured retrogradely through neurorraphy. Results: Functional analysis (SFI) did not show a statistical difference between the group grafted with (­50.94) and without exercise (-65.79) after 90 days. The motoneurons count (Spinal cord histology) also showed no diference between these groups (834.5 × 833 respectively). Although functionally there is no difference between these groups, morphometric study showed a greater density (53.62) and larger fibers (7.762) in GRAFT group. When comparing both operated groups with both SHAM groups, all values were much lower. Conclusions: The experimental model that this aerobic treadmill exercises protocol did not modify nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury and repair with nerve graft.

Cardiac assessments of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Northern Gulf of Mexico following exposure to Deepwater Horizon oil.

The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill profoundly impacted the health of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Barataria Bay, LA (BB). To comprehensively assess the cardiac health of dolphins living within the DWH oil spill footprint, techniques for in-water cardiac evaluation were refined with dolphins cared for by the U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program in 2018 and applied to free-ranging bottlenose dolphins in BB (n = 34) and Sarasota Bay, Florida (SB) (n = 19), a non-oiled reference population. Cardiac auscultation detected systolic murmurs in the majority of dolphins from both sites (88% BB, 89% SB) and echocardiography showed most of the murmurs were innocent flow murmurs attributed to elevated blood flow velocity [1]. Telemetric six-lead electrocardiography detected arrhythmias in BB dolphins (43%) and SB dolphins (31%), all of which were considered low to moderate risk for adverse cardiac events. Echocardiography showed BB dolphins had thinner left ventricular walls, with significant differences in intraventricular septum thickness at the end of diastole (p = 0.002), and left ventricular posterior wall thickness at the end of diastole (p = 0.033). BB dolphins also had smaller left atrial size (p = 0.004), higher prevalence of tricuspid valve prolapse (p = 0.003), higher prevalence of tricuspid valve thickening (p = 0.033), and higher prevalence of aortic valve thickening (p = 0.008). Two dolphins in BB were diagnosed with pulmonary arterial hypertension based on Doppler echocardiography-derived estimates and supporting echocardiographic findings. Histopathology of dolphins who stranded within the DWH oil spill footprint showed a significantly higher prevalence of myocardial fibrosis (p = 0.003), regardless of age, compared to dolphins outside the oil spill footprint. In conclusion, there were substantial cardiac abnormalities identified in BB dolphins which may be related to DWH oil exposure, however, future work is needed to rule out other hypotheses and further elucidate the connection between oil exposure, pulmonary disease, and the observed cardiac abnormalities.

Hipertensão arterial sistêmica em gatos / Systemic arterial hypertension in cats

A hipertensão arterial sistólica é frequentemente reconhecida na prática clínica da medicina interna felina, sendo um problema comum em gatos mais velhos. Esta enfermidade é, costumeiramente, secundária a outras doenças, tais como, doença renal crônica e hipertireoidismo. No entanto, em alguns pacientes a causa subjacente não é identificada, portanto denominada de hipertensão idiopática. Elevações na pressão arterial, de forma sustentada ou não, podem levar a danos em diversos órgãos como, cérebro, olhos, coração e rins. Essas injúrias são denominadas de lesão de órgãos-alvo. Pressão arterial sistêmica acima de 160mmHg possue risco moderado a grave de dano aos órgãos-alvo. Desta maneira, o tratamento procura idealmente atingir riscos de dano mínimos. Alguns fármacos podem ser utilizados como terapia anti-hipertensiva, dentre elas, a amlodipina, um bloqueador de canal de cálcio, que é o medicamento de primeira escolha para tratamento em gatos. Além disso, é de extrema importância o diagnóstico de doenças que possam gerar o quadro hipertensivo ou estar em associação para que desta forma seja possível um controle adequado da pressão arterial. O diagnóstico precoce da doença é fundamental pois auxilia reduzir as chances de lesão nos órgãos-alvo, e consequentemente, reduz a mortalidade e melhora a qualidade de vida dos pacientes.

