Genome Sequencing of Ciboria shiraiana Provides Insights into the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Hypertrophy Sorosis Scleroteniosis.

Ciboria shiraiana causes hypertrophy sorosis scleroteniosis in mulberry trees, resulting in huge economic losses, and exploring its pathogenic mechanism at a genomic level is important for developing new control methods. Here, genome sequencing of C. shiraiana based on PacBio RSII and Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform as well as manual gap filling was performed. Synteny analysis with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum revealed 16 putative chromosomes corresponding to 16 chromosomes of C. shiraiana. Screening of rapid-evolution genes revealed that 97 and 2.4% of genes had undergone purifying selection and positive selection, respectively. When compared with S. sclerotiorum, fewer secreted effector proteins were found in C. shiraiana. The number of genes involved in pathogenicity, including secondary metabolites, carbohydrate active enzymes, and P450s, in the C. shiraiana genome was comparable with that of other necrotrophs but higher than that of biotrophs and saprotrophs. The growth-related genes and plant cell-wall-degradation-related genes in C. shiraiana were expressed in different developmental and infection stages, and may be potential targets for prevention and control of this pathogen. These results provide new insights into C. shiraiana pathogenic mechanisms, especially host range and necrotrophy features, and lay the foundation for further study of the underlying molecular mechanisms.[Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law.

The microbiomes of adenoid and middle ear in children with otitis media with effusion and hypertrophy from a tertiary hospital in China.

INTRODUCTION: Otitis media with effusion (OME) is one of the most common pediatric diseases worldwide. Several studies have analyzed the diversity of the microbiomes found in the middle ear effusions (MEEs) of populations from developed countries. However, no microbiological studies of MEEs from Chinese children with OME have been reported. This study investigated the middle ear and adenoid microbiological profiles of children with OME, and compared the microbial flora of the adenoid between children with and without otitis media. METHODS: MEEs and adenoid swabs were acquired from 15 children undergoing ventilation tube insertion and adenoidectomy. Adenoid swabs from 15 patients with no ear disease were used as controls. Samples were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) abundance information were normalized. Alpha diversity analyses were used to assess the richness and diversity of the microbial community for each sample. Beta diversity analyses were used to determine the inter-group variability between microbiome structure. RESULTS: Based on the mean relative abundance, the MEEs were dominated by Haemophilus (14.75%), Staphylococcus (9.37%) and Halomonas (7.85%), and the bacterial compositions of the adenoids in the OME groups were dominated by Haemophilus (21.87%), Streptococcus (19.65%), and Neisseria (5.8%). The bacterial compositions in the adenoids of the controls were dominated by Haemophilus (15.96%), Streptococcus (13.33%), and Moraxella (12.28%). Alpha diversity analyses showed that there were no significant differences in microbiome richness or diversity between the middle ear effusions (TM) and adenoids (TA) of OME subjects. Adenoid samples from OME patients (TA) and control patients (CA) were also similar. Beta diversity analyses showed that the microbiomes of the adenoids in OME patients were also similar to that of controls. However, the microbiome structure of middle ear effusions was dissimilar to those of the adenoids in OME patients according to beta diversity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirmed the microbial diversity of MEEs among Chinese children. However, the dissimilar microbiome composition between samples taken from the surface of the adenoids and from the middle ear effusions challenges the conventional theory that the adenoid serves as a microbial reservoir in children with otitis media with effusion.

The effect of passive smoking on bacterial colonisation of the upper airways and selected laboratory parameters in children.

