ABSTRACT
La medicina china y su cultura ancestral parecen tener los antecedentes más remotos de los intentos por prevenir o curar el azote epidemiológico de esa época: la viruela. Estos conocimientos empíricos llegaron al Asia Central y Europa, y algunos granjeros hicieron observaciones de la utilidad de la inoculación o variolización sin llegar a documentar sus ensayos en la comunidad científica. El mérito de Edward Jenner reconocido como el descubridor de la vacuna antivariólica, radica en haber demostrado con evidencia práctica la protección conferida frente a la enfermedad por la administración en un niño sano de un material proveniente de una persona con lesiones causadas por el cowpox, virus de la viruela vacuna. Desde Europa en el siglo XVIII y comienzos del siglo XIX, la inoculación primero y luego la vacunación llegan a Hispanoamérica por vías informales o por determinación de la corona como un servicio a las colonias. La vacunación antivariólica tuvo el valor agregado de motivar y convencer a las autoridades gubernamentales sobre la necesidad de implementar políticas de salud pública para responder a las necesidades sanitarias de la población. En Chile, Fray Pedro Manuel Chaparro fue el pionero en la aplicación y difusión de la vacuna, realizó la primera campaña nacional y se cuenta entre los padres de la salud pública nacional.
Chinese medicine and its ancestral culture seem to have the most remote history of attempts to prevent or cure the epidemiological scourge of that era: smallpox. This empirical knowledge reached Central Asia and Europe, and some farmers made observations of the usefulness of inoculation or variolization without documenting their trials to the scientific community. The merit of Edward Jenner, recognized as the discoverer of the smallpox vaccine, lies in having demonstrated with practical evidence the protection conferred against the disease by the administration in a healthy child of a material from a person with cowpox lesions. From Europe in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, first inoculation and then vaccination arrive in Latin America by informal means or by determination of the crown as a service to the colonies. Smallpox vaccination had the added value of motivating and convincing government authorities about the need to implement public health policies to respond to the health needs of the population. In Chile, Fray Pedro Manuel Chaparro was the pioneer in the application and diffusion of the vaccine, conducted the first national campaign and is counted among the parents of national public health.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Vaccines/history , Vaccination/history , Immunization/history , History of MedicineABSTRACT
Through analysis of a set of photographs on the production of a yellow fever vaccine in Brazil, the article discusses the use of images as a research source in the history of medicine and public health. part of a historical archive belonging to the Fundação Rockefeller, stored at the Casa de Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz the photographs were produced between the 1930s and 1940s by the Fundação Rockefeller and Brazil's National Yellow Fever Service, institutions then responsible for research and control of the disease in Brazil. The article raises some questions generally posed by those who employ images as sources or objects of interpretation in the production of historical knowledge, and also points to the theoretical, conceptual, and methodological aspects involved in this process of analyzing images. It goes on to interpret these photographs from the beginning of the yellow fever vaccine.
Subject(s)
Archives/history , Immunization/history , Photography/history , Public Health/history , Yellow Fever/history , Brazil , History, 20th CenturyABSTRACT
The article discusses the central aspects of the trajectory of the National Immunization Program as regards the dynamics of sectoral policy. Heir to successful experiences of the past yet conceived at an entirely different moment, the Program followed the triumphant Campaign to Eradicate Smallpox and inaugurated a new phase in the history of public policy in the field of prevention. Under one sole command, the Program came to articulate a set of practices that had previously been spread across a number of government agencies and jurisdictions. The article examines the process by which the Program was conceived, structured, and developed within government health policy, and also underscores the main determinants of this policy, its institutional actors, and the political and ideological conflicts born of its implementation, whose success was an important component in the structuring of a vaccine market in Brazil.
Subject(s)
Health Policy/history , Immunization/history , Brazil , History, 20th Century , History, 21st CenturyABSTRACT
The article analyzes the scientific and political discussions and activities surrounding the problem of polio in Brazil during the twentieth century. It examines the issues that shaped disease control policy and led to the 1980 introduction of National Vaccination Days.