Systolic arterial hypertension is often recognized in the clinical practice of feline internal medicine and is a common problem in older cats. This disease is usually secondary to other diseases, such as chronic kidney disease and hyperthyroidism. However, in some patients the underlying cause is not identified, therefore called idiopathic hypertension. Elevations in blood pressure, whether sustained or not, can cause damage to various organs such as the brain, eyes, heart and kidneys. These injuries are called target organ damage. Systemic blood pressure above 160mmHg has a moderate to severe risk of damage to target organs. In this way, the treatment ideally seeks to achieve risks of cognitive damage. Pharmacological substances can be used as antihypertensive therapy, among them, an amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker, which is the drug of choice for treatment in cats. In addition, it is extremely important to diagnose diseases that cause hypertension or to be associated with it, so that this form of blood pressure is adequate. Early diagnosis of the disease is essential because it helps to reduce the chances of target organ damage, and consequently, reduce mortality and improve patients' quality of life.

Polimiopatia hipocalêmica e hipertensão secundária a hiperaldosteronismo primário felino / Hypokalemic polymyopathy and secondary hypertension to feline primary hyperaldosteronism

O hiperaldosteronismo se define pela hipersecreção de aldosterona pelas suprarrenais, resultando em excesso de sódio e redução de potássio sanguíneo. Esta hipersecreção deve-se à síntese autônoma de aldosterona por células adrenais hiperplásicas ou neoplásicas, que agem independentemente da estimulação pelo sistema renina-angiotensina. A doença acomete felinos de adultos maduros a idosos. O excesso de aldosterona culmina em hipertensão sistêmica e/ou hipocalemia, que levam à fraqueza muscular e alterações oculares. O diagnóstico é baseado em exames laboratoriais e de imagem, e o tratamento pode ser clínico ou cirúrgico. O prognóstico é considerado favorável quando as medicações são capazes de melhorar as manifestações clínicas ou quando é possível realizar o procedimento cirúrgico. O presente trabalho visa relatar o caso de um felino macho de 13 anos, castrado, sem raça definida, com hipocalemia persistente secundária a um presuntivo tumor adrenal.

Hyperaldosteronism is defined by the hypersecretion of aldosterone by the adrenal glands resulting in excess sodium and reduced blood potassium. This hypersecretion is due to the autonomous synthesis of aldosterone by hyperplastic or neoplastic adrenal cells, which act independently of stimulation by the renin-angiotensin system. The disease affects felines in the age group from mature adults to the elderly. The excess of aldosterone culminates in systemic hypertension and/or hypokalemia, which leads to muscle weakness and ocular changes. The diagnosis is based on laboratory and imaging tests and treatment can be clinical or surgical. The prognosis is considered favorable when the medications are able to improve the clinical manifestations or when it is possible to perform the surgical procedure. The present paper aims to report the case of a 13-year-old male cat, castrated, crossbred, with persistent hypokalemia secondary to a presumptive adrenal tumor.

Hipertensão arterial e bradicardia após a utilização de lidocaína com norepinefrina para bloqueio de nervos mandibular e maxilar em cão: relato de caso / Arterial hypertension and bradycardia following the utilization of lidocaine with norepinephrine in mandibular and maxillary nerves anesthesia in dog: case report / Hipertensión arterial y bradicardia después de la utilización de lidocaína con norepinefrina para bloqueo de nervios mandibular y maxilar en perro: relato de caso

Os bloqueios regionais para procedimentos odontológicos são amplamente utilizados na rotina clínica Veterinária. Para prolongar a duração do bloqueio, foi utilizada em um paciente hígido a associação entre lidocaina e noradrenalina para anestesia de nervos mandibular e maxilar. Após a aplicação das anestesias regionais por via intraoral, o paciente apresentou episódios de hipertensão associado à bradicardia, com variações importantes nos valores de pressão arterial média (aumento de até 57,1%) e frequência cardiaca (queda de até 58,4%). O caso em questão não necessitou de intervenção medicamentosa. No entanto, as alterações geradas poderiam ser potencialmente deletérias em pacientes com a função cardiovascular comprometida. Desta forma, o uso da associação foi interrompido em nossa rotina, seguindo a indicação em casos relatados em seres humanos, de modo a evitar complicações em animais cardiopatas.