Exposure to tobacco smoke is associated with a higher risk of respiratory tract diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of passive smoking on selected characteristics of children with adenoid hypertrophy. Sixty-one children with adenoid hypertrophy were enrolled in the prospective study. Differences in bacterial colonisation of middle nasal meatus and nasopharynx and changes in selected laboratory immune and inflammatory markers according to the tobacco smoke exposure were analysed. Exposure to tobacco smoke was associated with significantly higher colonisation of pathogenic bacteria and polymicrobial growth of pathogenic bacteria (≥ 2 bacteria) in middle nasal meatus compared to non-exposed children (P = 0.045, P = 0.032, respectively). Identification of pathogenic bacteria in the middle nasal meatus did not correlate with isolation of pathogenic bacteria in the nasopharynx in either group of children. Parameters of humoral immunity in serum, IgA and IgG, were detected at higher concentrations in children exposed to tobacco smoke (P = 0.047, P = 0.031, respectively). Differences in selected parameters of cellular immunity in peripheral blood according to passive smoking were not observed. Tobacco smoke exposure is related to increased colonisation by pathogenic bacteria in middle nasal meatus and elevation of IgA and IgG in peripheral blood, but does not seem to influence markers of cellular immunity parameters in children with adenoid hypertrophy. Avoidance of passive smoking could be recommended as a universal preventive strategy against microbial colonisation of the upper airways and development of various inflammatory diseases in children, e.g. adenoid hypertrophy.

Adenotonsillar microbiome: an update.

Pathogenic bacteria associated with the adenoids and tonsils cause much morbidity in the paediatric population. Hyperplasia of the adenoids is associated with otitis media with effusion and hyperplasia of the palatine tonsils is associated with both recurrent tonsillitis and obstructive sleep apnoea. Most current knowledge of the microbiology of the upper airways has been derived from culture-based studies, which usually reflect only a small fraction of the bacteria present on the mucosal surface. Culture-independent molecular surveys based on 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing are now being employed to determine the microbiota on the surface and within the tissue of adenoids and palatine tonsils. This review describes the new techniques applied in determining the microbiome and summarises the results of studies employing these techniques.

Enterobacter cloacae administration induces hepatic damage and subcutaneous fat accumulation in high-fat diet fed mice.

Accumulating evidence indicates that gut microbiota plays a significant role in obesity, insulin resistance and associated liver disorders. Family Enterobacteriaceae and especially Enterobacter cloacae strain B29 have been previously linked to obesity and hepatic damage. The underlying mechanisms, however, remain unclear. Therefore, we comprehensively examined the effects of E. cloacae subsp. cloacae (ATCC® 13047™) administration on host metabolism of mice fed with high-fat diet (HFD). C57BL/6N mice were randomly divided into HFD control, chow control, and E. cloacae treatment groups. The E. cloacae treatment group received live bacterial cells in PBS intragastrically twice a week, every other week for 13 weeks. Both control groups received PBS intragastrically. After the 13-week treatment period, the mice were sacrificed for gene and protein expression and functional analyses. Our results show that E. cloacae administration increased subcutaneous fat mass and the relative proportion of hypertrophic adipocytes. Both subcutaneous and visceral fat had signs of decreased insulin signaling and elevated lipolysis that was reflected in higher serum glycerol levels. In addition, E. cloacae -treated mice had significantly higher hepatic AST and AST/ALT ratio, and their liver histology indicated fibrosis, demonstrating that E. cloacae subsp. cloacae administration promotes hepatic damage in HFD fed mice.

Helicobacter pylori in the tonsillar tissue: a possible association with chronic tonsillitis and laryngopharyngeal reflux.

OBJECTIVE: To identify Helicobacter pylori infection in tonsillar tissue samples from patients undergoing tonsillectomy for chronic tonsillitis versus tonsillar hypertrophy, and to assess the possible relationships between H pylori and patients' sociodemographic data and laryngopharyngeal reflux. METHODS: In this prospective study, 97 patients who underwent tonsillectomy were divided into the following 2 groups: patients with chronic tonsillitis (n = 62) and patients with tonsillar hypertrophy (control group; n = 35). H pylori infection in the tonsillar biopsy samples was identified using histochemical and rapid urease tests. RESULTS: The incidence of H pylori infection was significantly higher in the chronic tonsillitis group (56.5 per cent) compared to the control group (31.4 per cent). Similar findings were obtained for both subgroups of adults (68.6 vs 42.3 per cent) and children (40.7 vs 0.0 per cent). Significant relationships between a positive H pylori finding and laryngopharyngeal reflux related signs of vocal fold oedema, diffuse laryngeal oedema and hypertrophy of the posterior commissure were revealed. CONCLUSION: H pylori infection may be related to chronic tonsillitis and laryngopharyngeal reflux.

Role of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the pathogenesis of hypertrophy and adenoid tissue inflammation in children.