Subject(s)
Immunization/history , Poliomyelitis/history , Brazil , History, 20th CenturyABSTRACT
A partir de uma visäo crítica sobre as interpretaçöes correntes a respeito da história da vacinaçäo, seja na vertente negativa seja na linha triunfalista, o artigo chama a atençäo para a complexidade do fenômeno vacinal, revelada ao se adotar uma perspectiva que combine as ciências biológicas e sociais. Na perspectiva de uma antropologia das vacinas e da vacinaçäo é possível revelar as múltiplas facetas históricas e geográficas de uma história aparentemente única, e se interrogar a respeito da unidade caleidoscópica das práticas humanas. Näo existe uma única história da vacinaçäo, mas sim vacinas que surgiram em diferentes períodos e países. Uma das conseqüências dessa abordagem foi a substituiçäo do conceito de resistência das populaçöes às campanhas de imunizaçäo pelo de aceitabilidade, sugerindo-se que a seleçäo de um conjunto de procedimentos para imunizar uma populaçäo constitui uma hipótese a avaliar diante da história.
Subject(s)
History of Medicine , Immunization/history , Vaccination/historyABSTRACT
The history of the rabies in Mexico is a versatile topic because it provides a chance to study different aspects of the history of Mexican science and medicine. This article reconstructs the sequence of events related to rabies vaccination in Mexico. History is also used as a model to study scientific transfer and scientific imperialism, the use of science by politicians in order to validate their governments, and the impact of French medicine on Mexican medicine. In 1888 the physician Eduardo Liceaga, an important political figure, brought the rabies vaccine to Mexico. President Porfirío Diaz supported Liceaga because he assumed that the vaccine was synonymous with modernity, and hence a sign of good government. We also analyze the reasons why there was no Pasteur Institute in Mexico, even though the conditions that allowed its creation in other countries also existed. Two points are of particular interest: 1) Despite its importance, this topic has not formally been studied in the context of the history of Mexican medicine, and 2) A considerable part of the present research is based on original, unpublished manuscripts in French and Mexican archives.
Subject(s)
Academies and Institutes/history , Immunization Programs/history , Immunization/history , Rabies/history , Science/history , Vaccines/history , France , History, 19th Century , Mexico , Politics , Vaccination/historyABSTRACT
From the perspective of historiography, the article analyzes the construction of scientific medicine's major landmark: the small-pox vaccine. When this vaccine was created and widely distributed, the medical field demonstrated how technology controls life on a planetary scale. The great victory of scientific medicine rests on the fact that today the life of the small-pox virus depends upon laboratory conditions. Born in England during the 1870's, the anti-vaccine movement questioned universal, mandatory small-pox vaccination. The article examines some metaphors and analogies used by physicians and historians, revealing the process by which the vaccine, as a phenomenon, was constructed.
Subject(s)
Ethics, Medical/history , Immunization/history , Smallpox/history , Vaccination/history , Vaccines/history , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , HumansABSTRACT
The fight against smallpox epidemics in the Granada at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries involved a whole series of actions which demonstrated the new ways of treating the disease. First the application of the innoculation and then the vaccination coincided with a greater general concern for the health of the population. At this time and especially with the arrival of José Celestino Mutis on Latin-American soil science in Colombia embarked upon an institutionalization process which also involved Medicine. José Salvany's proposals of stablishing Central Vaccination Committees were made in this context. The analysis of these proposals and their contribution towards "establishing institutional spaces" are the axes upon which this study is based.