Regional anesthesia for dental procedures are widelyused in veterinary clinical routine. In order to extend the duration of the anesthesia, the association between lidocaine and norapinephrine was used in mandibular and maxillary nerves in a healthy patien!. After the application of intraoral regional anesthesias, the patient presented episodes of hypertension associated with bradycardia, with significant variations in mean arterial pressure (up to 57,1 %) and heart rate (drop in up to 58,4%). The case in question did require drug intervention. However, the alterations generated could potentially be deleterious in patients with impaired cardiovascular function. Thus, the use of the afore mentioned combination was interrupted in our routine, following as oriented in cases reported in humans, in order to avoid possible complications in cardiopathy animais.

Los bloqueos regionales para procedimientos odontológicos son ampliamente utilizados en la rutina clínica veterinaria. Para prolongar la duración del bloqueo, se utilizó en un paciente higido la asociación entre lidocaina y noradrenalina para anestesia de nervios mandibular y maxilar. El paciente presentó episodios de hipertensión asociados a la bradicardia, con variaciones importantes en los valores de presión arterial media (aumento de hasta 57,1 %) y frecuencia cardiaca (caida de hasta 58,4%), tras la aplicación de las anestesias regionales por via intraoral. El caso en cuestión no necesitó intervención medicamentosa. Sin embargo, los cambios generados podrían ser potencialmente deletéreos en pacientes con la función cardiovascular comprometida. De esta forma, el uso de la asociación fue interrumpido en nuestra rutina, siguiendo la indicaciónen casos reportados en seres humanos, para evitar complicaciones en animales cardiopatas.

Hipertensão arterial e bradicardia após a utilização de lidocaína com norepinefrina para bloqueio de nervos mandibular e maxilar em cão: relato de caso / Arterial hypertension and bradycardia following the utilization of lidocaine with norepinephrine in mandibular and maxillary nerves anesthesia in dog: case report / Hipertensión arterial y bradicardia después de la utilización de lidocaína con norepinefrina para bloqueo de nervios mandibular y maxilar en perro: relato de caso

Os bloqueios regionais para procedimentos odontológicos são amplamente utilizados na rotina clínica Veterinária. Para prolongar a duração do bloqueio, foi utilizada em um paciente hígido a associação entre lidocaina e noradrenalina para anestesia de nervos mandibular e maxilar. Após a aplicação das anestesias regionais por via intraoral, o paciente apresentou episódios de hipertensão associado à bradicardia, com variações importantes nos valores de pressão arterial média (aumento de até 57,1%) e frequência cardiaca (queda de até 58,4%). O caso em questão não necessitou de intervenção medicamentosa. No entanto, as alterações geradas poderiam ser potencialmente deletérias em pacientes com a função cardiovascular comprometida. Desta forma, o uso da associação foi interrompido em nossa rotina, seguindo a indicação em casos relatados em seres humanos, de modo a evitar complicações em animais cardiopatas.(AU)

Regional anesthesia for dental procedures are widelyused in veterinary clinical routine. In order to extend the duration of the anesthesia, the association between lidocaine and norapinephrine was used in mandibular and maxillary nerves in a healthy patien!. After the application of intraoral regional anesthesias, the patient presented episodes of hypertension associated with bradycardia, with significant variations in mean arterial pressure (up to 57,1 %) and heart rate (drop in up to 58,4%). The case in question did require drug intervention. However, the alterations generated could potentially be deleterious in patients with impaired cardiovascular function. Thus, the use of the afore mentioned combination was interrupted in our routine, following as oriented in cases reported in humans, in order to avoid possible complications in cardiopathy animais.(AU)

Los bloqueos regionales para procedimientos odontológicos son ampliamente utilizados en la rutina clínica veterinaria. Para prolongar la duración del bloqueo, se utilizó en un paciente higido la asociación entre lidocaina y noradrenalina para anestesia de nervios mandibular y maxilar. El paciente presentó episodios de hipertensión asociados a la bradicardia, con variaciones importantes en los valores de presión arterial media (aumento de hasta 57,1 %) y frecuencia cardiaca (caida de hasta 58,4%), tras la aplicación de las anestesias regionales por via intraoral. El caso en cuestión no necesitó intervención medicamentosa. Sin embargo, los cambios generados podrían ser potencialmente deletéreos en pacientes con la función cardiovascular comprometida. De esta forma, el uso de la asociación fue interrumpido en nuestra rutina, siguiendo la indicaciónen casos reportados en seres humanos, para evitar complicaciones en animales cardiopatas.(AU)