OBJECTIVE: A tropism to epithelial cells and lymphocytes, an inhibition of apoptosis in host cells, an ability to occurrence in persistent form resistant to antibiotic treatment are the features of Chlamydia pneumoniae, which can have connection with chronic inflammation of an adenoid tissue and adenoid hypertrophy. This study aimed to (1) detect the C. pneumoniae in an adenoid in children undergoing adenoidectomy, (2) estimate a connection between C. pneumoniae occurrence and the size of adenoid, (3) demonstration in which of adenoid cells C. pneumoniae occurs most often. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The examined group consisted of 200 children aged from 2 to 16 years (mean age 6,4) undergoing adenoidectomy. In all children during qualification for adenoidectomy a fiberoscopic examination of the nasopharynx was performed. A part of removed adenoid tissue was analysed by real-time PCR for C. pneumoniae. Adenoids from children with positive PCR examination and from 10 children with negative PCR examination were examined using immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS: C. pneumoniae in the adenoid was present in 5,5% children. Positive results were obtained most frequently (24,14%, 7/29) in the eldest group (10-16 years). A statistical analysis demonstrated the correlation between C. pneumoniae occurrence in an adenoid tissue and the size of adenoid. In immunohistochemistry C. pneumoniae was found the most frequently in lymphocytes and in epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: A presence of C. pneumoniae in lymphocytes and epithelial cells of the adenoid first of all in older children with adenoid hypertrophy confirms the participation of this bacteria in adenoid pathology.

Asymptomatic Group A Streptococcus carriage in children with recurrent tonsillitis and tonsillar hypertrophy.

BACKGROUND: Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is the most important bacterial cause of acute tonsillitis in children. Some children are chronic GAS carriers, and this carriage is poorly understood. We determined the frequency of GAS detection using a rapid antigen detection test in pediatric patients with indications for tonsillectomy due to adenotonsillar hypertrophy or recurrent GAS infections. METHODS: Seventy-two patients underwent a tonsil swab for a rapid antigen detection test. RESULTS: The GAS rapid antigen detection test was positive in 18.1% of children. GAS was not associated with sex, age or previous history of recurrent tonsillitis. Also, the prevalence of GAS was similar between patients with either recurrent tonsillitis or tonsil hypertrophy. CONCLUSION: In our study, the GAS carriage rate was similar to other reports, and GAS carrier state was not correlated with recurrent tonsillitis.

Prevalence of Panton-Valentine leucocidin and phenotypic and genotypic characterization of biofilm formation among Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from children with adenoid hypertrophy.

Adenoids as a first line of host defense against respiratory microbes play an important role in majority of upper airway infectious and noninfectious illnesses. Bacterial pathogen can colonize on the adenoid tissue and probably act as a reservoir for them. To determine phenotypic and genotypic characterization of biofilm forming capacity of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from children with adenoid hypertrophy and prevalence of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene we collected 17 consecutive, clinically significant S. aureus isolates from children with adenoid hypertrophy undergoing adenoidectomy with one or more of the upper airway obstruction symptoms, nasal obstruction, mouth breathing, snoring, or sleep apnea. Biofilm formation was evaluated by colorimetric microtiter plate's assay. Gene encoding PVL and adhesion- or biofilm formation-encoding genes were targeted by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. According to the results, all strains produced biofilm. Seven (41.2%) isolates produced strong biofilm whereas 7 (41.2%) isolates produced week and 3 (17.6%) isolates produced medium biofilm. Regarding the adhesion- or biofilm formation-encoding genes, 16 (94.1%) isolates were positive for the gene eno, 13(76.4%) for icaA, 13 (76.4%) for icaD, 10 (58.8%) for fib, 10 (58.8%) for fnbB, 4(23.5%) for can, and 1(5.8%) for fnbA. The high prevalence of genes encoding biofilms and adhesins and phenotypic ability to form a biofilm by S. aureus strains emphasizes the pathogenic character of strains isolated from children with adenoid hypertrophy.