Subject(s)
Immunization/history , Smallpox/history , Vaccination/history , Colombia , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , Humans , Organizational Innovation , Public Health Administration/historyABSTRACT
Hay dos grandes líneas de pensamiento sobre la etiología de la caries dental. Mientras que algunos afirman que se debe a un desequilibrio de la microflora bucal normal, como consecuencia de un alto consumo de carbohidratos, la mayoría de los investigadores dentales coincide en que la caries es una enfermedad infecciosa y transmisible. El Streptococus mutans (caries) coloniza la cavidad bucal del ser humano sólo después de la erupción dentaria, pues para crecer requieren de superficies duras. Su identificación por la tipificación de sus bacteriocinas y plásmidos señala que en el ser humano, la madre es el reservorio primario de la infección y el contagio ocurre si su saliva, o la de otro individuo con caries, llega a la boca del infante. Existen dos estrategias globales para el desarrollo de vacunas contra la caries. Dos grupos de investigadores británicos exploran la inmunización por vía subcutánea, mientras que las vacunas administrables por vía entérica están bajo estudio en cuatro laboratorios de los Estados Unidos, además grupos suecos, franceses y japoneses participan en la búsqueda de una vacuna eficaz; se anotan los avances en cuanto a la inmunización parenteral, inmunización gingival, inmunización pasiva local, vacunas entéricas y presentación de antígenos como partículas y uso de adyuvantes
Subject(s)
Dental Caries/classification , Dental Caries/complications , Dental Caries/congenital , Dental Caries/diagnosis , Dental Caries/epidemiology , Dental Caries/etiology , Dental Caries/genetics , Dental Caries/immunology , Dental Caries/pathology , Dental Caries/prevention & control , Dental Caries/therapy , Immunization/classification , Immunization/history , Immunization/instrumentation , Immunization/methods , Immunization/trends , MexicoABSTRACT
La gonorrea constituye actualmente un problema importante de salud pública, cuyo impacto se refleja en su morbilidad y a través de sus complicaciónes y secuelas crónicas. El agente causal es Neisseria gonorrhoeae, conocido comúnmente como gonococo, y su único hospedero es el humano. Su forma de transmisión es por el contacto sexual o perinatal. cuando en 1985 se realizó el ensayo clínico de una vacuna producida con pili de gonococo en unos 3,000 voluntarios, se pensaba que las investigaciones para producir una vacuna para gonococo estaban cercanas a lograr su propósito. Sin embargo, a partir de entonces se han debido enfrentar problemas inherentes a las complejidades fisiológicas, inmunoquímicas, moleculares y genéticas de la bacteria. La obtención de una vacuna eficaz puede analizarse desde tres puntos de vista: aspectos de la bacteria, del huésped y con los de la vacuna misma. La identificación de los posibles candidatos para una vacuna se han dirigido a seleccionar componentes que sean constantes entre cepas homólogas y cepas heterólogas, que no dañen el sistema inmunológico del huésped y que estén expuestos en la pared celular de las bacterias. Se ha considerado que los pili, la proteína I, la lipoproteína y la proteína receptora de hierro reúnen estas características. En caso de que la protección que otorgue la vacuna únicamente sea para las complicaciones ocacionadas por la diseminación de la bacteria, ésta será insuficiente para interrumpir la cadena de transmisión
Subject(s)
Gonorrhea/classification , Gonorrhea/complications , Gonorrhea/congenital , Gonorrhea/diagnosis , Gonorrhea/epidemiology , Gonorrhea/etiology , Gonorrhea/immunology , Gonorrhea/pathology , Gonorrhea/prevention & control , Gonorrhea/transmission , Immunization/classification , Immunization/nursing , Immunization/history , Immunization/methods , Immunization/trends , MexicoABSTRACT
La amibiasis es la infección producida por el protozoario parásito Entamoeba histolytica. A pesar de que el término amibiasis incluye a todos los casos humanos de infección producidos por este microorganismo, sólo una parte de los individuos infectados presentan síntomas imputables a la penetración de las amibas en los tejidos. A esta entidad nosológica se le conoce como amibiasis invasora y al grupo de personas infectadas asintomáticamente se les denomina portadores de E. histolytica y presentan amibiasis luminal. Los estudios sobre inmunidad protectora antiamibiana se encuentran todavía en etapa experimental; sin embargo, en animales de laboratorio los resultados obtenidos han sido en general satisfactorios. Los primeros intentos de inducción de protección antiamibiana, llevados a cabo por diferentes grupos, tuvieron éxito en general. Sin embargo, hay una gran falta de homogeneridad en las condiciones utilizadas por cada grupo de investigadores, y principalmente han consistido en el uso de diferentes dosis de antígenos, en los métodos de caracterización de las cepas amibianas utilizadas, las cantidades de inóculo administradas, las vías de inmunización y los modelos animales en que se aplicaron