Metabolic evaluation in overweight and obese cats and association with blood pressure / Avaliação metabólica em gatos com sobrepeso e obesos e sua associação com pressão arterial

Obesity has been increasing in cats andis associated with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. The association of these alterations can trigger the onset of metabolic syndrome (MS). Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the serum levels of glucose, fructosamine, cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), andalanine aminotransferase of cats and to identify the possibility of MS,as well as to evaluate changes in arterial pressure. Thirty-seven cats were classified by ECC and morphometric measurements, namely, 15 obese, 12 overweight, and 10 controls. Nocat manifested MS. Only VLDL had a statistically significant difference (P 0.05) between groups. Therefore, obesity may not be associated with arterial hypertension, and more studies are needed to evaluate the metabolic alterations in overweight and obese cats.(AU)

Nos últimos anos, tem sido observado um aumento na incidência de obesidade em gatos, sendo associado a doenças metabólicas e cardiovasculares e a associação dessas alterações pode desencadear o surgimento de síndrome metabólica. Diante disto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os níveis séricos de glicose, frutosamina, colesterol, triglicerídeos, HDL, LDL, VLDL e ALT dos gatos e identificar uma possível presença de síndrome metabólica nos mesmos, além de avaliar a ocorrência de alterações na pressão arterial. Utilizaram-se 37 gatos, classificados através de ECC e medidas morfométricas em 15 obesos, 12 sobrepesos e 10 controles. Nenhum gato do estudo manifestou síndrome metabólica. Apenas o VLDL obteve diferença estatisticamente significativa (P 0.05) entre os grupos. Concluiu-se que a obesidade pode não estar associada à hipertensão arterial e que se necessita de mais estudos para avaliar as alterações metabólicas em gatos com sobrepeso e obesos.(AU)

Avaliação de peptídeo natriurético em cães doentes renais crônicos / Natriuretic peptide assessment in dogs with chronic kidney disease

Na doença renal crônica (DRC), a hipertensão arterial é uma das complicações mais comuns, que pode estar associada a liberação dos peptídeos natriuréticos e a hipertrofia ventricular no homem. Em cães os peptídeos natriuréticos são estudados como biomarcadores cardíacos, mas ainda se desconhece sua função em cães com DRC. Desta forma, este estudo teve como objetivo relacionar a concentração sérica de peptídeo natriurético B aos achados de pressão arterial, eletrocardiográficos, eletrolíticos, hematológicos e bioquímicos séricos e urinários em cães nos distintos estágios da DRC. Foram constatadas diferenças significativas na relação de proteína creatinina urinária (UPC, p=0,006), anemia, creatinina e uréia sérica (p<0,001) nos grupos de doentes renais comparado com saudáveis. Apesar das variações de pressão arterial, amplitude e intervalo QRS e fósforo não serem significativas, foi observada tendência de alteração desses valores com o avanço da doença. Não foi observado correlação entre BNP (peptídeo natriurético cerebral) e DRC.(AU)

In chronic kidney disease (CKD) hypertension is one of the most common complications that may be associated with the release of natriuretic peptides and ventricular hypertrophy in humans. In dogs the natriuretic peptides are studied as cardiac biomarkers, but still unaware their function in dogs with CKD. Thus, this study aimed to relate the serum natriuretic peptide B with blood pressure findings, electrocardiographic, electrolyte, blood and serum and urinary biochemistry in dogs in different stages of CKD. Significant differences were found in urinary protein to creatinine ratio (UPC, p=0.006), anemia, serum creatinine and urea (p<0.001) in the group of patients with renal disease compared with the healthy group. Despite the variation in blood pressure, amplitude and QRS interval and phosphorus are not significant, a tendency for alterations of these values was observed with the advance of the disease. There was no correlation between BNP and CKD.(AU)