Prevalence of the Helicobacter pylori in the tonsils and adenoids / Prevalência do Helicobacter pylori em amígdalas e adenoides

INTRODUCTION: There is an ongoing debate about the existence and effects of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) in adenotonsillar tissue. OBJECTIVE: A clinical study was conducted to assess the existence of Hp in the adenoid and/or adenotonsillar tissues, which were surgically excised due to chronic adenotonsillitis. METHODS: Phosphoglucosamine mutase gene for the detection of Hp and cytotoxin-associated gene as virulence gene were examined in 84 adenotonsillar tissues obtained from 64 patients and patients' serum by using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Hp IgG was detected in 57 (89%) patients' serum. A total of seven tissue samples from 64 patients (10.9%) were found positive for Hp DNA, of which five were adenoids and two were tonsil tissues. All polymerase chain reaction positive samples were also positive for the cytotoxin-associated gene, which is a virulence determinant for the organism. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that children are exposed to Hp at an early age of their life in this province. Hp may have a role in the pathogenesis of chronic adenotonsillitis, especially in endemic areas. .

INTRODUÇÃO: Há um debate atual sobre os efeitos da Helicobacter pylori (HpHp) no tecido adenotonsilar. OBJETIVO: Conduzimos um estudo clinico para avaliar a existência de Hp nos tecidos adenoideano e/ou adenotonsilar, os quais foram removidos cirurgicamente em decorrência de adenotonsilite crônica. MÉTODO: No total, 84 amostras de tecido obtidos de 64 pacientes foram analisadas para o gen fosfoglucosamina mutase para a detecção de Hp. Os casos positivos foram a seguir examinados para o gen associado à citotoxina, relacionado à virulência, usando-se o método de Reação de Polimerase em Cadeia (PCR). RESULTADOS: A IgG de Hp foi detectado em 57 (89%) soros de pacientes. Sete amostras de tecido de sessenta e quatro pacientes (10.9%) resultou positivo para o DNA de Hp, das quais cinco eram adenóides e duas eram tecido tonsilar. No PCR todas as amostras foram também positivas para o gen associado à citotoxina, o qual é um determinante de virulência. CONCLUSÃO: Esse estudo sugere que as crianças são expostas ao Hp nos primeiros anos de vida nessa província e que o Hp pode ter um papel na patogênese da adenotonsilite crônica, principalmente em áreas endêmicas. .

Prevalence of the Helicobacter pylori in the tonsils and adenoids.

INTRODUCTION: There is an ongoing debate about the existence and effects of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) in adenotonsillar tissue. OBJECTIVE: A clinical study was conducted to assess the existence of Hp in the adenoid and/or adenotonsillar tissues, which were surgically excised due to chronic adenotonsillitis. METHODS: Phosphoglucosamine mutase gene for the detection of Hp and cytotoxin-associated gene as virulence gene were examined in 84 adenotonsillar tissues obtained from 64 patients and patients' serum by using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Hp IgG was detected in 57 (89%) patients' serum. A total of seven tissue samples from 64 patients (10.9%) were found positive for Hp DNA, of which five were adenoids and two were tonsil tissues. All polymerase chain reaction positive samples were also positive for the cytotoxin-associated gene, which is a virulence determinant for the organism. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that children are exposed to Hp at an early age of their life in this province. Hp may have a role in the pathogenesis of chronic adenotonsillitis, especially in endemic areas.

Detection of Helicobacter pylori in adenoid tissue by real-time polymerase chain reaction.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the presence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method in the adenoid tissues in children undergoing surgical operation due to adenoid hypertrophy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Adenoid tissues of 23 children (8 girls, 15 boys; mean age 6.2 years; range 3 to 9 years) who were operated with the diagnosis of adenoid hypertrophy, tonsil + adenoid hypertrophy or tonsil + adenoid hypertrophy + serous otitis media in our clinic between January 2012 and April 2012 were examined. RESULTS: Of 23 patients, H. pylori was detected in the adenoid tissues of two (8.7%). Regurgitation was present in seven patients. However, no regurgitation was found in H. pylori-positive patients. CONCLUSION: In this study the presence of H. pylori in patients with adenoid hypertrophy has been demonstrated using PCR method. To be able to support the hypothesis that H. pylori has a place in etiology of adenoid hypertrophy, multicenter studies are warranted.

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in adenotonsillar hypertrophy in children.