Avaliação de peptídeo natriurético em cães doentes renais crônicos / Natriuretic peptide assessment in dogs with chronic kidney disease

Na doença renal crônica (DRC), a hipertensão arterial é uma das complicações mais comuns, que pode estar associada a liberação dos peptídeos natriuréticos e a hipertrofia ventricular no homem. Em cães os peptídeos natriuréticos são estudados como biomarcadores cardíacos, mas ainda se desconhece sua função em cães com DRC. Desta forma, este estudo teve como objetivo relacionar a concentração sérica de peptídeo natriurético B aos achados de pressão arterial, eletrocardiográficos, eletrolíticos, hematológicos e bioquímicos séricos e urinários em cães nos distintos estágios da DRC. Foram constatadas diferenças significativas na relação de proteína creatinina urinária (UPC, p=0,006), anemia, creatinina e uréia sérica (p<0,001) nos grupos de doentes renais comparado com saudáveis. Apesar das variações de pressão arterial, amplitude e intervalo QRS e fósforo não serem significativas, foi observada tendência de alteração desses valores com o avanço da doença. Não foi observado correlação entre BNP (peptídeo natriurético cerebral) e DRC.(AU)

In chronic kidney disease (CKD) hypertension is one of the most common complications that may be associated with the release of natriuretic peptides and ventricular hypertrophy in humans. In dogs the natriuretic peptides are studied as cardiac biomarkers, but still unaware their function in dogs with CKD. Thus, this study aimed to relate the serum natriuretic peptide B with blood pressure findings, electrocardiographic, electrolyte, blood and serum and urinary biochemistry in dogs in different stages of CKD. Significant differences were found in urinary protein to creatinine ratio (UPC, p=0.006), anemia, serum creatinine and urea (p<0.001) in the group of patients with renal disease compared with the healthy group. Despite the variation in blood pressure, amplitude and QRS interval and phosphorus are not significant, a tendency for alterations of these values was observed with the advance of the disease. There was no correlation between BNP and CKD.(AU)

Increased nitric oxide plasma concentration in dogs with naturally acquired chronic renal disease / Aumento da concentração plasmática de óxido nítrico em cães com doença renal crônica naturalmente adquirida

This study aimed to determine the amount of plasma nitric oxide in clinically stable dogs at different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Five groups of dogs were studied, aged from 4 to 18, comprising of a control group composed of healthy animals (control n=17), group CKD stage 1 (DRC-1, n=12), group CKD stage 2 (CKD-2, n=10) group, CKD stages 3 (CRD-3, n=13) and Group CKD stage 4 (DRC-4, n=10). Dogs with CKD were clinically stable and received no treatment. Two blood samples were collected at 24 hours intervals (repeated measures) to obtain serum and plasma. The serum creatinine values were used to classify dogs as CG, CKD-1, CKD-2, CKD-3 and CKD-4, and were (1.02±0.02mg/dL), (1.07±0.04mg/dL), (1.81±0.03mg/dL), (3.40±0.15mg/dL) and (6.00±0.20mg/dL) respectively. The determination of nitric oxide (NO) was performed by dosing nitrate/nitrite indirectly, and used for measurement of nitrate according to the NO/ozone chemiluminescence. The data were submitted to ANOVA for nonparametric analysis(Kruskal-Wallis) (P<0.05). The concentration of plasmatic NO did not differ significantly among GC (10.81±0.51µM), CKD-1 (15.49±1.97µM) and CKD-2 (19.83±3.31µM) groups. The plasma concentration of CKD-3 (17.02±1.73µM) and CKD-4 (83.56±13.63µM) was significantly higher compared with healthy dogs. In conclusion, the NO plasma concentration can increase in dogs with CKD and become significantly higher in stage 3 and 4 dogs.(AU)

A determinação de óxido nítrico no plasma em cães clinicamente estáveis em diferentes estágios da doença renal crônica (DRC) não foi estudada, constituindo este o objetivo do presente estudo. Foram estudados cinco grupos de cães, com idade variando entre quatro a 18 anos, compreendendo o grupo controle, composto por animais sadios (controle, n=17), grupo com DRC estágio 1 (DRC-1, n=12), grupo com DRC estágio 2 (DRC-2, n=10), grupo com DRC estágio 3 (DRC-3, n=13) e grupo com DRC estágio 4 (DRC-4, n=10). Os cães com DRC estavam com o quadro clínico estável e sem receber qualquer tipo de tratamento. Foram estudados cinco grupo de cães, com idade variando entre quatro a 18 anos, compreendendo o grupo controle, composto por animais sadios (controle, n=17), grupo com DRC estágio 1 (DRC-1, n=12), grupo com DRC estágio 2 (DRC-2, n=10), grupo com DRC estágio 3 (DRC-3, n=13) e grupo com DRC estágio 4 (DRC-4, n=10). Os animais sadios ou com DRC foram submetidos a duas coletas de sangue, com intervalo de 24 horas (amostras repetidas), para obtenção de soro e plasma. Os valores de creatinina sérica, que definiram a classificação dos pacientes do controle, DRC-1, DRC-2, DRC-3 e DRC-4, que foram 1,02±0,02mg/dL; 1,06±0,05mg/dL; 1,80±0,03mg/dL; 3,39±0,21mg/dL e 6,00±0,28mg/dL, respectivamente. A determinação plasmática indireta de óxido nítrico (NO) foi realizada por meio da dosagem de nitrato/nitrito, através da técnia de quimioluminescência NO / ozono. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA para análise não paramétrica (Kruskal-Wallis) (P <0,05). Os resultados das concentrações plasmáticas de NO não diferiram significativamente quando comparados os dados do controle (10,81±0,51µM), DRC-1 (15,49±1,97µM), DRC-2 (19,82±3,31µM). No entanto, o NO plasmático do grupo DRC-3 (17,01±1,73µM) e DRC-4 (83,55±13,63µM), foi significativamente maior, em relação às médias dos cães sadios. Concluímos que a concentração plasmática de NO pode aumentar em cães com DRC e torna-se significativamente mais elevada nos estágios 3 e 4 da doença.(AU)

Increased nitric oxide plasma concentration in dogs with naturally acquired chronic renal disease / Aumento da concentração plasmática de óxido nítrico em cães com doença renal crônica naturalmente adquirida

This study aimed to determine the amount of plasma nitric oxide in clinically stable dogs at different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Five groups of dogs were studied, aged from 4 to 18, comprising of a control group composed of healthy animals (control n=17), group CKD stage 1 (DRC-1, n=12), group CKD stage 2 (CKD-2, n=10) group, CKD stages 3 (CRD-3, n=13) and Group CKD stage 4 (DRC-4, n=10). Dogs with CKD were clinically stable and received no treatment. Two blood samples were collected at 24 hours intervals (repeated measures) to obtain serum and plasma. The serum creatinine values were used to classify dogs as CG, CKD-1, CKD-2, CKD-3 and CKD-4, and were (1.02±0.02mg/dL), (1.07±0.04mg/dL), (1.81±0.03mg/dL), (3.40±0.15mg/dL) and (6.00±0.20mg/dL) respectively. The determination of nitric oxide (NO) was performed by dosing nitrate/nitrite indirectly, and used for measurement of nitrate according to the NO/ozone chemiluminescence. The data were submitted to ANOVA for nonparametric analysis(Kruskal-Wallis) (P<0.05). The concentration of plasmatic NO did not differ significantly among GC (10.81±0.51µM), CKD-1 (15.49±1.97µM) and CKD-2 (19.83±3.31µM) groups. The plasma concentration of CKD-3 (17.02±1.73µM) and CKD-4 (83.56±13.63µM) was significantly higher compared with healthy dogs. In conclusion, the NO plasma concentration can increase in dogs with CKD and become significantly higher in stage 3 and 4 dogs.(AU)