CONCLUSION: Our results encourage the notion that the pharynx could be an extragastric reservoir of Helicobacter pylori (HP). The study confirmed the presence of HP in adenotonsillar tissue in children. It could have importance in the pathophysiology of upper respiratory diseases. However, its precise role in these processes remains unclear and requires further studies. OBJECTIVE: A prospective study was carried out to evaluate the presence of HP in tonsillar and adenoid tissue in children. The study focused on real-time PCR analyzing CagA and VacA genotypes of HP strains. METHODS: A total of 37 consecutive pediatric patients with adenotonsillar hypertrophy indicated for surgery were observed in a prospective study. Adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy was performed in each patient; 49 specimens were taken, 32 from adenoids and 17 from tonsils. The presence of HP and its genotype were tested in all samples by real-time PCR analysis. RESULTS: Of 49 samples analyzed, 48 were positive for the presence of HP (98%), so only 1 sample was negative. While the genotype VacAs1bm2 was definitely dominant in adenoid tissue, wider distribution was observed in tonsillar tissue. Cag(+) strains represented one-fifth of all samples (21%).

Osteological and biomolecular evidence of a 7000-year-old case of hypertrophic pulmonary osteopathy secondary to tuberculosis from neolithic hungary.

Seventy-one individuals from the late Neolithic population of the 7000-year-old site of Hódmezovásárhely-Gorzsa were examined for their skeletal palaeopathology. This revealed numerous cases of infections and non-specific stress indicators in juveniles and adults, metabolic diseases in juveniles, and evidence of trauma and mechanical changes in adults. Several cases showed potential signs of tuberculosis, particularly the remains of the individual HGO-53. This is an important finding that has significant implications for our understanding of this community. The aim of the present study was to seek biomolecular evidence to confirm this diagnosis. HGO-53 was a young male with a striking case of hypertrophic pulmonary osteopathy (HPO), revealing rib changes and cavitations in the vertebral bodies. The initial macroscopic diagnosis of HPO secondary to tuberculosis was confirmed by analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex specific cell wall lipid biomarkers and corroborated by ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis. This case is the earliest known classical case of HPO on an adult human skeleton and is one of the oldest palaeopathological and palaeomicrobiological tuberculosis cases to date.

Microbiological profile of adenoid hypertrophy correlates to clinical diagnosis in children.

OBJECTIVE: Adenoid hypertrophy is a common condition in childhood, which may be associated with recurring acute otitis media (RAOM), otitis media with effusion (OME), and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). These different clinical characteristics have some clinical overlap; however, they might be explained by distinct immunologic and infectious profiles and result in various histopathologic findings of adenoid specimens. METHODS: A total of 59 children with adenoid hypertrophy undergoing adenoidectomy were studied. Three series of identical adenoid specimens were processed to hematoxylin-eosin (H.E.) and Gram staining and to respiratory virus specific real-time PCR, respectively. RESULTS: According to the clinical characteristics, patients were recruited into three groups: RAOM (n = 25), OME (n = 19), and OSAS (n = 15). Bacterial biofilms were detected in 21 cases, while at least one of the studied respiratory viruses was detected in 52 specimens. RAOM cases were significantly associated with biofilm existence (n = 20, P < 0.001). In contrast, OME group was characterized by the absence of bacterial biofilm and by normal mucosa. Showing a statistically significant correlation, all OME cases were positive for human bocavirus (HBoV, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial biofilms might contribute to the damage of respiratory epithelium and recurring acute infections resulting in RAOM. In OME cases persisting respiratory viruses, mainly HBoV, can cause subsequent lymphoid hyperplasia leading to ventilation disorders and impaired immunoreactivity of the middle ear cleft.

Molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from children with adenoid hypertrophy: emergence of new spa types t7685 and t7692.

OBJECTIVE: Adenoids have been associated with the pathogenesis of acute, recurrent and chronic infectious diseases of the upper respiratory system and their hypertrophy is one of the most common causes of upper airway obstruction affecting children. In this study, the characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients who had undergone adenoidectomy were investigated via spa typing method. METHODS: A total of 113 children with adenoid hypertrophy who underwent adenoidectomy during September 2009 to November 2010, were included in the study. The isolates were identified to the species level as S. aureus using standard biochemical methods, following which the amplification and sequencing of the spa gene X region were carried out. RESULTS: S. aureus was found in the adenoid tissue of 26 (23%) patients. Out of the 26 S. aureus isolates, 5 (19%), 3 (11.5%) and 3 (11.5%) were resistant to tetracycline, erythromycin and oxacillin respectively. All the isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, rifampin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, mupirocin and quinupristin-dalfopristin and were typed using spa typing method. All the isolates were found to include 21 spa types, including two previously unreported types (t7685 and t7692). The most prevalent spa types were t7685 (11.5%), t230 (8%), t325 (8%) and t1149 (8%). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that the prevalence rate of S. aureus in the adenoid tissue of the children assessed was 23%. An interesting point to note was the dominance of the spa type t7685 that has not been previously reported by other studies.

The role of the actinomyces in obstructive tonsillar hypertrophy and recurrent tonsillitis in pediatric population.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of tonsillar Actinomyces in subjects with recurrent tonsillitis and those with obstructive tonsillar hypertrophy, and to determine the association between the presence of Actinomyces and tonsillar volume, and crypt abscess. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A prospective designed cross-sectional study consisted of 90 children subjects who underwent tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy for recurrent tonsillitis and obstructive tonsillar hypertrophy. The subjects of recurrent tonsillitis (Group A) and obstructive tonsillar hypertrophy (Group B) were compared to the presence of Actinomyces. The relationship between the presence of Actinomyces and the presence of crypt abscess, and tonsillar volume were also compared. RESULTS: Actinomyces was found to be significantly more prominent in obstructive tonsillar hypertrophy group (61.5%) compared to recurrent tonsillitis group (26.6%) (p<0.001). Additionally, the mean tonsillar volume was significantly higher in tonsils with Actinomyces than those without (p<0.001). The histopathological study revealed that there was no significant inflammatory response to the existence of Actinomyces. CONCLUSION: According to the presented study, Actinomyces was seen more prominent in subjects with obstructive tonsillar hypertrophy compared those with recurrent tonsillitis. Furthermore Actinomyces had a pathological influence on tonsil size. This study showed there was a significant relation between Actinomyces and enlargement of tonsillar tissue. However, how causes tonsillar hypertrophy is not understood yet in tonsillar disease.

[Identification of Staphylococcus aureus in homogenates of hypertrophic adenoid (a preliminary report)]. / Identyfikacja gronkowca zlocistego w homogenatach przerosnietego migdalka gardlowego (doniesienie wstepne).

Standard adenoid swabs were taken from 33 children subjected to adenotomy. The bacterial growth was determined in swabs samples and in homogenates of surgically removed lymphatic tissue. Homogenates were also used for isolation of bacterial DNA. A standard bacteriological examination revealed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus only in 11 children (33%). In stark contrast S. aureus was detected in 20 samples (60%) of homogenized tissue, including all 11 positive swabs specimens. Results of plating were confirmed by molecular test (PCR- polymerase chain reaction). Inconsistent results between swabs and homogenate plating may indicate intracellular localization of S. aureus the tissue of hypertrophic adenoids.

The clinical pattern of group C streptococcal pharyngitis in children.

Group A streptococcal pharyngitis of is a common infectious disease with a well-recognized clinical pattern, as opposed to that attributed to group C assault. The aim of this study was to identify the clinical features of group C streptococcal pharyngitis in children. In total, 144 children participated in the study, consisting of three distinct categories. Group I patients consisted of children with group A streptococcal pharyngitis, group II patients included children with group C streptococcal pharyngitis,, while children with pharyngitis with no isolated causative agent constituted group III patients. With the exception of sore throat, which was three times more common in group I patients compared to group II patients, there were no other differences in symptoms and signs between these two groups. Similarly, no difference was found between group II patients and group III patients with respect to clinical features. Two or more Centor criteria were found in 77% of the children with group C streptococcal pharyngitis and in 89% of the children with group A streptococcal pharyngitis. It is concluded that the clinical features of group C streptococcal pharyngitis are similar to but milder than those of group A streptococcal pharyngitis.