A determinação de óxido nítrico no plasma em cães clinicamente estáveis em diferentes estágios da doença renal crônica (DRC) não foi estudada, constituindo este o objetivo do presente estudo. Foram estudados cinco grupos de cães, com idade variando entre quatro a 18 anos, compreendendo o grupo controle, composto por animais sadios (controle, n=17), grupo com DRC estágio 1 (DRC-1, n=12), grupo com DRC estágio 2 (DRC-2, n=10), grupo com DRC estágio 3 (DRC-3, n=13) e grupo com DRC estágio 4 (DRC-4, n=10). Os cães com DRC estavam com o quadro clínico estável e sem receber qualquer tipo de tratamento. Foram estudados cinco grupo de cães, com idade variando entre quatro a 18 anos, compreendendo o grupo controle, composto por animais sadios (controle, n=17), grupo com DRC estágio 1 (DRC-1, n=12), grupo com DRC estágio 2 (DRC-2, n=10), grupo com DRC estágio 3 (DRC-3, n=13) e grupo com DRC estágio 4 (DRC-4, n=10). Os animais sadios ou com DRC foram submetidos a duas coletas de sangue, com intervalo de 24 horas (amostras repetidas), para obtenção de soro e plasma. Os valores de creatinina sérica, que definiram a classificação dos pacientes do controle, DRC-1, DRC-2, DRC-3 e DRC-4, que foram 1,02±0,02mg/dL; 1,06±0,05mg/dL; 1,80±0,03mg/dL; 3,39±0,21mg/dL e 6,00±0,28mg/dL, respectivamente. A determinação plasmática indireta de óxido nítrico (NO) foi realizada por meio da dosagem de nitrato/nitrito, através da técnia de quimioluminescência NO / ozono. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA para análise não paramétrica (Kruskal-Wallis) (P <0,05). Os resultados das concentrações plasmáticas de NO não diferiram significativamente quando comparados os dados do controle (10,81±0,51µM), DRC-1 (15,49±1,97µM), DRC-2 (19,82±3,31µM). No entanto, o NO plasmático do grupo DRC-3 (17,01±1,73µM) e DRC-4 (83,55±13,63µM), foi significativamente maior, em relação às médias dos cães sadios. Concluímos que a concentração plasmática de NO pode aumentar em cães com DRC e torna-se significativamente mais elevada nos estágios 3 e 4 da doença.(AU)

Hiperaldosteronismo primário em felinos - revisão / Primary hyperaldosteronism in cats - a review / Hiperaldosteronismo primario en gatos - revisión

El hiperaldosteronismo primario se produce corno resultado de tumores o hiperplasia en la zona glomerular de la glándula adrenal, provocando hipersecreción de aldosterona. Los efectos son similares a la acción de la aldosterona: aumento de retención de sodio, mayor volumen sanguíneo y aumento de la excreción de potasio. Los signos clínicos son la hipertensión sistémica y la polimiopatía hipokalémica, la debilidad muscular generalizada y la ventroflexión cervical; en algunos casos puede presentarse paresia. Las alteraciones en los exámenes bioquímicos son: hipokalemia, aumento en la concentración de urea y creatinina, hipomagnesemia, hipocloremia e hipofosfatemia. Los exámenes de imagen son importantes para determinar si la lesión en glándulas adrenales es uni o bilateral, lo que permite dirigir el tratamiento. El tratamiento con medicamentos es de soporte, a través de la suplementación con potasio, el uso de espironolactona y de bloqueadores de canales de cálcio. El tratamiento de elección es la adrenalectomía unilateral, ya que permite curar la enfermedad y está relacionada con un buen pronóstico.

Primary hyperaldosteronism is a disease in which tumors or hyperplasias in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland induce hypersecretion of aldosterone. Effects are thus consistent with the actions of aldosterone in the body: increased sodium retention, increase of blood volume and increased renal excretion of potassium. Clinical signs are systemic hypertension and hypokalemic myopathy with generalized muscle weakness and even paresis. The most common biochemical findings are hypokalemia, elevated urea and creatinine concentration, hypomagnesemia, hypochloremia, and hypophosphatemia. Image of adrenals establishes the unilateral or bilateral involvement and the appropriate treatment for each patient. Medical treatment is symptomatic and consists of potassium supplementation, use of spironolactone and calcium channel blockers. Unilateral adrenalectomy is the treatment of choice, because it is curative and offers good prognosis.

O hiperaldosteronismo primário é resultante de tumores ou hiperplasias que acometem a zona glomerulosa da glândula adrenal e induzem hipersecreção de aldosterona. Os efeitos são compatíveis com as ações da aldosterona no organismo: aumento da retenção de sódio, maior volume sanguíneo e aumento da excreção de potássio. Os achados clínicos são hipertensão sistemica e polimiopatia hipocalêmica, com fraqueza muscular generalizada, ventroflexao cervical, podendo chegar a casos de paresia. Os achados em exames bioquímicos mais comuns são: hipocalemia, elevação da concentração de ureia e creatinina, hipomagnesemia, hipocloremia e hipofosfatemia. Os exames de imagem são importantes para estabelecer se o acometimento das glândulas adrenais é unilateral ou bilateral e assim guiar o trata mento. O tratamento medicamentoso é de suporte, com suplementação de potássio, uso da espironolactona e de bloqueadores do canal de cálcio. A adrenalectomia unilateral é o tratamento de escolha, pois é curativa e relacionada a prognóstico bom.

Hiperaldosteronismo primário em felinos - revisão / Primary hyperaldosteronism in cats - a review / Hiperaldosteronismo primario en gatos - revisión

El hiperaldosteronismo primario se produce corno resultado de tumores o hiperplasia en la zona glomerular de la glándula adrenal, provocando hipersecreción de aldosterona. Los efectos son similares a la acción de la aldosterona: aumento de retención de sodio, mayor volumen sanguíneo y aumento de la excreción de potasio. Los signos clínicos son la hipertensión sistémica y la polimiopatía hipokalémica, la debilidad muscular generalizada y la ventroflexión cervical; en algunos casos puede presentarse paresia. Las alteraciones en los exámenes bioquímicos son: hipokalemia, aumento en la concentración de urea y creatinina, hipomagnesemia, hipocloremia e hipofosfatemia. Los exámenes de imagen son importantes para determinar si la lesión en glándulas adrenales es uni o bilateral, lo que permite dirigir el tratamiento. El tratamiento con medicamentos es de soporte, a través de la suplementación con potasio, el uso de espironolactona y de bloqueadores de canales de cálcio. El tratamiento de elección es la adrenalectomía unilateral, ya que permite curar la enfermedad y está relacionada con un buen pronóstico.(AU)

Primary hyperaldosteronism is a disease in which tumors or hyperplasias in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland induce hypersecretion of aldosterone. Effects are thus consistent with the actions of aldosterone in the body: increased sodium retention, increase of blood volume and increased renal excretion of potassium. Clinical signs are systemic hypertension and hypokalemic myopathy with generalized muscle weakness and even paresis. The most common biochemical findings are hypokalemia, elevated urea and creatinine concentration, hypomagnesemia, hypochloremia, and hypophosphatemia. Image of adrenals establishes the unilateral or bilateral involvement and the appropriate treatment for each patient. Medical treatment is symptomatic and consists of potassium supplementation, use of spironolactone and calcium channel blockers. Unilateral adrenalectomy is the treatment of choice, because it is curative and offers good prognosis.(AU)

O hiperaldosteronismo primário é resultante de tumores ou hiperplasias que acometem a zona glomerulosa da glândula adrenal e induzem hipersecreção de aldosterona. Os efeitos são compatíveis com as ações da aldosterona no organismo: aumento da retenção de sódio, maior volume sanguíneo e aumento da excreção de potássio. Os achados clínicos são hipertensão sistemica e polimiopatia hipocalêmica, com fraqueza muscular generalizada, ventroflexao cervical, podendo chegar a casos de paresia. Os achados em exames bioquímicos mais comuns são: hipocalemia, elevação da concentração de ureia e creatinina, hipomagnesemia, hipocloremia e hipofosfatemia. Os exames de imagem são importantes para estabelecer se o acometimento das glândulas adrenais é unilateral ou bilateral e assim guiar o trata mento. O tratamento medicamentoso é de suporte, com suplementação de potássio, uso da espironolactona e de bloqueadores do canal de cálcio. A adrenalectomia unilateral é o tratamento de escolha, pois é curativa e relacionada a prognóstico bom.(AU)